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GIFT  or 

R.   Finger 


A    COMPLETE 


ETYMOLOGY 


OP  THE 


ENGLISH   LANGUAGE: 


CONTAININO 

THE  ANGLO-SAXON,  FRENCH,  DUTCH,  GERMAN,  WELSH,  DANISH, 
GOTHIC,  SWEDISH,  GAELIC,  ITALIAN,  LATIN,  AND    GREEK 
ROOTS,     AND     THE     ENGLISH     WORDS     DERIVED 
THEREFROM  ACCURATELY  SPELLED,  AC- 
CENTED,   AND    DEFINED. 


BT 

WILLIAM    W.    SMITH, 

AUTIIUU      OF    "the     little     SPELLER,"    "  THE     JUVENILB     DEFINEB,"    "THE    OBAMKAP 
8CH00L    BPELLEB,"    AND     THE    "DEFINEB'B     MANUAU" 


Hig  sprecad  niwum  tungum. 


NEW  YORK  ■:»CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


The  Sources  of  Lanftuajfe. 

EI^iGiiSH    ETYMOLOGY 


By    WILLIAM    W.    SMITH. 


Smith's  Complete  Etymology. 

Smith's  Condensed  Etymology. 

These  works  differ  from  all  others  in  being  etjonologies  of  the  whole  language. 
Their  predecessors  shut  themselves  up  with  the  Latin  and  Greek  only,  and  ignore  a 
wide  field.  The  selections  in  Smith's  Etymology  are  made  solely  with  reference  to  tl  e 
importance  of  the  words  in  our  own  dialect, /rom  whatever  source.  Thus,  Anglo-Saxcu 
famishes  nearly  one-half  of  our  more  common  words,  while  French,  Dutch,  Germfir, 
Welsh,  Danish,  Gothic,  Swedish,  Gaelic,  and  Italian,  divide  the  rest  with  Latin  ci  d 
Greek, 

The  Condensed  Etymology  exhibits  all  the  excellent  features  of  the  parent  volume, 
with  less  extensive  lists,  embracing  the  really  essential  words  only.  Both  contain  valu 
able  introductory  exercises  to  drill  the  pupil  in  the  perplexing  coincidences  and  general 
conformation  of  the  language. 


SMITH'S   ORTHOGRAPHICAL  WORKS. 

The  same  author  has  given  us  the  following  very  valuable  works  to  teach  Orthogra- 
raphy  and  Definition,  by  various  methods  of  grouping  and  classification  in  several  grades. 
SMITH'S  LITTLE  SPELLER.    First  Round  in  the  Ladder  of  Learning.    Siuple 

words  and  pictures. 
SMITH'S  JUVENILE  DEFINER.    Lessons  composed  of  familiar  words  grouped 

with  reference  to  similar  signification  or  use,  and  correctly  spelled,  accented,  and 

defined. 
SMITH'S  GJIAMMAII-SCHOOL  SPELLER.    Familiar  words,  grouped  with 

reference  to  the  sameness  of  sound  of  syllables  differently  spelled.    Also  definitions, 

complete  rules  for  spelling  and  formation  of  derivatives,  and   exerciees  in  false 

orthography. 
SMITH'S  SPELLER  AND  nEETXER'S  MAKVAL.    A  complete  School  Die 

iionary  containing  14,000  words,  with  various  other  usefal  matter  in  the  way  of  Rules 

and  Exercises. 

Making  a  series  celebrated  for  adaptation,  elegance,  compendiousness,  variety,  sys 
tern,  eclecticism ;  and  embracing  Orthography,  Definition,  and  Etymology. 


Copyright  1867,  by  A.  S,  Barnes  &  Co. 

Copyright,  189s,  by  Elizabeth  S.  Smith. 

W,  P.  2 


vSS? 
PREFACE.  rv[f^/i^ 


AiiL  ^he  Etymologies  of  the  English  Language  heretofore  published  have 
been  confined  merely  to  the  words  derived  from  the  Latin  and  Greek — 
the  present  one  has  embraced  all  the  words  of  the  language,  or  rather,  such 
as  it  is  necessary  to  teach  at  home  or  in  school, 

"  Words,"  says  Bosworth,  "  are  the  creation  of  mind.  With  the  faculty  of 
speech,  man  was  endowed  with  exalted  mental  powers,  and  warm  social 
feelings,  but  the  thoughts  of  his  mind,  and  the  feelings  of  his  heart  lay  hid 
within  him,  and  could  not  be  communicated,  till  by  the  creative  power  of  his 
mind,  he  formed  words  to  express  them. 

"  As  words  were  formed  to  convey,  not  only  the  thoughts  of  the  mind,  but 
the  feelings  of  the  heart,  they  would  in  the  first  production  of  a  language, 
naturally  take  that  shape  which  would  best  represent  their  mental  and 
physical  powers.  Those  sounds  would  be  selected  which  were  adapted  to 
the  frame  of  the  organs,  and  the  feeling  expressed.  A  robust  conformation 
of  the  bodily  frame,  and  great  energy  of  mind,  would,  therefore,  naturally 
express  itself  in  words  of  corresponding  strength  and  tone.  These  are  the 
features  which  distinguish  the  languages  of  Gothic  origin,  especially  the' 
Anglo-Saxon,  with  its  immediate  descendant,  the  modern  English ;  whicli 
has  the  strength  of  iron,  with  the  gleam  and  sparkling  of  burnished  steel." 

The  Englisli  Language  is  eminently  a  composite  language,  made  up  of 
contributions  from  other  languages :  Anglo-Saxon,*  Danish,  Dutch,  Celtic, 
German,  French,  Latin,  Greek,  and  some  others. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  is  a  branch  of  the  Low  German  dialects,  and  resembles 
the  old  Frisic,  the  parent  of  the  modern  Dutch,  and  once  spoken  extensively 
between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe.  It  is  a  very  ancient  language,  its  origin 
being  completely  lost  in  antiquity ;  the  Latin  in  comparison,  is  a  mere 
modern  language. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  is  the  Mother  Tongue  of  the  English  Language,  about 
four-fifths  of  t':ie  v/ords  in  actual  use  being  from  this  source.  Not  only  in 
the  number  of  words,  but  in  their  peculiar  character  and  importance,  as 
well  as  their  influence  on  grammatical  forms,  (the  English  Grammar  being 
almost  exclusively  occupied  with  what  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin),  Anglo- 
Saxon  constitutes  its  principal  strength. 

At  the  same  time  that  our  chief  peculiarities  of  structure  and  idiom  are 
essentially  Anglo-Saxon,  from  the  same  copious  fountain  have  sprung 
words  designating  the  greater  part  of  objects  of  sense ;  the  terms  which 
occur  most  frequently  in  discourse,  and  which  recall  the  most  vivid  concep- 
tions ;  as,  sun^  moon^  earthy  Jire^  day^  nighty  &c. ;  and  words  expressive  of  the 
dearest  connections,  the  strongest  and  most  powerful  feelings  of  nature, 
from  our  earliest  days ;   as,  mother^  father^  sister^  'brother^  wife^  home^  &c. 

The  language  of  business,  of  the  shop,  the  market,  and  of  every-day  life ; 
our  national  proverbs;  our  language  of  humor,  satire,  and  colloquial 
pleasantry ;  the  most  energetic  words  we  can  employ,  whether  of  kindness 
or  invective ;  in  short,  words  expressive  of  our  strongest  emotions  and 
actions  in  all  the  most  stirring  tcenes  of  life,  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave, 
are  derived  from  the  Anglo-Saxon. 

Every  speaker  or  writer,  then,  who  would  not  only  convince  the  under- 

*  Anglo-Saxon  is  a  general  j>ame  given  to  the  Teutonic  settlers  in  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 


IV  PREFACE. 

standing,  but  toucli  the  affections,  should  adopt  Anglo-Saxon  expressions, 
which  from  early  use,  and  the  dearest  associations,  excite  emotion,  and  affect 
the  heart. 

Saomi  is  a  name  first  used  by  the  geographer  Ptolemy,  to  indicate  a 
branch  of  the  German  or  Teutonic  race,  whose  descendants  now  occupy  the 
Kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  Lusatian  districts  of  Prussia,  the  Circle  of  Witten- 
berg, the  old  Circle  of  Westphalia,  the  British  Islands  and  Colonies,  and 
the  United  States  of  America. 

The  Saxons  mentioned  by  Ptolemy  were  a  small  tribe,  who,  in  A.  D.  141, 
dwelt  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Elbe,  and  upon  several  small  islands  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  that  river  and  of  the  Eider.  From  their  geo- 
graphical position  as  far  west  as  the  Atlantic  coast,  it  seems  probable  that 
Ihey  were  among  the  first  of  the  Teutonic  tribes  which  passed  across  from 
Asia  into  Europe. 

Very  trivial  and  uncertain  are  the  accounts  left  us  of  the  conquest  of 
Great  Britain  by  the  Jutes,  Saxons,  and  Angles. 

It  is  certain  that  the  invaders  came  over  in  small  bodies  each  with  a  cap- 
tain at  its  head,  who  became  the  petty  king  or  chief  of  the  new  settlement 
in  Britain,  by  which  the  Celtic  population  was  either  expelled  or  enslaved ; 
so  that  in  five  or  six  centuries  the  eastern  half  of  Britain  was  ruled  by 
numerous  petty  kings.  In  the  eighth  century  these  petty  kingdoms  were 
consolidated  into  what  is  known  as  the  Saxon  Heptarchy. 

Many  hundred  words  in  the  language,  especially  those  used  as  names  of 
places,  are  Danish,  introduced  during  the  incursions  into  and  occupation  of 
England  by  the  Danes. 

An  analysis  of  the  language  shows  that  the  Norman  French  element  enters 
very  largely  into  its  composition.  This  element,  which  is  composed  of  the 
Celtic,  Latin,  and  Scandinavian,  was  first  introduced  (1066)  by  the  Normans 
under  William  the  Conqueror. 

The  Norman  conquest  almost  abolished  the  use  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  lan- 
guage in  writing,  and  for  more  than  a  century  the  prevalent  literature  of 
England  was  either  in  Latin,  or  Anglo-Norman. 

Norman  French  was  spoken  by  the  superior  classes  of  society  in  England 
from  the  conquest  to  the  time  of  Edward  the  Third  (1327). 

The  laws  of  the  realm,  the  proceedings  of  Parliament  and  the  courts  of 
justice  were  in  that  language,  but  the  "  Saxon  Chronicle"  had  been  carried 
on  in  obscure  monasteries,  by  various  annalists,  to  tJie  year  1154. 

In  the  thirteenth  century  during  the  progressive  mixture  of  the  two  races, 
a  literature  sprang  up  in  which  the  two  languages  became  more  or  less  inter- 
mixed. In  the  fourteenth  centui*y  the  Anglo-Saxon  principle  seemed  to 
liave  gained  the  upper  hand.  In  the  fifteenth  century  the  Anglo-Norman 
element  seemed  to  be  gaining  the  preponderance,  but  the  proportions  still 
continued  to  vary  until  it  became  fixed  in  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

The  contributions  of  the  Latin  Language  to  the  English  are  next  in  im- 
portance and  amount   to  those  of  the  Anglo-Saxon ;  these  contributions 
come  cliiefly  through  the  medium  of  the  French  or  Norman  French,  in  con 
sequence  of  the  Norman  Conquest. 

The  Latin  has  served  not  only  to  refine  and  polish  the  English,  but  to 
enrich  its  vocabulary  witli  many  necessary  and  indispensable  words. 

To  the  Greek  the  English  Language  is  indebted  for  most  of  its  terms  in 
physical  science,  and  indeed  for  a  great  part  of  the  terms  employed  in  all 
the  arts  and  sciences. 

Note.— The  Saxon  Chroniclb  is  a  series  of  annals  of  A.-S.  affairs,  from  the  earliest  times  to 
A.  D.  11&4,  compiled  by  the  Monks. 


WORDS    OF    SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION, 

BUT   HAVING    DIFFERENT   MEANINGS. 


Abel,  n.  A  man's  name. 
Able,  a.  Strong ;  skillful. 

Acclamation,  n.   A  shout  of  ap- 
plause. 

Acclimation,  n.  Becoming  inured 
to  a  climate. 
Acts,  n.  Performances. 
Axe,  n.  A  chopping  instrument. 

Adds,  v.  t.  Increases. 

Adze,  n.  A  kind  of  axe.  "" 

Adherence,  n.  Constancy. 
Adherents,  ??.  Followers. 

Advice,  n.  Counsel. 

Advise,  v.  t.  To  counsel. 
Ail,  v.  t.  To  pain ;  to  trouble. 
Ale,  n.  A  malt  liquor. 

Aisle,  n.  A  passage. 

Isle,  n.  A  small  island. 

I'll,  «.  t.  Contraction  of  "  I  will." 
Air,  n.  The  fluid  we  breathe. 
Ere,  adv.  Before. 
Heir,  n.  One  who  inherits. 
Are.!    Plural  of  the  verb  be. 

Allegation,  n.  Affirmation. 

Alligation,  n.  Tying  together. 
All,  a.  The  whole. 
Awl,  n.  Boring  instrument. 

Alley,  n.  A  passage. 

Ally,  n.  A  friend. 
Alms,  n.  What  is  given  the  poor. 
Arms,  n.  The  limbs  from  the  hand  to 
the  shoulder. 

Aloud,  a.  With  great  noise. 

Allowed,  pp.  Permitted.  [laid. 
Altar,  n.  A  place  where  offerings  are 
Alter,  d.  t.  To  change. 

Analyze,  v.  t.  To  separate. 
^  Annalize,  v.  t.  To  record. 
Ant,  n.  A  genus  of  insects.         * 
Aunt,  n.  A  father's  or  mother's  sister. 

Ante.  Before. 

Anti.  Opposed  to.   ^ 


Abc,  n.  A  part  of  a  circle. 
Ark,  71.  A  kind  of  boat. 

Arches,  n.  Parts  of  a  circle. 

Archers,  n.  Bowmen. 
Arraign,  v.  t.  To  accuse. 
Arrange,  v.  t.  To  put  in  order. 

Ascent,  n.  Act  of  rising. 

Assent,  n.  Consent. 
Asperate,  v.  t.  To  make  rough. 
Aspirate,  v.  t.  To  breathe  upon. 

AsPERATioN,   n.    Act  of   making 
rough. 

Aspiration,  n.  An  ardent  wish. 
Assistance,  n.  Help  ;  aid. 
Assistants,  n.  Helpers. 

Attendance,  n.  Waiting  on. 

Attendants,  n.  Those  who  attend 
Ate,  pp.  Devoured. 
Eight,  a.  Twice  four. 

Augur,  v.  i.  To  predict. 

Auger,  n.  An  instrument. 
Austere,  a.  Severe. 
Oyster,  n.  A  shell  fish. 

Axes,  n.  Chopping  instruments. 

Axis,  n.  The  line  on  which  a  thing 
Bail,  n.  Security.  [turns. 

Bale,  n.  A  bundle. 
—  Baize,  n.  A  kind  of  cloth. 

Bays,  n.  Portions  of  the  sea. 
Bait,  n.  Food  to  allure. 
Bate,  v.  t.  To  lessen. 

Bald,  a.  Without  hair. 

Bawled,  pp.  Cried  aloud. 
Ball,  n.  A  round  body. 
Bawl,  v.  i.  To  cry  aloud. 

Ballad,  n.  A  song. 

Ballet,  n.  A  dance. 

Ballot,  n.  A  ticket  for  voting. 
Banded,  |);p.  United. 
Bandied,  pp.  Tossed  to  and  fro. 

Bard,  n.  A  poet. 

Barred,  pp.  Fastened  with  a  bar. 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Babe,  a.  Naked. 
Bear,  n.  Animal ;  t.  t.  To  carry. 
Bark,  n.  The  rind  of  a  tree,  dc^^ 
Barque,  n.  A  kind  of  ship.      ^<* » 
Baron,  n.  A  degree  of  nobility. 
Barren,  a.  Not  productive. 
Baroness,  n.  A  baron's  wife. 
Barrenness,  n.  Sterility. 
Base,  n.  The  bottom ;  a.  Mean. 
Bass,  n.  The  lowest  part  of  harmony. 
BASS,t  n.  A  kind  of  fish. 
Bat,  n.  A  portion  of  the  sea. 
Bey,  n.  A  Turkish  title. 
Be,  v.  n.  To  exist. 
Bee,  n.  An  insect. 

Balm,  n.  A  plant ;  balsam.  - 

Barm,  n.  Yeast. 
Beach,  n.  The  sea-shore. 
Beech,  n.  A  tree. 
Beat,  n.  A  stroke. 
Beet,  n.  A  plant  and  its  root. 
Beau,  n.  A  man  of  dress. 
Bow,  n.  An  instrument. 
Bow,t  n.  An  act  of  respect. 
Bell,  n.  A  hollow  vessel. 
Belle,  n.  A  young  woman. 
Bm,  n.  A  cell  or  chest  for  grain. 
Been,  v.  n.  The  perfect  participle  of 
the  verb  be. 
Beer,  n,  A  malt  liquor. 
3iER,  n.  A  carriage  for  the  dead.  - 
Berry,  n.  A  small  fruit. 
Bury,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  earth. 
Berth,  n.  A  room  in  a  ship. 
Birth,  n.  The  act  of  coming  into 
Better,  a.  Superior.  [life. 

Bettor,  n.  One  who  lays  wagers. 
Bile,  n.  A  fluid. 

BoiL,tw.  A  tumor;  v.  i.  To  have  a 
bubbling  motion. 
Bight,  n.  The  bend  of  a  rope. 
Bite,  v.  t.  To  crush  with  the  teeth. 
Blew,  v.  i.  Drove  by  the  wind. 
Blue,  n.  A  color. 
Bloat,  v.  t.  To  puff  up. 
Blote,  v.  t.  To  dry  by  smoke. 
Boar,  n.  The  male  swine. 
Bore,  w,  A  hole  made  by  boring. 
Board,  n.  Timber,  broad  and  thin. 
Bored,  pp.  Perforated  by  an  auger. 
Border,  n.  The  outer  edge.  ^ 

Boarder,  n.  One  who  has  food  and 
lodging  with  another  for  a  re- 
ward. 


Boll,  n.  The  pod  of  a  plant. 
Bowl,  n.  A  vessel  to  hold  liquids. 
Bole,  n.  The  trunk  of  a  tree. 

Born,  pp.  Come  into  life. 

Borne,  j9^.  Carried. 
-    Bourn,  n.  A  bound. 
Borough,  n.  A  town. 
Burrow,  n.  A  hole  for  rabbits. 

Bough,  n.  A  branch  of  a  tree. 

Bow,  n.  An  act  of  respect. 
Boy,  n.  A  male  chiid. 
Buoy,  n.  A  float  to  indicate  shoals. 

Brake,  n.  A  drag  put  to  wheels. 

Break,  n.  An  opening ;  v.  i.  To  part 
Breach,  n.  A  gap  ;  a  break,  [in  two. 
Breech,  n.  The  hinder  part  of  a  gun. 

Bread,  n.  Food  made  of  flour. 

Bred,  pp.  Brought  up  from  infancy. 
Brews,  ^.  t.  Makes  malt  liquor. 
Bruise,  v.  t.  To  crush  by  a  heavy  blow. 

Brewed,  pp.  Mixed  and  fermented. 

Brood,  n.  Offspring;  progeny. 
Bridal,  a.  Belonging  to  a  wedding. 
Bridle,  n.  An  instrument  for  a  horse. 

Bruit,  v.  t.  To  noise  abroad. 

Brute,  w.  A  creature  without  reasoa 
But,  con.  Except ;  yet. 
Butt,  n.  A  large  barrel  or  cask. 

Buy,  «.  t.  To  purchase. 

By,  prep.  At ;  in ;  near. 

Bye,  n.  A  dwelling. 
Cache,  n.  A  hole  for  hiding  goods. 
Cash,  n.  Money. 

Cain,  n.  A  man's  name. 

Cane,  n.  A  walking-stick. 
Calendar,  n.  A  register  of  the  year. 
Calender,  n.  A  hot  press. 

Call,  n.  A  vocal  address. 

Caul,  n.  A  net  for  the  hair. 
Callous,  a.  Insensible. 
Callus,  n.  The  hard  edge  of  a  wound 

Calk,  v.  t.  To  stop  leaks. 

Cork,  n.  The  bark  of  a  tree. 

€auk,  n.  A  kind  of  spar. 
Camera,  n.  An  optical  machine. 
Chimera,  n.  A  vain,  idle  fancy. 

Candid,  a.  Fair ;  open. 

Candied,  a.  Incrusted  with  sugar. 
Cannon,  n.  A  great  gun. 
Canon,  n.  A  rule  in  churches. 
CANON,t  n.  A  gorge ;  a  gully. 

Canvas,  n.  Coarse  cloth. 

Canvass,  n.  An  examination ;  v.  t 
To  solicit*. 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAE   PRONUNCIATION. 


Capital,  n.  The  upper  part. 
Capitol,  n.  An  edifice. 

Cakat,  n.  A  weight  of  four  grains. 

Caret,  n.  A  mark  in  writing,  /f 

Carrot,  n.  A  root. 
Cask,  n.  A  hollow  wooden  vessel. 
Casque,  n.  A  helmet. 

Cast,  v.  t.  To  throw. 

Caste,  n.  A  class  of  people. 
Caqteb^.  a  frame  for  small  bottles. 
Castor,  n.  A  beaver. 

Castile,  n.  A  town  in  Spain. 

Cast-Steel,  n.  Refined  steel. 
Cause,  n.  That  which  produces. 
Caws,  n.  The  cries  of  crows. 

ff^rnfj  n.  A  chest  for  live  fish. 

Cough,  n.  An  efibrt  of  the  lungs. 
Caudal,  a.  Relating  to  an  animal's  tail. 
Qaudllj,  n.  A  warm  drink  of  wine. 

Cede,  x.  t.  To  yield ;  to  give  up. 

Seed,  n.  The  reproductive  part  of 
a  plant. 
Ceiling,  n.   The  upper  surface  of  a 

room. 
Sealing,  n.  Act  of  fastening. 

Celery,  n.  A  plant. 

Salary,  n.  Annual  payment. 
Cell,  n.  A  small  room. 
Sell,  v.  t.  To  part  with  for  a  price. 

Cellar,  n.  A  room  under  a  house. 

Seller,  n.  One  who  sells. 
Census,  n.  Kumbering  the  people. 
Senses,  n.  The  faculties. 

Cent,  n.  A  hundred ;  a  coin. 

Sent,  pp.  Caused  to  go. 

Scent,  n.  Odor. 
Centaury,  n.  A  plant. 
Century,  n.  A  hundred  years. 

Cents,  n.  Copper  coins. 

Sense,  n.  Feeling ;  perception. 

SiNCE,t  a.  From  the  time  that. 
Cere,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  wax. 
Seer,  n.  One  who  foresees. 
Sear,  a.  Dry ;  «.  t  To  burn. 

Cession,  n.  Act  of  giving  away. 

Session,  n.  Act  of  sitting. 
Chagrin,  n.  Ill  humor. 
Shagreen,  n.  The  skin  of  a  fish. 

Champagne,  n.  A  sparkling  wine. 

Champaign,  n.  An  open  counlry. 

Campaign,!  n.   The  time  an  army 
is  in  the  field. 
Chance,  n.  Accident. 
Chants,  v.  t.  Sings.      * 


Chaste,  a.  Modest ;  virtuous. 

Chased, j9p.  Pursued;  hunted. 
Chews,  v.  t.  Crushes  with  the  teeth. 
Choose,  v.  t.  To  select ;  to  prefer 

Choir,  n.  A  band  of  singers. 

Quire,  n.  Twentj^^-four  sheets. 
Choler,  n.  Anger;  rage. 
Collar,  n.  A  ring  around  the  neck 

Chord,  n.  A  musical  sound. 

Cord,  n.  A  small  rope. 
Chronical,  a.  Of  long  duration. 
Chronicle,  n.  A  history. 

Cite,  v.  t.  To  summon  to  answer. 

Site,  n.  Situation. 

Sight,  n.  Percej^tion  by  the  eye. 
Clause,  n.  A  part  of  a  sentence. 
Claws,  n.  The  nails  of  a  beast  or  bird 

Cleave,  v.  i.  To  adhere ;  to  stick. 

Cleave,  v.  t.  To  divide ;  to  split 
Climb,  d.  t.  To  ascend. 
Clime,  n.  A  climate. 

Close,  v.  t.  To  shut ;  to  end. 

Clothes,  n.  Garments. 

Close,  a.  Confined ;  compact. 
Coaled,  v.  t  Supplied  with  coal. 
Cold,  a.  Not  hot ;  frigid. 

Coarse,  a.  Not  fine ;  rough. 

Course,  n.  Route ;  progress. 

Corse,  n.  A  dead  body. 
Coat,  n.  An  outside  garment. 
Cote,  n.  A  cottage  ;  a  sheep-cot. 

Coffer,  n.  A  chest  for  money. 

CouGHER,  n.  One  who  coughs. 
Coffin,  n.  A  box  for  the  dead. 
Coughing,  ^^,    Expelling  from  th< 
lungs. 

Colonel,  n.  A  military  officer. 

Kernel,  n.  The  seed  in  a  nut. 
Color,  n.  Hue ;  tint. 
Culler,  n.  One  who  chooses. 

Comity,  n.  Courtesy ;  politeness. 

Committee,  n.  A  body  of  managers. 
Complacent,  a.  Civil, 
Complaisant,  a.  Seeking  to  please. 

Complacence,  n.  Satisfaction. 

Complaisance,  n.  Condescension. 

Compliance,  n.  Assent, 
Complement,  n.  A  complete  set. 
Compliment,  n.  Dedicate  flattery. 

Concert,  n.  A  musical  entertain^ 
ment. 

Consort,  n.  A  companion,  [crets. 
Confidant,  n.  One  trusted  with  se- 
Confident,  a.  Having  full  belief. 


8 


BMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Consequence,  n.  That  which  fol- 
lows. 

Consequents,  n.  Deductions. 
Consonance,  n.  Concord. 
Consonants,  n.    Letters  which   are 
sounded  with  a  vowel. 

Convent,  n.  A  body  of  monks  or 
nuns. 

Convent,  v.  t.    To  call  before  a 
judge. 
Coquette,  n.  A  vain  girl. 
Coquet,  d.  t.  To  deceive  in  love. 

CoROL,  n.  A  corolla. 

Coral,  n.  A  hard  substance  found 
in  the  ocean. 
Core,  n.  The  inner  part. 
Corps,  n.  A  body  of  troops. 
Corpse,!  n.  A  dead  body. 

Correspondence,  n.   Interchange 
of  letters. 

Correspondents,  n.    Those  who 
correspond. 
Council,  n.  An  assembly. 
Counsel,  n.  Advice. 

Courier,  n.  A  messenger. 

Currier,  n.  A  preparer  of  leather. 
Cousin,  n.  A  relative. 
Cozen,  v.  t.  To  cheat. 

Coward,  n.  One  without  courage. 

Cowered,  jt?p.  Stooped. 
Crane,  n.  A  bird  with  a  long  beak. 
Crayon,  n.  A  kind  of  pencil. 

Creak,  v.  i.  To  make  a  harsh  noise. 

Creek,  n.  A  small  inlet. 
Crews,  n.  The  men  who  manage  ships. 
Cruise,  n.  A  voyage. 
Cruse,  n.  A  phial ;  a  cruet. 

Currant,  n.  A  fruit. 

Current,  n.  A  running  stream. 
Cymbal,  n.  A  musical  instrument. 
Symbol,  n.  A  representative  of  some- 
thing. 

Cygnet,  n,  A  young  swan. 

Signet,  n.  A  seal. 
Cypress,  n.  A  forest  tree. 
Cyprus,  n.  A  thin  black  stuff. 

Dam,  n.  A  bank  to  confine  water. 

Damn,  v.  t.  To  doom. 
Dammed,  pp.  Confined  by  banks. 
Damned,  jojo.  Doomed. 

Dance,  v.  i.  To  move  with  music. 

Daunts,  d.  t.  Discourages. 
Dane,  n.  A  native  of  Denmark, 
Deign,  v.  i.  To  condescend. 


Day,  n.  The  time  between  the  ris- 
i-ng  and  setting  of  the  sun. 

Dey,  n.  The  title  of  the  governors 
of  Algiers  and  Tunis. 
Dear,  a.  Beloved ;  costly. 
Deer,  n.  Animals  of  the  stag  kind. 

Decease,  n.  Death. 

Disease,  n.  Sickness. 
Demean,  v.  t.  To  behave. 
Demesne,  n.  Land. 

Depravation,  n.  Corruption. 

Deprivation,  n.  Loss. 
Descendent,  a.  Falling ;  sinking. 
Descendant,  n.  The  offspring  of  an 
ancestor. 

Descent,  n.  Progress  downward. 

Dissent,  n.  Disagreement. 
Descension,  n.  Descent. 
Dissension,  n.  Discord ;  strife. 

Device,  n.  Design. 

Devise,  v.  t.  To  contrive. 
Deviser,  n.  A  contriver. 


Divisor, 


n. 


A  number. 


Dew,  n.  Moisture  from  the  air. 
.  Do,  V.  t.  To  perform. 

Due,  n.    That  which  belongs  to 
one. 
Die,  v.  i.  To  lose  life. 
Dye,  n.  A  coloring  liquor. 

Diffuse,  v.  t.  To  spread. 

Diffuse,  a.  Copious. 
Dire,  a.  Dreadful. 
Dyer,  n.  One  who  dyes. 

Discreet,  a.  Prudent. 

Discrete,  a.  Separate. 
Divers,  a.  More  than  one. 
Diverse,  a.  Different. 

Doe,  n.  A  she-deer.  , 

DcuGH,  n.  Paste  of  bread. 
Dome,  n.  A  cupola. 
Doom,  «.  t.  To  condemn. 

Done,  ^jw.  Performed. 

Dun,  a.  Of  a  dark  color. 
Dose,  n.  The  quantity  given. 
Doze,  n.  A  light  sleep. 

Dost,  v.  A  part  of  the  verb  do. 

Dust,  n.  Earth  reduced  to  powder 

Durst,  pret.  of  the  verb  dare. 
Drachm,  n.  A  part  of  an  ounce. 
Dram,  7i.  A  small  quantity. 

Draft,  n.  A  bill. 

Draught,  n.  A  potion. 
Dual,  a.  Expressing  the  number  two. 
Duel,  n.  A  combat. 


WOEDS   OF   SIMILAR   PRONFNCIATIOlf. 


Dying,  n.  Expiring. 

Dyeing,  n.  The  act  of  staining. 
Earn,  v.  t.  To  gain  by  labor. 
Urn,  n.  A  vase. 

Either,  a.  One  or  the  other. 

Ether,  n.  An  element  supposed  to 
bo  rarer  than  air. 
Elision,  71.  Division. 
Elysian,  a.  Delightful. 

Emersion,  n.  Act  of  rising  out. 

Immersion,  n.  Being  in  a  fluid. 
Errand,  n.  A  message. 
Errant,  a.  Wandering. 
ARRANT,t  a.  Bad  in  a  high  degree. 

Eruption,  n.  Act  of  bursting  forth. 

Irruption,  n.  A  sudden  invasion. 
Ewe,  n.  A  female  sheep. 
You,  pro.  The  person  spoken  to. 
Yew,  n.  An  evergreen. 
HuE,t  n.  Color ;  tint. 

Exercise,  n.  Labor ;  work. 

Exorcise,  v.  t.  To  abjure. 
Feint,  n.  A  false  appearance. 
Faint,  a.  Languid. 

Fain,  a.  Glad ;  pleased. 

Fane,  n.  A  temple. 

Feign,  v.  t.  To  pretend. 
Fair,  a.  Beautiful ;  just. 
Fare,  n.  Price  of  conveyance ;  food. 

Farther,  adv.  Further. 

Father,  n.  A  male  parent. 

FoTHER,t  n.  A  load  of  lead. 
Fat,  11.  The  unctuous  part  of  animal 

flesh, 
Vat,1  n.  A  cistern. 

Fawn,  n.  A  young  deer. 

Faun,  n.  A  woodland  deity. 
Feat,  n.  A  deed. 
Feet,  n.  The  plural  of  foot. 
FETE,t  n.  A  feast ;  a  festival  day. 

Felloe,  n.  The  rim  of  a  wheel. 

Fellow,  n.  A  companion. 
Fated,  a.  Decreed  by  fate. 
Feted,  j9^.  Honored. 
Fetid,  a.  Stinking ;  rancid 

Fillip,  n.  A  jerk  of  the  finger. 

Philip,  n.  A  man's  name. 
Find,  v.  t.  To  obtain  by  searching. 
Fined,  pp.  Punished  with  penalty. 
*    Fir,  n.  An  evergreen.  • 

Fur,  n.   The  finer  hair  on  animals. 

Far,1  a.  Distant;  remote. 
Fizz,  v.  i.  To  emit  a  hissing  noise. 
Phiz,  n.  The  face. 


Flea,  n.  A  small  agile  insect. 

Flee,  v.  i.  To  run  from  danger. 
Flew.    The  preterit  of  fly. 
Flue,  n.  A  passage  for  smoke. 

Flour,  n.  Grain  reduced  to  powder. 

Flower,  n.  A  blossom. 
FoibiALLY,  ddv.  Ceremoniously. 
Formerly,  adv.  In  times  past. 

For,  prep.  Because  of. 

Fore,  a.  Not  behind. 

Four,  a.  and  n.  Twice  two. 
Fort,  n.  A  fortified  place. 
Forte,  n.  A  peculiar  talent. 

Forth,  adv.  Forward, 

Fourth,  a.  The  ordinal  of  four. 
Foul,  a.  Not  clean. 
Fowl,  n.  A  winged  animal. 

Franc,  n.  A  French  silver  coin. 

Frank,  a.  Liberal ;  generous. 
Frays,  n.  Quarrels. 
Phrase,  n.  Part  of  a  sentence. 

Freeze,  v.  i.  To  congeal  with  cold. 

Frieze,  n.  A  coarse  woolen  cloth. 

Frees,  v.  t.  Sets  at  liberty. 
Gabel,  n.  A  tax. 
Gable,  n.  The  end  of  a  house. 

Gage,  n.  A  pledge ;  a  pawn. 

Gauge,  n.  A  measure. 
Gait,  n.  Manner  of  walking. 
Gate,  n.  A  kind  of  door. 

Gala,  n.  A  show. 

Gayly,  adv.  In  a  gay  manner. 
Gamble,  v'.i.  To  play  for  money. 
Gambol,  n.  A  skip ;  a  hop. 

Gantlet,  n.  Military  punishment. 

Gauntlet,  n.  An  iron  glove. 
Goal,  n.   The  mark  set  to  bound  i 
GAOL.t  w.  A  prison.  [race. 

Genius,  n.  Intellect ;  talent. 

Genus,  n.  A  class  of  things. 
Gentile,  n.  One  not  Jewish. 
Gentle,  a.  Soft ;  mild. 

Gild,  v.  t.  Overlay  with  gold. 

Guild,  n.  A  corporation,  [fishea 
Gill,  n.  The  organ  of  respiration  in 
GiLL,t  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a  pint. 

Gilt,  n.  Gold  laid  on  the  surface. 

Guilt,  n.  A  crime. 
Glare,  n.  A  dazzling  light. 
Glair,  n.  The  white  of  an  egg. 

Gnaw,  v.  t.  To  bite  off  by  little. 

Nor,  conj.  A  negative  particle. 
Nice,  a.  Fine  ;  delicate. 
Gneis,  n.  A  species  of  granite. 


10 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


God,  n.  The  Supreme  Being. 

GoAD,tw.  A  stick  for  driving  beasts. 
Goer,  n.  One  who  goes.  [horn. 

Gore,  n.  Blood ;  v.  t.  To  pierce  with  a 

Gored,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  horn. 

Gourd,  n.  A  plant. 
Grate,  n.  An  iron  frame  for  fire.' 
GREA.T,  a.  Important. 

Grater,  n.  A  kind  of  coarse  file. 

Greater,  a.  Larger. 
Grease,  n.  Animal  fat. 
Greece,  n.  A  country  of  Europe. 

Groan,  n.  A  deep  sigh. 

Grown,  pp.  Advanced  in  growth. 
Grocer,  n.  A  dealer  in  tea,  &c. 
Grosser,  a.  More  impure. 

Grope,  v.  t.  To  search  by  feeling. 

Group,!  71.  An  assembly  of  figures. 
Guana,  n.  A  lizard. 
Guano,  n.  An  excellent  manure. 

Guessed,  jop.  Conjectured. 

Guest,  n.  A  visitor. 
Guitar,  n.  A  stringed  instrument. 
Catarrh,  n.  A  disease  of  the  head. 

Hail,  n.  Frozen  drops  of  rain. 

Hale,  a.  Healthy ;  hearty. 
Hair,  n.  The  covering  of  the  head. 
Hare,  n.  A  kind  of  rabbit. 

Hall,  n.  A  large  room. 

Haul,  v.  t.  To  pull ;  to  draw. 
Halo,  n.  A  circle  round  the  sun  or 

moon. 
Hallow,  «.  t.  To  make  holy. 

Harsh,  a.  Rough  ;  severe. 

Hash,  n.  Minced  meat. 
Hart,  n.  A  he-deer. 
Heart,  n.  The  seat  of  life. 

Hay,  n.  Dried  grass. 

Hey,  intj.  An  expression  of  joy. 
Heal,  v.  t.  To  restore. 
Heel,  n.  The  hind  part  of  the  foot. 

Hear,  «.  t.  To  perceive  by  the  ear. 

Here,  adv.  In  this  place. 
Heard,  pp.  Did  hear. 
Herd,  n.  A  number  of  beasts  together. 

Hew,  v.  t.  To  cut  with  an  axe. 

Hue,  n.  Color ;  tint. 
Hide,  n.  The  skin  of  an  animal ;  v.  t. 

To  conceal. 
Hied,  j^.  Hastened. 

Hie,  «.  i.  To  hasten. 

High,  a.  Lofty ;  tall. 
Higher,  a.  More  lofty. 
Hire,  n.  Wages  paid  for  service. 


Him,  pro.  The  objective  of  He. 
Hymn,  n.  A  song  of  adoration. 

Hoard,  n.  A  store  laid  up. 
.  Horde,  n.  A  clan ;  a  tribe. 
Hoarse,  a.  Having  the  voice  rough. 
Horse,  n.  An  animal. 

HoA,  intj.  An  exclamation. 

HoE,  n.  A  farming  instrument. 

Ho,  intj.  Stop  ;  cease. 
HoES,  n.  Instruments  for  farming. 
Hose,  n.  Stockings ;  leather  pipes  to 
conduct  water. 

Hole,  n.  A  cavity. 

Whole,  n.  All  of  a  thing. 
Holy,  a.  Pure ;  sacred. 
Wholly,  adv.  Completely. 

Hoop,  n.  A  circular  binding. 

Whoop,  n.  A  loud  shout. 
Hour,  n.  Sixty  minutes. 
Our,  pro.  Belonging  to  us. 

Huzza,  n.  A  shout. 

Hussar,  n.  A  horse  soldier. 
Hyperbola,  n.  A  conic  section. 
Hyperbole,  n.  A  figure  of  speech. 

I,  pro.  The  person  speaking. 

Eye,  n.  The  organ  of  vision. 
Idle,  a.  Doing  nothing. 
Idol,  n.  An  image  w^orshiped. 

Impostor,  n.  One  who  pretends. 

Imposture,  n.  Deception  ;  fraud. 
In,  prep.  Noting  time. 
Inn,  n.  A  hotel. 

Incidence,  n.  A  falling  on. 

Incidents,  n.  Events. 
Indict,  v.  t.  To  declare  guilty. 
Indite,  v.  t.  To  dictate. 

Indicted,  pp.  Accused. 

Indited,  j9^.  Composed. 
Indicter,  n.  One  who  indicts. 
Inditer,  n.  One  who  composes. 

Indiscreet,  a.  Imprudent. 

Indiscrete,  a.  Not  separated. 
Ingenious,  a.  Witty ;  inventive. 
Ingenuous,  a.  Open ;  artless. 

Intense,  a.  Extreme. 

Intents,  n.  Designs. 
Invade,  v.  t.  To  infringe. 
Ina'"eighed,  pp.  Uttered  censure. 

Jam,  n.  A  conserve  of  fruits. 

Jamb,  n.  The  side  of  a  door. 
Jester,  n.  One  given  to  merriment 
Gesture,  n.  Action  of  sentiment. 

Key,  n.  An  instrument. 

Quay,  n.  A  wharf. 


W0BD8   OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


11 


Kill,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  life. 
XiLN,  n.   A  stove  or  furnace. 

Knag,  n.  A  knot  in  wood. 

Nag,  n.  A  small  horse. 
Knead,  v.  t  To  work  into  a  mass. 
Kneed,  a.  Having  knees. 
Heed,  n.  Necessity  ;  want. 

Knew,  v.  Had  knowledge  of. 

Gnu,  n.  An  animal  of  Africa. 

New,  a.  Not  old. 
Knight,  n.  A  military  attendant. 
Night,  n.  The  time  of  darkness. 

Knit,  v.  t.  To  unite  closely. 

Nit,  n.  The  Qgg  of  an  insect. 
Know,  v.  t.  To  have  knowledge  of 
No,  n.  A  denial ;  a.  None. 

Knows,  v.  t.  Understands. 

Nose,  n.  The  organ  of  smell. 
Knot,  n.  A  part  which  is  tied. 
Not,  adv.  The  word  of  refusal. 
NoTT,  n.  A  proper  name. 

Lacks,  v.  t.  Wants ;  needs. 

Lax,  a.  Loose ;  slack. 
Lade,  d.  t.  To  load  ;  to  freight. 
Laid,  pp.  Placed  ;  produced  eggs. 

Lanch,  v.  t.  To  dart ;  to  let  fly. 

Launch,  v.n.  To  slide  into  the  water. 
Lane,  n.  A  narrow  way. 
Lain,  pp.  Rested  horizontally. 

Latin,  n.  Language  of  the  Romans. 

Latten,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  brass. 
Laud,  v.  t.  To  extol ;  to  praise. 
LoRD,t  n.  The  Supreme  Being. 

Lea,  n.  A  meadow. 

Lee,  n.  A  sheltered  place. 
Leach,  v.  t.  To  filtrate. 
Leech,  n.  A  worm  that  sucks  blood. 

Lead,  n.  A  soft,  heavy  metal. 

Led,  pp.  Guided,  conducted. 

Lead,!  «.  t.  To  guide  by  the  hand. 
Leap,  n.  The  green  part  of  plants. 
Lief,  adv.  Willingly. 
Leave,  n.  Permission  ;  v.  t.  To  quit. 

Leak,  n.  A  hole  which  lets  water  in 

Leek,  n.  A  plant.  [or  out. 

Lean,  a.  Not  fat. 
Lien,  n.  A  legal  claim  on  property. 

Leased,  v.  t.  Let  or  hired. 

Least,  a.  Smallest. 
fjEGiSLATOR,  71.  A  lawgiver.       • 
Legislature,  n.  The  body  in  a  State 
which  makes  the  laws. 

Lends,  v.  t.  Grants  for  a  time. 

Lens,  n.  A  piece  of  Convex  glass. 


Lessen,  v.  t  To  diminish. 
Lesson,  n.  A  task. 

Levee,  n.  A  ceremonious  visit. 

Levy,  v.  t.  To  collect. 
Liar,  7i.  One  who  tells  lies. 
Lier,  n.  One  who  lies  down. 
Lyre,  n.  A  musical  instrument. 

Lie,  n.  A  falsehood. 

Lye,  71.  Water  mixed  with  wood- 
ashes. 
Limb,  t?.  A  branch. 
Limn,  v.  t.  To  draw. 

Line,  n.    That  which  has  length 
without  breadth. 

Loin,  ti.  The  back  of  an  animal. 
Lineament,  ti.  Feature. 
Liniment,  n.  A  wash. 

Links,  7^.  Divisions  of  a  chain. 

Lynx,  n.  An  animal  remarkable  for 
sharp  sight. 
LrvER,  71.  One  who  lives. 
LivRE,t  n.  A  French  coin. 

Lo,  iTitj.  Look  ;  see. 

Low,  a.  Not  high ;  mean. 
Loam,  ti.  A  rich  vegetable  mold. 
LooM,t  n.  A  frame  for  weaving. 

Loan,  ti.  Any  thing  lent. 

Lone,  a.  Solitary. 
Loath,  a.  JJnwilling. 
Loathe,  «.  t.  To  feel  nausea. 

Lock,  n.  An  instrument. 

Loch,  n.  A  term  for  lake  in  Scotland. 

Lough,  n.  A  term  for  lake  in  Ireland. 
Lore,  ti.  Learning. 
Lower,  v.  t.  To  bring  lovr. 
LowER,t  V.  t.  To  appear  dark. 

Lose,  v.  t.  To  miss  any  thing. 

Loose,  a.  Unbound. 
Made,  2>P-  Created ;  formed. 
Maid,  n.  An  unmarried  woman. 

Mail,  ti.  A  coat  of  steel  network.   . 

Male,  ti.  The  he  of  any  species. 
Main,  a.  Principal ;  chief 
Mane,  ti.    The  hair  on  the  neck  of 

horses. 
Maine,  n.  One  of  the  United  States. 

Maize,  n.  Indian  corn. 

Maze,  ti.  A  place  of  perplexity. 
Mantel,  71.  The  beam  of  a  fireplace. 
Mantle,  ti.  A  kind  of  cloak. 

Manner,  ti.  Form ;  method. 

Manor,  ti.  A  large  landed  estate. 

Manna,  ti.  .  A  substance  given  by 
the  Lord  to  the  Israelites. 


12 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Makk,  n.  A  visible  line. 
Makque,  n.  A  license. 

Marten,  n.  A  large  kind  of  weasel. 

Martin,  71.  A  sort  of  swallow. 
Marshal,  n.  A  chief  officer. 
Martial,  a.  Warlike. 

Mare,  n.  A  female  horse. 

Mayor,  n.  The  chief  magistrate  of 
a  city. 
Mead,  n.  A  kind  of  drink. 
Meed,  n.  Reward. 

Mean,  a.  Wanting  dignity. 

Mien,  n.  Look ;  aspect. 

Mesne,  a.  Middle. 
Meat,  n.  Flesh  to  be  eaten. 
Meet,  a.  Suitable ;  d.  t.  To  come  to- 
Mete,  v.  t.  To  measure.  [gether. 

.  Meddle,  v.  i.  To  interfere. 

Medal,  n.  A  piece  stamped  in  hon- 
or of  some  performance. 
]\Iedlar,  n.  A  tree. 
Meddler,  n.  One  who  meddles. 

Message,  w.  Any  thing  to  be  told. 

Messuage,  n.  A  house  and  land. 
Mettle,  n.  Spirit ;  courage. 
JIetal,  n.  A  mineral  insoluble  in  wa- 
ter and  fusible  by  heat. 

Meter,  n.  A  measurer. 

Meter,  n.  Measure  of  verse. 
Mewl,  'v.  i.  To  cry  as  an  infant. 
Mule,  n.  An  animal  of  mongrel  breed. 

Mews,  v.  i.  Cries  as  a  cat. 

Muse,  n.  Deep  thought. 
Millenary,, a.  Consisting  of  a  thou- 
sand. 
Millinery,  n.  Goods  of  a  milliner. 

Mince,  «.  t.  To  cut  into  small  parts. 

Mints,  n.   Places  where  money  is 
coined. 
Minds,  n.  The  intelligent  faculties. 
Mines,  n.  Subterraneous  works. 

Miner,  n.  One  employed  in  mining. 

IVIiNOR,  n.  One  under  lawful  age. 
Missal,  n.  The  mass  book. 
Missul,  ?i.  A  singing  bird. 
Missile,  n.  A  weapon  thrown. 

M:s::ed,  jop.  Failed  in  aim. 

Mist,  n.  A  fine,  thin  rain. 
Mite,  n.  A  small  insect. 
Might,  n.  Power;  strength. 

Mity,  a.  Having  insect  mites. 

Mighty,  a.  Powerful. 
Moan,  n.  Audible  sorrow. 
Mown,  pp.  Cut  down  with  a  scythe. 


Moat,  n.  A  ditch  round  a  castle. 

Mote,  n.  A  small  particle. 
More.    A  greater  quantity. 
Mower,  n.  One  who  cuts  grass. 

Morn,  n.  The  first  part  of  the  day. 

Mourn,  d.  i.  To  grieve ;  to  lament. 
Morning,  n.  The  first  part  of  the  day. 
Mourning,  n.  Grief;  sorrow. 

Mortar,  n.  Cement  for  bricks. 

MoRTER,  n.  A  lamp  or  light. 
Mow,  n.  A  compartment  for  hay. 
Mow,t  V.  t.  To  cut  down. 

Mustard,  n.  A  genus  of  plants. 

Mustered,  pp-  Assembled. 
Nap,  n.  A  short  sleep. 
Knap,  d.  i.  To  make  a  sharp  noise. 

Naval,  a.  Maritime ;  nautical. 

Navel,  n.  The  center  of  the  ab- 
Naive,  a.  Artless.  [domen. 

Nave,  n.  The  center  of  the  wheel. 
Knave,  n.  A  petty  rascal. 

Nay,  adv.  No. 

Neigh,  n.  The  voice  of  a  horse. 
Neal,  v.  t.  To  temper  by  heat. 
Kneel,  v.  i.  To  rest  on  the  knee. 

Near,  a.  Not  far  distant. 

Ne'er,  ad'v.  At  no  time. 
Neither,  conj.  Not  either ;  nor. 
Nether,  a.  Lower. 

News,  n.  Fresh  account. 

NoosE,  n.  A  running  knot. 
None,  a.  No  one. 
Nun,  n.  A  female  devotee. 

Oar,  n.  A  pole  with  a  broad  blade. 

0^-KE,^ prep.  Above;  across. 

Ore,  n.  A  mineral  body. 
Ode,  n.  A  lyric  poem. 
Owed,  pp.  IFnder  obligation. 

Op,  prep.  Belonging  to. 

Off,  adv.  Noting  separation. 
Oh,  intj.  Denoting  pain. 
Owe,  v.  t.  To  be  indebted  to. 

Ottar,  n.  The  oil  of  roses. 

Otter,  n.  An  amphibious  animal. 
One,  71.  A  single  person ;  a  unit. 
Won,  pp.  Gained  by  conquest. 

Ordinance,  n.  A  decree ;  law. 

Ordnance,  n.  Cannon. 
Order,  n.  Method. 
Ordure,  n.  Dung ;  filth. 

Ought,  v.  t.  To  be  bound  by  duty. 

Aught,  n.  Any  thing. 
Paced,  pp.  Moved  slowly. 
Paste,  a.  Flour  and  water  mixed. 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 


13 


Packed,  pp.  Bound  in  a  bundle. 

Pact,  n.  A  contract ;  a  bargain. 
Pail,  n.  A  wooden  vessel. 
Pale,  a.  Not  ruddy. 

Pain,  n.  Anguish  ;  agony. 

Pane,  n.  A  square  of  glass. 
Pair,  n.  Two  things  suiting  one  an- 
Pare,  v.  t.  To  jDeel.  [other. 

Pear,  n.  A  fruit. 

Palate,  n.  The  organ  of  taste. 

Pallet,  n.  A  small  bed. 

Palette,  n.  A  painter's  board. 
Pall,  n.  The  covering  over  the  dead. 
Paul,  n.  A  man's  name. 

Partition,  n.  That  which  divides. 

Petition,  n.  A  request ;  entreaty. 
Passable,  a.  Tolerable. 
Passible,  a.  That  may  feel. 

Pastor,  n.  A  clergyman. 

Pasture,  n.  Land  grazed  by  cattle. 
Patience,  n.  Suffering  without  com- 
plaint. 
Patients,  n.  Persons  under  the  care 
of  a  doctor. 

Pause,  n.  A  stop  ;  suspense. 

Paws,  n.  The  fore-feet  of  a  beast  of 
prey. 

PoRES,i72-.  Passages  for  perspiration. 
Peace,  n.  Freedom  from  war. 
Piece,  n.  A  part  of  the  whole. 

Peak,  n.  The  top  of  an  eminence. 

Pique,  n.  A  slight  resentment. 
Peal,  n.  A  succession  of  loud  sounds. 
Peel,  n.  The  skin  or  rind. 

Panel,  n.  A  square  between  other 
bodies. 

Pannel,  n.  A  kind  of  saddle. 
Purl,  i).  i.  To  flow  with  a  gentle  noise. 
Pearl,  n.  A  white,  hard,  smooth  sub- 
stance found  in  a  kind  of  oyster. 

Pedal,  a.  Belonging  to  the  feet. 

Pedal,  n.  A  key  moved  by  the  foot. 

Peddle,  v.  t.  To  carry  about  to  sell. 
Peer,  n.  An  equal. 
Pier,  n.  A  column ;  a  wharf. 

Pencil,  n.  A  small  brush. 

Pensile,  a.  Suspended. 
Pendant,  n.  Something  which  hangs. 
Pendent,  a.  Hanging.  [woman. 

Personal,  a.  Belonging  toiman  or 

Personnel,  n.    The  persons  in  a 
public  office. 
Pilot,  n.  A  guide. 
Pilate,  n.  A  man'^name. 


Pillar,  n.  A  column.  [head. 

Pillow,  n.    Something  under  the 
Pint,  n.  Half  a  quart. 
PoiNT,t  n.  The  sharp  end. 

Pistil,  n.  Part  of  a  flower. 

Pistol,  n.  The  smallest  fire-arm. 
Place,  n.  Locality ;  situation. 
Plaice,  n.  A  sort  of  flat  fish. 

Plain,  n.  Smooth  ;  clear. 

Plane,  n.  A  flat  surface. 
Plaintiff,  n.  One  who  seeks  justice. 
Plaintive,  a.  Expressive  of  sorrow. 

Plait,  n.  A  fold. 

Plate,  n.  A  flat  piece  of  metal. 
Pleas,  n.  Arguments. 
Please,  «.  i.  To  give  pleasure. 

Plum,  n.  A  fruit. 

Plumb,  n.  A  perpendicular, 

PLUME,t  n.  A  feather ;  a  crest. 
Pole,  n.  A  measure ;  a  long  stake. 
Poll,  n.  The  head. 

Pool,  n.  A  small  collection  of  water. 

PouLE,  n.  The  stakes  played  for. 
Poplar,  n.  A  tree  of  the  aspen  species. 
Popular,  a.  Pleasing  to  the  people. 

Populace,  n.  The  people. 

Populous,  a.  Full  of  people. 
Pore,  n.  A  passage  for  perspiration. 
Pour,  v.  t.  To  let  out  of  a  vessel. 

Poring,  ppr.  Looking  intently. 

Pouring,  ppr.  Sending  as  a  fluid. 
Port,  n.  A  harbor. 
Porte,  n.  The  Turkish  court. 

Portion,  n.  A  part ;  a  share, 

PoTioN,t  n.  A  draught  of  medicine. 
Practice,  n.  The  habit  of  doing. 
Practise,  v.  t.  To  exercise. 

Praise,  n.  Commendation, 

Prays,  v.  i.  Entreats ;  j)etitions. 

Preys,  v.  i.  Feeds  by  violence. 
Pray,  v.  t.  To  supplicate. 
Prey,  n.  Rapine ;  plunder. 

Precedent,  n.  A  rule  or  example. 

Precedent,  a.  Going  before. 

President,  n.  One  who  presides. 
Presence,  n.  State  of  being  present. 
Presents,  n.  Gifts. 

Pride,  n.  Self-esteem. 

Pried,  pp.    Moved  by  means  of  9, 
lever. 
Pries,  v.  i.  To  inspect  closely. 
Prize,  n.  A  reward  gained. 

Prince,  n.  The  son  of  a  king. 

Prints,  n.  Impressions  made. 


J4 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK  OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Principal,  a.  Chief;  important. 
Principle,  n.  An  element. 

Prior,  a.  Previous ;  former. 

Prier,  n.  One  who  inquires  closely. 
Profit,  n.  Gain ;  benefit. 
Prophet,  n.  One  who  foretells  events. 

Prophecy,  n.  That  which  is  fore- 
told, [tell. 

Prophesy,  ??.  i.  To  predict ;  to  fore- 
QuARTS,  n.  Fourths  of  a  gallon. 
Quartz,  n.  Rock  crj^stal. 

Queen,  n.  The  wife  of  a  king. 

Quean,  n.  A  worthless  woman. 
Rabbet,  n.  A  joint. 
Rabbit,  n.  A  small  quadruped. 

Radical,  7i.  Of  first  principles. 

Radicle,  n.  A  part  of  a  seed. 
Radish,  n.  An  esculent  root. 
Reddish,  a.  Somewhat  red. 

Rain,  n.  Water  from  the  clouds. 

Reign,  n.  To  have  royal  power. 

Rein,  n.  The  strap  of  a  bridle. 
Raise,  v.  t.  To  lift ;  to  erect. 
Rays,  n.  Beams  of  light. 
Raze,  v.  t.  To  demolish. 

Raised, ^jo.  Lifted;  elevated. 

Razed,  pp.  Demolished. 
Raiser,  n.  One  who  raises. 
Razor,  n.  An  instrument  for  shaving. 

Raisin,  n.  A  dried  grape. 

Reason,  n.  The  rational  faculty. 
Rancor,  n.  Malice ;  hate. 
Ranker,  a.  Coarser. 

Rap,  71.  A  quick,  smart  blow. 

Wrap,  v.  t.  To  roll  together. 
Rapping,  j9pr.    Striking  with  quick 

blows. 
Wrapping,  n.  A  cover. 
Rapine,! /i.  Plunder;  pillage. 

Read,  v.  t.  To  peruse. 

Reed,  n.  A  hollow,  knotted  stalk. 
Read,  ^j9.  Perused. 
Red,  a.  Having  the  color  like  blood. 

Real,  a.  True. 

Reel,  n.  A  machine  for  winding. 
Reseat,  «.  t.  To  seat  again. 
Receipt,  n.  A  written  acknowledg- 
ment. 

Relic,  n.  That  which  remains. 

Relict,  n.  A  widow. 
Residence,  n.  Place  of  abode. 
Residents,  n.  Those  who  reside  in  a 

Resign,  v.  t.  To  give  up.      [place. 

Resign,  v.  t.  To  sign  again. 


Rest,  n.  Quiet ;  ease. 

Wrest,  «.  t.  To  twist  by  violence. 

Restauration,  n.  Restoration. 

Restoration,  ii.  Recovery. 
Rheum,  n.  A  thin,  watery  matter. 
Room,  n.  Space. 

Rhumb,  n.  A  vertical  circle. 

Rum,  n.  Spirituous  liquor. 

Rhomb,!  n.  A  quadrilateral  figure. 
Rhyme,  n.  Harmpnical  sounds. 
Rime,  n.  Hoar  frost. 

Rice,  n.  An  esculent  grain. 

Rise,  n.  Ascent ;  «.  t.  To  ascend. 
Rifle,  n.  A  kind  of  gun. 
RiYAL,t  n.  A  competitor. 

Rigger,  n.  One  who  rigs. 

Rigor,  n.  Severity  ;  strictness. 
Right,  a.  Direct ;  proper. 
Rite,  n.  Ceremony. 
Wright,  n.  A  workman. 
Write,  v.  t.    To  express  by  letters 
formed  with  a  pen. 

Road,  n.  An  open  way. 

Rode,  pp.  Traveled  in  a  vehicle. 

Rowed,  pp.  Impelled  by  oars. 
Roam,  ii.  i.  To  ramble. 
Rome,  n.  A  city  in  Italy. 

Roar,  v.  i.  To  cry  as  a  lion. 

Rower,  n.  One  who  manages  an  oar. 
Roe,  n.  A  species  of  deer. 
Row,  V.  t.  To  impel  a  boat  by  oars. 
Row,t  n.  A  riotous  noise. 

Roes,  n.  Female  deer ;  eggs  of  fishes. 

Rows,  'D.  t.  Impels  by  oars. 

Rose,  n.  A  well-known  flower. 
Rood,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  an  acre. 
Rude,  a.  Rough  ;  coarse  of  manners. 

Rouse,  v.  t.  To  stir  up  ;  to  provoke. 

Rows,  11.  Riotous  disturbances. 
Rote,  n.  Memory  of  words. 
Wrote,  pret.  of  write. 

Rough,  a.  Not  smooth ;  rugged. 

Ruff,  n.  A  linen  ornament. 
Rout,  n.  An  evening  party ;  i).  t.  To 

disperse. 
Route,  n.  Road ;  course. 

Rung,  n.   A  step  of  a  ladder ;  pp. 

Wrung,  j9jo.  Twisted.      [Sounded. 
Rye,  n.  A  species  of  grain. 
Wry,  a.  Crooked. 

Sail,  n.  Canvas  of  a  ship. 

Sale,  n.  Act  of  selling. 
Sailer,  n.  That  which  sails. 
Sailor,  n.  A  seaman ;  a  mariner. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 


15 


Satire,  n.  Ridicule ;  sarcasm. 

Satyr,  n.  A  sylvan  God. 
Saver,  n.  One  who  saves. 
Savor,  n.  A  scent ;  taste. 

Scene,  n.  A  view. 

Seen,  pp.  Having  viewed. 

Seine,  n.  A  net  used  in  fishing. 
Scull,  71.  A  short  oar. 
Skull,  n.  The  case  of  the  brain. 

Sea,  n.  A  body  of  salt  water. 

See,  v.  t.  To  perceive  by  the  eye. 

C,  n.  A  letter  in  the  alphabet. 
Seal,  n.  An  engraved  stamp. 
Seel,  v.  t.  To  close  the  eyes. 
Ceil,  «.  t.  To  cover  the  upper  surface. 

Seam,  n.  A  juncture. 

Seem,  v.  n.  To  appear. 
Seamed,  pp.  Joined  together. 
Seemed,^.  Appeared. 

Sear,  a.  Dry ;  v.  t.  To  bum. 

Seer,  n.  One  who  foresees. 
Seas,  n.  Bodies  of  salt  water. 
Sees,  v.  t.  Perceives  by  the  eye. 
Seize,  v.  t.  To  take  hold  of. 

Sects,  n.  Religious  denominations. 

Sex,  n.    The  distinction  between 
male  and  female. 
Senior,  n.  One  older  than  another. 
Seignior,  n.  A  title. 

Serf,  n.  A  slave. 

Surf,  n.  The  swell  of  the  sea  that 
beats  upon  the  shore. 
Serge,  n.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 
Surge,  n.  A  rising  billow 

Set,  'b.  t.  To  place. 

SiT,1  V.  i.  To  repose  on  a  seat. 
Sew,  •».  t.  To  join  by  the  needle. 


Sow, 


To  scatter  seed. 


So,  adv.  In  this  manner. 

Sower,  n.  One  who  sows. 

Soar,  i).  i.  To  fly  aloft. 

Sore,  n.  An  ulcer ;  a  i^ainful  part. 

Sewer,  n.  One  who  uses  a  needle. 

SEWER,t  n.  A  passage  to  convey  off 
water  and  filth. 
Shear,  v.  t.  To  clip  with  shears. 
Sheer,  v.  n.  To  deviate. 
Shire,  n.  A  county. 

Sheath,  n.  The  case  of  any  thing. 
»    Sheathe,  v.  t.  To  inclose  in  a  case. 
Show,  v.  t.  To  exhibit  to  view. 
Shew,  v.  t.  To  exhibit  to  view. 

Shoe,  n.  A  j^rotection  for  the  foot. 

Shoo,  inPj.  Begone.^ 


Shone,  pp.  Emitted  rays  of  light. 
Shown,  j9;>.  Exhibited. 

Side,  n.  Edge ;  margin. 

Sighed,  jt>/?.  To  emit  breath  audibly. 
Sighs,  n.  Deep  respirations. 
Size,  n.  Bulk  ;  magnitude. 

SiGHER,  71.  One  who  sighs. 

Sire,  n.  Father. 
Sign,  n.  A  token ;  a  signal. 
Sine,  n.  The  name  of  a  line. 

Sink,  v.  i.  To  go  to  the  bottom. 

Cinque,  71.  The  number  five. 
Slay,  v.  t.  To  kill. 
Sley,  n.  A  weaver's  reed. 
Sleigh,  n.  A  vehicle  for  snow. 

Slew,  pret.  of  slay. 

Slue,  «.  t.  To  turn  about. 
Slight,  7i.  Neglect ;  a.  Small. 
Sleight,  n.  Artful  trick. 

Sloe,  n.  A  fruit. 

Slow,  a.  Not  swift. 
Slough,  n.  A  deep,  miry  place. 
Slough,!  v.  i.  To  fall  off. 

Smelt,  ti.  A  small  sea-fish. 

Smelt,  «?.  t.  To  melt ;  pp.  Perceived 
by  the  nose. 
Soared,  jt?jo.  Ascended. 
Sword,  n.  A  weapon  for  cutting. 
SwARD,t  71.  A  grassy  surface. 

Sole,  n.  The  bottom  of  the  foot. 

Soul,  ti.  The  spirit  of  man. 
Sold,  pjh  Disjiosed  of  for  a  price. 
Soled,  pyp-  Furnished  with  soles. 
SouLED,  a.  Having  a  mind. 

Solder,  n.  Metallic  cement. 

SoLDiER,t  n.  A  warrior. 
Some,  a.  More  or  less. 
Sum,  71.  The  whole. 

Son,  n.  A  male  child. 

Sun,  71.  The  luminary  that  makes 
the  day 
Soot,  ti.  Condensed  smoke. 
Suit,  n.  A  set  of  things. 
Suet,  ti.  A  hard  fat. 
Suite,  ti.  A  train  of  followers. 

Sooth,  n.  Truth ;  reality. 

Soothe,  v.  t.  To  allay. 
Staid,  a.  Sober ;  grave. 
Stayed,  pp.  Supported. 

Stair,  ti.  One  in  a  flight  of  steps. 

Stare,  «.  ti.    To  look  with  fixed 
eyes. 
Stake,  ti.  A  small  post. 
Steak,  ti.  A  slice  of  beef. 


16 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Stalk,  n.  The  stem  of  a  plant. 

Stokk,  n.  A  bird. 
Stationary,  a.  Motionless. 
Stationery,  n.  Pens,  ink,  paper,  &c. 

Steel,  n.  A  refined  kind  of  iron. 

Steal,  «.  t.  To  take  by  theft. 
Straight,  a.  Not  crooked. 
Strait,  n.  A  narrow  pass. 

Succor,  n.  Aid ;  relief. 

Sucker,  n.  A  shoot  of  a  plant. 
Swap,  n.  A  blow. 
Swop,  V.  t.  To  barter. 

Sweat,  n.  Perspiration. 

Sweet,  a.  Pleasing  to  the  taste. 
Tacks,  n.  Small  nails. 
Tax,  n.  A  tribute. 

Tact,  7i.  Skill. 

Tack,  n.  A  small  nail. 
Tail,  n.  The  last  end. 
Tale,  n.  A  narrative. 

Talents,  n.  Abilities. 

Talons,  n.  The  claws  of  a  bird. 
Taper,  n.  A  wax  candle. 
Tapir,  n.  An  animal. 

Tare,  n.  A  weed. 

Tear,  v.  t.  To  pull  in  pieces. 

TEAR.t  n.  Moisture  from  the  eyes. 
Taught,  j9/>.  Instructed. 
Taut,  a.  Tight. 

Team,  n.  Two  or  more  horses. 

Teem,  «.  i.  To  be  full. 
Tear,  n.  The  water  from  the  eyes. 
Tier,  n.  A  row ;  a  rank. 

Teas,  n.  The  different  kinds  of  tea. 

Tease,  «.  t.  To  harass ;  to  annoy. 
Tenor,  n.  General  course. 
Tenure,  n.  Act  of  holding. 

Tense,  a.  Drawn  tight. 

Tents,  n.  Movable  lodgings. 
The.     The  definite  article. 
Thee,  pro.     The   objective  case  of 
thou. 

Their,  pro.  Belonging  to  them. 

There,  adv.  In  that  place. 
Threw,  pret.  of  throw. 
Through,  prep.  From  end  to  end. 

Throe,  n.  Extreme  pain. 

Throw,  v.  t.  To  hurl. 
Throne,  n.  The  seat  of  a  king. 
Thrown,^.  Cast;  hurled. 

Thyme,  n.  An  aromatic  plant. 

Time,  n.  Duration. 
Tide,  n.  Stream. 
Tied,^.  Bound. 


Tiny,  a.  Little ;  small. 

Tinny,  o,.  Like  tin. 
To,  prep.  Noting  motion  toward. 
Too,  adv.  Noting  excess. 
Two,  a.  One  and  one. 

Toad,  n.  An  animal. 

Toed,  a.  Having  toes. 

TowBD,  pp.  Drawn  along. 
Toe,  n.  A  finger  of  the  foot. 
Tow,  V.  t.  To  draw  along. 

Told, ^j9.  Mentioned;  related. 

Tolled,  pp.  Sounded  slowly. 

ToLED,  pp.  Allured. 
ToLE,  V.  t.  To  allure. 
Toll,  n.  A  tax  upon  travelers. 

Ton,  n.  A  weight ;  20  cwt. 

Tun,  n.  A  large  cask. 
Tour,  n.  A  circuit. 
Tower,  n. ,  A  building. 

Tracked,  pp.  Followed  by  marks. 

Tract,  n.  A  region ;  a  small  pamph- 
let. 
Travail,  v.  i.  To  labor  with  pain. 
Travel,  v.  i.  To  make  journeys. 

Tray,  n.  A  shallow  vessel. 

Trey,  n.  A  three  at  cards. 
Treatise,  n.  A  discourse. 
Treaties,   n.    Agreements  between 
governments. 

Tomb,  ii.  A  monument  over  a  grave. 

Tome,  n.  A  volume ;  a  book. 
Ewes,  n.  Female  sheep. 
Yews,  n.  Evergreen  trees. 
UsE,t  n.  Service. 

Vale,  n.  Space  between  hills. 

Vail,  n.  Money  given  to  servants. 

Veil,  n.  A  thin  cover  over  the  face. 
Valley,  n.  A  hollow  between  hills. 
VALUE,t  V.  t.  To  rate  at  a  certain  price. 

Vane,  n.  A  weather-cock. 

Vein,  n.  A  blood  vessel. 

Vain,  a.  Meanly  proud. 
Venal,  a.  Mercenary ;  base. 
Venial,  a.  That  may  be  forgiven. 

Vent,  n.  A  hole  for  air  to  escape. 

Went,  pret.  of  go. 
Venus,  n.  One  of  the  planets. 
Venous,  a.  Relating  to  the  veins. 

Veracity,  n.  Habitual  truth. 

Voracity,  n.  Rapacity ;  greediness. 
Vial,  n.  A  small  bottle. 
Viol,  n.  A  musical  instrument. 
Vile,  a.  Base ;  wicked. 
Phial,  n.  A  small  bottle. 


WOEDS   OF    SIMILAR    PRONUNCTATION. 


17 


Vicar,  n.  A  substitute. 

Wicker,  a.  Made  of  twigs. 
Vice,  n.  A  spot  or  defect. 
Vice.     Instead  of 

Vioi*A.TE,  V.  t.  To  transgress. 

Violet,  n.  A  delicate  flower. 
Virtu,  n.  A  love  of  the  fine  arts. 
Virtue,  n.  Moral  goodness.  | 

Wade,  v.  n.  To  walk  through  water. 

Weighed,  pp.  Balanced.  i 

Wail,  v.  t.  To  moan ;  to  lament.  ^ 

Wale,  n.  A  mark  left  by  a  stripe. 
Whale,  n.  An  animal  shaped  like  a 
fish,  and  living  in  the  sea,  but 
having  warm  blood,  and  breath-  i 
ing  the  air.  ! 

Waist,  n.  Part  of  the  body. 

Waste,  n.  Wanton  destruction. 
Wait,  v.  i.  To  stay  for. 
Weight,  n.  Heaviness. 

Waive,  v.  t.  To  relinquish. 

Wave,  n.  A  moving  swell  of  water. 
Want,  v.  t.  To  desire. 
Wont,  n.  Custom ;  habit. 

Wear,  v.  t.  To  impair  by  use. 

Ware,  n.  Commodity. 

Where,  adv.  In  which  place. 

^^'R^^-\pret.plu.  From  the  verb  be. 
Wart,  n.  A  hard  excrescence. 
Wort,  n.  Unfermented  beer. 

Whacks,  ti.  Heavy  blows. 

Wax,  n.  The  substance  which  forms 
the  cells  of  beeS. 
Way,  n.  A  road  ;  a  passage. 
Whey,  n.  The  thin  part  of  milk. 
Weigh,  v.  t.  To  examine  by  balance. 

Weak,  a.  Not  strong. 

Week,  n.  Seven  days. 
Weal,  n.  Happiness ;  welfare. 
Wheal,  n.  A  pustule. 
Wheel,  n.  A  circular  body. 
VEAL,t  n.  The  flesh  of  a  calf. 

Weasel,  n.  A  small  animal. 

Weezel,  a.  Thin ;  weazen. 
Wether,  n.  A  ram. 
Whether,  adv.  Which  of  two. 
Weather,  n.  The  state  of  the  atmo- 

Wen,  n.  A  tumor.  [sphere. 

When,  adv.  At  what  time, 
Wert.     The  second  person  x>f  the 

verb  BE. 
WoBT,  n.  Unfermented  beer. 


Wet,  n.  Water ;  moisture. 

Whet,  v.  To  sharpen. 
What,  pro.  That  which. 
Wot,  v.  t.  To  know. 

Which,  pro.  A  pronoun. 

Witch,  n.  A  sorceress. 
Whig,  n.  The  name  of  a  party. 
Wig,  n.  False  hair  worn  on  the  head. 

While,  adv.  During  the  time  that. 

Wile,  n.  A  deceit ;  a  fraud. 
Whine,  n.  A  plaintive  noise. 
Wine,  n.  The  juice  of  the  grape. 
ViNE,t  n.  Any  plant  that  trails. 

Whir,  v.  n:   To  turn  round  with 
noise. 

Were,  pret.  plu.  of  the  verb  be. 
Whist,  n.  A  game  at  cards. 
Wist, j9jt).  Thought;  knew. 

White,  n.  The  color  of  snow. 

Wight,  n.  A  person ;  a  being. 

WiTE,  n.  Blame ;  reproach. 
Whit,  n.  A  very  small  part. 
Wit,  n.  Quickness  of  fancy. 

Whither,  adv.  To  which  place. 

Wither,  v.  i.  To  fade ;  to  dry  up. 
Why,  adv.  To  what  reason. 
Vie,  v.  i.  To  strive. 

Wood,  n.  The  substance  of  trees. 

Would,  v.  Was  willing. 
Worsted,  n.  Woolen  yam. 
Worsted,  pp.  Defeated. 

Wrapped,  p^.  Wound. 

Kapped,  pp.    Struck  with  a  quick 
blow. 
Wreak,  v.  t.  To  execute. 
Reek,  v.  To  emit  vapor. 

Wreath,  n.  Any  thing  curled.. 

Wreathe,  v.  t.    To  encircle;   to 
curl. 
Wreck,  n.  Dissolution  by  violence. 
Reck,  v.  t.  To  heed ;  to  care  for. 

Wretch,  n.  A  miserable  person. 

Retch,  v.  i.  To  make  an  effort  to 
vomit. 
Wring,  v.  t.  To  turn  with  violence. 
Ring,  n.  A  circle ;  sound. 

Yolk,  n.  The  yellow  part  of  an  egg. 

Yoke,  n.  A  wooden  bandage  placed 
on  the  neck  of  oxen. 
Your,  pro.  Belonging  to  you. 
Ewer,  n.  A  vessel  for  water. 


18  smith's  hand-book  op  etymology. 


DICTATION    EXERCISES. 

Pll  go  through  the  aisle  of  the  church  which  is  on  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
shoemaker  said  his  awl  was  all  that  procured  him  a  living. 

He  commenced  to  hawl,  because  he  had  lost  his  hall.  The  haroness  was  sur- 
prised at  the  barrenness  of  the  country.  The  captain,  with  the  assistance  of 
his  assistants,  sailed  the  harque  laden  with  Itarh.  They  barred  the  door  against 
the  hard.  He  gave  his  assent  to  the  proposition  for  their  ascent  of  Mount 
Washington. 

I  have  heen  to  the  Inn  to  get  some  grain.  Beer  brought  him  to  his  Mer. 
He  hored  a  hole  in  the  hoard.  The  how  of  the  boat  was  made  of  the  hough  of 
the  heech  which  grew  near  the  heach.  The  hass  drum  was  taken  by  a  base  fel- 
low.    The  bee  must  he  busy  in  order  to  lay  up  his  winter  store. 

Two  weeks  after  the  child  was  bom  it  was  borne  to  that  bourn  whence  no 
traveler  returns.  The  wind  caused  the  bou^Ji  to  how.  The  man  was  bred  to 
his  calling,  but  his  calling  was  not  bread  to  him. 

After  passing  through  the  canon  the  canon  was  read  amid  the  roar  of  can- 
non. While  one  brother  was  ceiling  the  room  the  other  was  sealing  a  letter. 
The  seller  lives  in  a  cellar.  After  taking  the  census  he  lost  his  senses.  The 
servant  was  sent  with  a  cent  to  get  some  scent. 

The  leader  of  the  clioir  sent  for  a  quire  of  music  paper.  His  choler  having 
risen  he  seized  his  opponent  by  the  collar.  From  the  s:ite  of  the  house  a 
magnificent  sigJit  opened  to  our  view. 

The  fit  of  coughing  which  caused  the  colonel  to  be  laid  in  his  coffin  was  pro- 
duced by  his  eating  a  Icernel.  The  artist  made  a  sketch  of  the  crans  with  a 
crayon.  Notwithstanding  he  was  his  cousin.^  he  wished  to  cozen  him.  The 
color  of  the  culler  was  raised  by  the  insult.  His  counsel  was  asked  and  ob- 
tained by  the  council. 

The  Dane  did  not  deign  to  notice  him.  He  said  the  dey  was  a  day  too  late. 
Each  one  of  the  crews  was  provided  with  a  cruse  for  the  cruise.  Upon  his 
signet  was  engraved  a  cygnet.     The  disease  caused  his  decease. 

The  dy&r  dyes  daily,  yet  he  dies  not.  Three  scruples  make  a  drachm.,  but 
many  persons  take  a  dram  without  a  scruple.  The  errant  knight,  while  on 
his  errand,  proved  to  be  an  arrant  coward.  He  can  earn  the  urn  by  dyeing., 
and  yet  keep  from  dying. 

Tou  must  not  frighten  the  ewe  which  is  lying  by  that  yew  of  beautiful  hue. 
She  made  2,  feint  to  faint.  The  landlord  gave  us  fair  fare,  ^y  father  said 
I  should  go  no  farther.  He  performed  a  great  feat  with  his  feet  at  the  fete. 
Upon  the  smoke  ascending,  the  swallow  fiew  from  the  flv^.  He  fain  would 
feign  to  go  to  the  fane. 

The  fore  parts  of  the  four  animals  were  put  aside  for  eating.  The  domes- 
tic fowl  was  killed  by  a  foul  domestic.  He  strode  to  the  gate  with  a  lofty 
gait.  It  is  wicked  to  gamble,  but  not  to  gambol.  At  the  fort  his  forte  is 
gunnery.     A  majority  of  the  guild  wished  to  gild  the  sign. 

The  gu£st  guessed  that  they  would  make  a  fire  in  the  great  grate.  The  hair 
of  the  hare  is  of  a  brown  color. 

I  heard  the  lowing  of  the  hsrd.  When  our  hour  shall  come,  we  will  sing  & 
hymn  to  Him  above.     The  hussar  who  was  in  the  inn  cried  out  huzza. 


DICTATION    EXERCISES.  19 

The  reason  why  bakers  hnead  their  bread  is  because  they  need  it.  I  hnow 
no  Tcnight  who  will  go  there  in  the  night.  If  the  gnu  hnew  that  the  hay  was 
new.,  why  did  he  not  eat  it  ?  The  jester  by  his  gesture  showed  his  intense  in- 
tents. 

The  pupil  endeavored  to  lessen  the  lesson.  The  body  has  lain  in  the  lane 
for  three  clays.  Every  Her  is  not  a  liar.,  though  he  can  perform  on  the  lyre. 
He  bought  some  liniment  for  his  bruised  lineament. 

The  martial  marshal  received  a  valuable  mare  from  the  mayor.  The  male 
wore  a  coat  of  mail.  He  was  in  a  maze  amidst  the  maize.  The  m£ad  was  the 
m£ed  which  he  required. 

That  miner  minds  the  minor  mines.  The  mower  could  mow  no  more.,  for  be 
had  missed  the  place  in  the  mist.  It  is  not  meet  to  mete  out  such  meat.  You 
should  not  meddle  with  the  medal.  Does  it  require  the  might  of  a  man  to 
kill  a  mite  ? 

The  noise  of  the  oar  comes  oV  the  water.  By  an  ordinance  of  parliament 
the  ordnance  was  increased.  None  but  a  nun  can  enter  a  nunnery.  Does  the 
neigh  of  a  horse  mean  nay  ? 

Can  you  pare  a  pear  with  a  pair  of  scissors  ?  He  placed  his  palette  upon 
the^aZZc^,  and  went  to  gratify  \ns  palate.  Of  the  patients  none  had  j9rt^^e?^c«. 
The  piece  of  ^;a;?e  in  the  wound  caused  great  pain^  therefore  he  had  no  peace. 

He  laid  down  to  rest  having  a  broken  pillar  for  a  pillow.  As  soon  as  he 
ceased  running  the  perspiration  began  to  pour  from  every  pore. 

The  principal  principle  of  a  student  should  be  uprightness.  The  praise 
which  his  rival  received  preys  upon  his  spirits. 

His  relict  kept  the  razor  as  a  relic.  The  resideid^i  had  changed  their  resi- 
dence.   The  rigor  of  the  climate  caused  the  death  of  the  rigger. 

He  said  it  was  right  to  write  to  the  wright  about  the  rite.  He  rode  home 
by  the  road,  after  he  had  rowed  to  the  place  of  meeting.  The  rows  in  the 
street  caused  him  to  rouse  from  his  stupor. 

So  you  sew  when  you  ought  to  sow.  The  pirate  has  determined  to  seize 
every  vessel  he  sees  upon  the  seas.  The  serf  sighs  at  the  size  of  the  surf 
through  which  he  is  compelled  to  go.  To  bathe  in  the  surge  he  had  a  dress 
made  of  serge.     He  siglied  because  of  a  pain  in  his  side. 

Without  his  son  the  sun  had  no  light  for  him.  Tour  eicer  was  broken  at 
the  fountain.  Why  do  men  vie  with  each  other  ?  We  endeavored  to  wreathe 
a  wreath. 

The  bread  earned  by  the  »weat\  of  thy  brow  is  sweet  to  thee,  O  man.  It  re- 
quires tact  to  tach  through  the  straight  strait.  There  their  horses  stand. 
This  is  the  spear  which  he  threw  through  the  fence. 

He  told  his  friend  that  he  was  toled  to  the  church  by  hearing  the  bell  toUed. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  principal  treaties  recorded  in  history.  The  only 
use  he  had  for  his  yews  was  to  shelter  his  ewes. 

The  mle  man  injured  the  viol  by  means  of  a  vial.  The  vicar  was  walking 
down  the  lane  with  his  wicker  basket.  A  wave  of  his  brother's  hand  caused 
him  to  waive  his  claim. 

He  asked  him  whether  the  weather  was  favorable  to  the  young  wether.  He 
wi^it  not  whether  it  was  whist  or  !lot.  He  did  not  know  whither  to  carry  the 
flower  which  the  witch  said  was  commencing  to  wither.  He  did  not  know 
wh/en  the  wen  would  heal.     She  went  over  the  way  to  weigh  the  whey. 


20 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


WORDS    SIMILARLY    SPELLED, 
BUT    DIFFERENTLY    PRONOUNCED    AND    APPLIED. 


Ab'sent,  a.  Not  present. 
Absent',  «?.  To  keep  away. 

Ab'stract,  n.  An  abridgment. 

Abstract',  is.  To  draw  from. 
Abuse  (abuze),  'o.  To  ill  use. 
Abuse  (abuce),  n.  Ill  usage. 

Ac'cENT,  n.  Stress  of  the  voice. 

Accent',  'c.  To  give  the  accent. 
Af'fix,  n.  A  syllable  added. 
Affix',  'o.  To  add  to  the  end. 

At 'tribute,  n.  A  quality. 

Attrib'ute,  -d.  To  assign  as  a  cause. 
Aug'ment,  n.   Increase. 
Augment',  'o.  To  make  larger. 

Au'gust,  n.  The  eighth  month. 

August',  a.  Grand,  majestic. 
Bow  (bo),  n.  For  shooting  with. 
Bow  (bow),  n.  A  bending  of  the  head. 

Buf'fet,  n.  A  stroke  of  the  fist. 

Buffet',  n.  A  cupboard. 
Char,  v.  To  burn  partly. 
Char,  n.  A  small  job. 

Col 'league,  n.  A  partner. 

Colleague',  «.  To  unite  with  an- 
other. 
Col'lect,  n.  A  short  prayer. 
Collect',  v.  To  gather  together. 

Com'ment,  n.  An  exposition. 

Comment',  v.  To  make  remarks  up- 
on. 
Com'merce,  n.  Trade  between  nations. 
Commerce',  'y.  To  traffic ;  to  trade. 

Com'mune,  n.  A  district  in  France. 

Commune',  'd.  To  converse. 
Com'pact,  n.  An  agreement. 
Compact',  a.  Solid. 

Com'plot,  n.  A  joint  plot. 

Complot',  «.  To  form  a  plot. 
Gom'port,  n.  Behavior. 
Comport',  ^.  To  suit. 

Com'pound,  n.  A  mixture. 

Compound',  v.  To  mix. 
Com'press,  n.  A  pad  used  in  surgery. 
Compress',  «.  To  press  together. 

Con'cert,  n.  A  musical  entertain- 
ment. 

Concert',  «.  To  plan  together. 


Con'crete,  n^    A  mixture  used  by 

masons. 
Concrete',  «.  To  bring  into  one  mass. 

Con'cord,  n.  Agreement, 

Concord',  'o.  To  agree  with. 
Con'duct,  n.  Behavior. 
Conduct',  t).  To  lead. 

Con'fine,  n.  A  boundary. 

Confine',  «.    To  restrain ;  to  im- 
prison. 
Con'flict,  n.  A  contest. 
Conflict',  ^.  To  dash. 

Con'jure,  v.  To  practise  charms. 

Conjure',  v.  To  entreat. 
Con'serve,  n.  A  sweetmeat. 
Conserve',  v.  To  preserve  with  sugar. 

Con'sole,  n.  A  truss  or  bracket. 

Console',  ?).  To  comfort. 
Con'sort,  n.  A  companion. 
Consort',  v.  To  associate  with. 

Con'test,  n.  A  struggle. 

Contest',  «.  To  dispute. 
Con'text,  n.  The  general  series  of  a 

discourse. 
Context',  a.  Interwoven. 

Con'tract,  n.  An  agreement. 

Contract',  'o.  To  get  smaller. 
Con'trast,  n.  Opposition  of  things. 
Contrast',  v.  To  set  in  opposition, 

Con'vent,  n.  A  nunnery. 

Convent',  v.  To  call  before  a  judge. 
Con'verse,  n.  The  opposite. 
Converse',  xi.  To  talk  together. 

Con'vert,  n.  One  changed. 

Convert',  «.  To  change, 
Con'vict,  n.  A  criminal  found  guilty. 
Convict',  id.  To  find  guilty, 

Con'voy,  n.  A  protecting  force. 

Convoy',  ti.  To  accompany  for  pro- 
tection. 
Coun'termand,  n.  A  contrary  order. 
Countermand',  "d.  To  give  a  contrary 
order. 

Cruise,  n.  A  voyage. 

Cruise,  n.  A  small  bottle. 
Des'cant,  n.  A  song ;  a  discourse. 
Descant',  ^.  To  harangue. 


WORDS    SIMILARLY   SPELLED. 


21 


Des'ekt,  n.  A  sandy  waste. 

Desekt',  v.  To  forsake. 
Diffuse',  a.  Using  many  words. 
Diffuse',  v.  To  spread  abroad. 

Di'gest,  n.  A  collection  of  laws. 

Digest',  v.  To  dissolve  food  in  the 
stomach. 
Dis'couNT,  n.  A  sum  deducted. 
Discount',  v.  To  deduct. 

Does  (doze),  w.  The  plural  of  doe. 

Does  (dus),  v.  Third  person  of  do. 
En'trance,  n.  The  place  for  entering. 
Entrance',  v.  To  fill  with  delight. 

Es'coRT,  n.  A  body-guard. 

Escort',  v.  To  attend  and  guard. 
Es'sAT,  n.  An  attempt ;  a  treatise. 
Essay',  v.  To  try. 

Excuse'  (excuce),  n.  An  apology. 

Excuse'  (excuze),  v.    To  make  an 

apology. 

Ex'iLE,  71.    A  person  banished  from 

his  country.  [try. 

Exile',  v.  To  send  out  of  one's  coun- 

Ex'poRT,  n.  A  commodity  sent  out. 

Export',  v.   To  send  to  a  foreign 
country. 
Ex'tract,  n.  Something  extracted. 
Extract',  v.  To  draw  out. 

Fore'cast,  n.  A  forethought. 

Forecast',  v.  To  foresee. 
Fore'taste,  n.  Anticipation. 
Foretaste',  v.  To  taste  before. 

Fer'ment,  n.  Internal  motion. 

Ferment',  d.  To  set  in  motion. 
Fre'quent,  a.  Often  done. 
Frequent',  v.  To  visit  often. 

Gal'lant,  a.  Brave. 

Gallant',  n.  A  man  attentive  to 
ladies. 
Grease  (greace),  n.  Oily  matter. 
Grease  (greeze),  v.  To  smear  with  oil 
or  fat. 

Gout,  n.  A  disease  of  blood. 

Gout  (goo),  n.  Taste ;  relish. 
Gill  {g  soft),  n.  A  measure. 
Gill  {g  hard),  n.  The  lung  of  a  fish. 

House,  n.  A  dwelling.  | 

House  (houze),  'y.  To  put  in  a  house,  i 
Im'port,  n.    Meaning ;  a  commodity  i 
brought  into  a  country.  ^  | 

Import',  d.  To  mean ;  to  bring  into  a 
country. 

Im'press,  n.  An  impression. 

Impress',  v.  To  make  an  impression. 


Im'print,  n.  The  name  of  a  publisher. 
Imprint',  v.  To  make  an  impression. 

In'cense,  n.    Perfume  exhaled  by 
fire. 

Incense',  v.  To  excite  to  wrath. 
In'crease,  n.  A  growing  larger. 
Increase',  v.  To  grow  larger. 

In'lay,  n.  Something  inserted. 

Inlay',  v.  To  insert. 
In'stinct,  n.  Natural  impulse.-' 
Instinct',  a.  Animated. 

In'sult,  n.  An  affront. 

Insult',  v.  To  disrespect. 
In'terchange,  n.  Mutual  change. 
Interchange',  v.  To  exchange. 

In'terdict,  n.  A  prohibition. 

Interdict',  v.  To  prohibit. 
In'timate,  a.  Friendly ;  familiar. 
In'timate,  v.  To  hint. 

Inval'id,  a.  Not  legal. 

Invalid'  (-eed),  n.   A  person  in  a 
sickly  state. 
Lead  (led),  n.  A  metal. 
Lead  (leed),  v.  To  conduct. 

Live  (live),  a.  Alive. 

Lite  (liv),  v.  To  exist ;  to  enjoy  life. 
Lower,  v.  To  let  down. 
Lower  (lou-er),  v.  To  grow  cloudy. 

Min'ute,  n.  A  short  space  of  time. 

Minute',  a.  Small ;  very  little. 
Miscon'duct,  n.  Bad  conduct. 
Misconduct',  v.  To  behave  ill. 

Mouse,  n.  A  small  animal,     [mice. 

Mouse  (mouze),  v.   To  hunt  after 
Mow,  v.  To  cut  grass  with  scythe. 
Mow  (mou),  n.   A  heap  of  hay  in  a 

No'table,  a.  Remarkable,     [barn. 

Not'able,  a.  Thrifty ;  careful. 
Ob'ject,  n.  Purpose  or  design. 
Object',  v.  To  oppose  by  words. 

Or'dinary,  a.  Common ;  plain. 

Ord'inary,  n.  A  house  of  entertain- 
ment. 
Out'go,  n.  Expenses  of  living. 
Outgo',  v.  To  surpass. 

Out'work,  71.  Work  done  outside. 

Outwork',  v.  To  surpass  at  work- 
ing. 
O'vERCHARGE,  n.  Too  heavy  a  charge. 
Overcharge',  v.  To  charge  too  much, 

O'vERTHROW,  n.  Defeat. 

Overthrow',  v.  To  defeat. 
Per'fume,  n.  Fragrance. 
Pei^FUME',  v.  To  make  odorous, 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Peb'mit,  n.  A  written  authority. 

Permit',  v.  To  allow. 
Pol'ish,  v.  To  brighten. 
Po'lish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Poland. 

Prec'edent,  n.  Example. 

Prece'dent,  a.  Going  before. 
Pre'fix,  n.  A  syllable  placed  at  the 

beginning  of  a  word. 
Prefix',  v.  To  place  before. 

Prel'ude,  n.  Any  thing  introduc- 
tory. 

Prelude',  v.  To  begin  with. 
Prem'ise,  n.  A  proposition  in  logic. 
Premise',  v.  To  explain  beforehand. 

Prem'ises,  n.  Lands,  &c.,  attached 
to  a  house. 

Premi'ses,  v.  Does  premise. 
Pres'age,  n.    Something  that  fore- 
shows an  event. 
Presage',  v.  To  foreshadow. 

Pres'ent,  n.  A  gift. 

Present',  v.  To  give  formally. 
Prod'uce,  n.  What  is  produced. 
Produce',  v.  To  yield ;  to  bring  forth. 

Prog'ress,  n.  Onward  movement. 

Progress',  v.  To  proceed  onwards. 
Proj'ect,  n.  A  design,  contrivance. 
Project',  v.  To  plan ;  to  cast  forward. 

Pro'test,  n.  A  declaration  against. 

Protest',  v.  To  declare  against. 
Ra'rity,  n.  Something  very  scarce. 
Rar'ity,  n.  State  of  thinness. 

Read,  v.  To  peruse. 

Read,  (red),  p.  Did  read, 
Rec'reate,  v.  To  refresh  after  labor. 
Re'-create,  v.  To  form  anew. 

Reb'el,  n.  One  who  rebels. 

Rebel',  v.  To  rise  against  and  resist 
the  law.  [ory. 

Rec'ollect,  v.  To  call  back  to  mem- 
Re'-collect,  v.  To  gather  again. 

Rec'ord,  n.  A  register. 

Record',  v.  To  place  on  record. 
Rep'use,  n.  That  which  is  left  or  re- 
jected, [with. 
Refuse',  v.   To  decline  compliance 

Rep'rimand,  n.  A  censure. 

Reprimand',   v.     To   censure;    to 
blame. 
Be'pent,  a.  Creeping. 
Repent',  v.  To  regret ;  to  be  contrite. 


Re'print,  n.  A  second  printing  or 

edition. 
Reprint',  v.  To  print  again. 
Re'tail,  71.  Sale  by  small  quantities. 
Retail',  v.  To  sell  in  small  quantities. 
Row  (roe),  n.  A  line ;  v.  To  propel 

with  oars. 
Row  (rou),  n.  A  scuffle;  a  brawl. 
Sewer  (sow-er),  n.    A  person  who 

sews. 
Sewer  (soo-er),  n.  A  large  drain. 
Slough  (slou),  n.  A  miry  ditch. 
Slough  (sluff),  n.  The  cast  skin  of  a 
serpent ;  foul  matter  from  a  sore. 
Sow  (sou),  n.  The  feminine  of  boar. 
Sow  (so),  «.  To  scatter  seed. 

Sub'ject,  n.    One  who  owes  alle- 
giance ;  the  thing  under  consid- 
eration ;  a.  Liable  to. 
Subject',  v.  To  reduce  to  submis- 
Su'piNE,  n.  A  participial  noun.  [sion. 
Supine',  n.  Lying  lazily  on  the  back. 
Sur'name,  n.  The  family  name. 
Surname',  v.  To  add  another  name. 
Sur'vey,  n.  A  view  ;  a  measurement. 
Survey',  v.  To  measure ;  to  view\ 
Tar'ry,  v.  To  stop ;  to  delay. 
Tar'ry,  a.  Full  of  tar. 
Tear  (tare),  n.  A  rent ;  v.  To  rend. 
Tear  (teer),  n.  Drops  of  water  from 
the  eye. 
Tor'ment,  n.  Torture ;  pain. 
Torment',  v.  To  torture. 
Transfer',  v.  To  make  over  to  an- 
other. 
Trans'fer,  n.  The  act  of  transferring. 
Trans'port,  n.  Unusual  joy ;  rap- 
ture, [ture. 
Transport',  v.  To  exile ;  to  enrap- 
Undress',  v.  To  take  off  the  clothes. 
Un'dress,  n.  A  state  of  partial  cloth- 
ing. 
Un'derwobk,  n.  Subordinate  labor. 
Underwork',  v.  To  work  at  lower 
wages. 
Use  (uce),  n.  Occupation ;  utility. 
Use  (uze),  v.  To  employ  ;  to  make  use 
Wind,  7i.  Air  put  in  motion,     [of. 
Wind,  i\  To  turn  as  on  a  reel. 
Wound,  n.  A  flesh-cut ;  a  hurt. 
Wound,  v.  Did  wind. 


"WORDS    SPELLED   AND   PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


23 


WORDS   SPELLED   AND  PRONOUNCED  ALIKE, 
BUT    OF    VARIOUS    MEANINGS    AND    APPLICATIONS 


Address',  v.  To  accost. 
Address',  n.  Deportment. 
Address',  n.  Dexterity. 
Address',  n.  Direction  of  a  letter. 
Address',  n.  A  speech. 

Air,  n.  A  melody. 

Air,  n.  The  fluid  we  breathe. 

Air,  n.  Manner ;  look. 
An'glb,  n.  A  corner. 
An'gle,  v.  To  fish  with  a  hook. 

Appa'rent,  a.  Plain  ;  visible. 

Appa'rent,  a.  Seeming ;  not  real. 
Arch,  n.  A  part  of  a  curve. 
Arch,  a.  Sly  ;  shrewd. 
Arch,  a.  Chief;  superior. 

Art,  n.  Skill. 

Art,  v.  Part  of  the  verb  to  be. 
Bach'elor,  n.  An  unmarried  man. 
Bach'elor,  ;i.  A  junior  graduate. 

Bait,  n.  To  put  food  upon. 

Bait,  v.  To  take  refreshment. 

Bait,  v.  To  worry  with  dogs. 
Ball,  n.  A  globe. 

Ball,  n.  An  entertainment  of  danc- 
ing. 

Bank,  n.  A  heap  of  earth. 

Bank,  n.  A  place  where  money  is 
kept. 

Bank,  n.  A  bench  for  rowers. 
Bar,  n.  A  rail  to  stop  a  passage. 
Bar,  n.  A  bank  of  sand  in  a  river. 
Bar,  n.  A  railing ;  an  enclosure. 

Bark,  n.  The  rind  of  a  tree. 

Bark,  n.  A  kind  of  ship. 

Bark,  n.  The  noise  of  a  dog. 
Base,  n.  The  lowest  part. 
Base,  a.  Mean ;  worthless. 

Baste,  v.  To  beat  with  a  stick. 

Baste,  v.  To  pour  fat  on  roasting 
meat. 

Baste,  v.  To  sew  slightly. 
Bat,  n.  A  club  for  striking  a  ball. 
iBat,  n.  A  small,  winged  anim^. 
Bat,  n.  A  sheet  of  cotton  for  quilt- 
ing. 

Bat'ter,  v.  To  beat ;  to  crush. 

Bat'ter,  n.  A  mixture  of  eggs,  ifec. 


Bay,  n.  A  hollow  in  the  coast. 
Bay,  n.  A  tree. 

Bay,  11.  In  an  attitude  of  defence. 
Bay,  n.  A  color ;  a  kind  of  brown. 
Bay,  v.  To  bark. 

Beam,  n.  A  heavy  ]jiece  of  timber. 

Beam,  71.  A  ray  of  light. 

Beam,  n.  Part  of  a  scales. 
Bear,  d.  To  carry. 
Bear,  n.  A  rough  savage  animal. 
Bear,  v.  To  hold  up. 
Bear,  v.  To  produce. 
Bear,  d.  To  press. 
Bear,  n.  A  kind  of  barley. 

Bea'ver,  n.  An  animal. 

Bea'ver,  n.  The  fur  of  the  beaver. 

Bea'ver,  n.  Part  of  a  helmet. 
Become',  v.  To  be  changed. 
Become',  v.  To  be  suitable  to. 

Bee'tle,  n.  An  insect. 

Bee'tle,  n.  A  heavy  mallet. 

Bee'tle,  v.  To  overhang. 
Beg,  v.  To  ask  for  with  humility. 
Beg,  v.  To  assume  without  proof. 

Bill,  n.  The  beak  of  a  bird. 

Bn.L,  n.  An  account  of  money. 

Bill,  n.  A  kind  of  axe. 

Bill,.??.    An   act   before  a  legia- 
lature, 
Bel'let,  71.  A  note. 
Bil'let,  n.  A  small  log  of  wood. 
Bil'let,  v.  To  quarter  soldiers. 

Bit,  n.  A  small  piece. 

Bit,   n.     The    mouth-piece    of   a 
bridle. 

Bit,  n.  A  boring  tool. 
Blade,  n.  The  cutting  part  of  a  tool. 
Blade,  n.  A  leaf  of  grass. 
Blade,  n.  The  shoulder  bone. 
Blade,  n.  A  sharp,  lively  man. 

Blow,  n.  A  stroke. 

Blow,  v.  To  puff. 

Blow,  v.  To  blossom. 
Bluff,  n.  A  high  steep  bank. 
Bluff,  a.  Coarse  in  manner. 
Bluff,  a.  Obtuse ;  blunt. 
Bluff,  n.  A  game  at  cards. 


24 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


BoARix  n.  A  thin  plank. 

Board,  «.  To  live  -with  for  a  price. 

Board,  n.  A  council. 

Board,  v.  To  enter  a  ship  by  force. 

Bolt,  n.  The  bar  of  a  door. 

Bolt,  v.  To  sift. 

Bolt,  v.  To  leave  or  desert  suddenly. 
Boot,  n.  Covering  for  the  foot  and  leg. 
Boot,  n.  Part  of  a  coach. 
Boot,  n.  Profit ;  advantage. 
Boot,  n.  The  thing  given  in  addition. 

Bore,  v.  To  make  a  round  hole. 

Bore,  v.  To  vex  or  weary. 

Bore,  n.  A  round  hole. 

Bore,  n.  A  thing  that  annoys. 

Bore,  n.  An  influx  of  the  tide. 

Bore, _^.  Carried;  sustained. 
Bound,  n.  A  limit. 
Bound,  n.  A  leap. 
Bound,  v.  Did  bind. 

Bowl,  n.  A  hollow  dish. 

Bowl,  n.  A  round  mass  or  ball. 

Bowl,  v.  To  roll  along. 
Box,  n.  A  kind  of  tree. 
Box,  n.  A  case  or  chest. 
Box,  n.  A  slap  on  the  ear. 
Box,  «.  To  fight  with  the  fists. 

Brace,  v.  To  strengthen ;  to  make 
firm. 

Brace,  n.  A  pair ;  a  couple. 

Brace,  n.  A  tool. 
Brake,  n.  A  thicket. 
Brake,  n.  An  instrument  for  dressing 

flax. 
Brake,  n.  The  handle  of  a  pump. 
Brake,  n.  A  machine  to  retard  the 
motion  of  wheels.  [brass. 

Bra'zier,  n.    One  who  works  in 

Bra'zier,  n.  A  pan  to  hold  coals. 
Brook,  n.  A  stream  of  water. 
Brook,  v.  To  endure ;  to  suffer. 

Brush,  n.  An  instrument  for  clean- 

Brush,  n.  A  rude  assault.        [ing. 

Brush,  n.  A  collection  of  twigs  or 
bushes. 

Brush,  v.  To  rub  with  a  brush. 

Brush,  v.  To  touch  lightly  on  the 
surface. 

Brush,  v.  To  move  with  haste. 
Butt,  n.  A  large  cask. 
Butt,  n.  A  kind  of  hinge. 
Butt,  n.  A  person  who  is  the  object 

of  jests. 
Butt,  v.  To  strike  with  the  head. 


Calf,  n.  The  young  of  a  cow. 

Calf,  n.  The  thick  part  of  the  legi 
Can,  n.  A  metallic  vessel. 
Can,  1).  To  be  able. 

Cape,  n.  A  headland. 

Cape,  n.  An  article  of  dress. 
Ca'per,  v.  To  skip  and  jump. 
Ca'per,  n.  The  bud  of  a  plant. 

Cap'ital,  a.  Affecting  the  head  or 
life. 

Cap'ital,  a.  First  in  importance. 

Cap'ital,  n.  A  chief  city. 

Cap'ital,  n.     Money   invested  iu 
business. 
Card,  n.  A  piece  of  stiff"  paper. 
Card,  n.  A  kind  of  advertisement. 
Card,  v.  To  comb  wool. 

Case,  n.  A  covering  or  sheath. 

Case,  n.  State  of  things. 

Case,  n.  Variation  of  nouns. 

Case,  n.  An  action  at  law. 
Cashier',  n.  One  who  has  charge  ot 

money. 
Cashier'j  v.  To  dismiss  for  malcon- 
duct. 

Cast,  v.  To  throw. 

Cast,  v.  To  form  in  a  mould. 

Cast,  v.  To  compute ;  to  reckon. 

Cast,  n.  A  moulded  form. 
Cat'aract,  n.  A  waterfall. 
Cat'aract,  n.  A  disease  of  the  eye. 

Charge,  n.  A  trust  to  defend. 

Charge,  n.  Command. 

Charge,  n.  An  accusation. 

Charge,  n.  Cost ;  expense. 

Charge,  v.  To  load ;  to  burden. 

Charge,  v.  To  attack. 
Chase,  v.  To  pursue. 
Chase,  v.  To  adorn  by  raised  work. 
Chase,  n.  A  printer's  type  frame. 
Chase,  71.  Hunting ;  field  sport. 

Check,  n.  A  stop  ;  restraint. 

Check,  n.  A  reprimand. 

Check,  n.  Ad  order  for  money. 

Check,  n.  A  mark. 

Check,  n.  A  kind  of  cloth. 
Chord,  n.  The  string  of  a  musical  in 

strument. 
Chord,  n.  Harmony  of  sounds. 
Chord,  n.  The  line  wliich  joins  the 
two  ends  of  an  arc. 

Cleave,  v.  To  adhere ;  to  stick. 

Cleave,  v.  To  separate. 

Cleave,  v.  To  split  off". 


WORDS    SPELLED    AND    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


26 


Club,  n.  A  heavy  stick. 

Club,  n.  A  society. 

Club,  n.  The  name  of  a  card. 

Cock'le,  n.  A  shell  fish. 

Cock'le,  n.  A  weed. 
Colla'tion,  n.  Comparison. 
Colla'tion,  n.  A  slight  repast. 

Comb,  n.  An  instrument  for  the  hair. 

Comb,  n.  The  crest  of  a  cock. 

Comb,  n.  The  cells  in  which  bees 
put  their  honey. 

Comb,  v.  To  roll  over  as  a  wave. 

Comb,  n.  A  valley. 

Comb,  v.  To  adjust  with  a  comb. 
Commit',  v.  To  intrust. 
Commit',  v.  To  do ;  to  perpetrate. 
Commit',  v.  To  send  to  prison. 

Concord'a^tce,  n.  Agreement. 

Concord'ance,  n.     An  index  to 
words  in  the  Bible. 
Conform',  v.  To  make  like. 
Conform',  v.  To  comply  with. 

Consist'ency,  n.   Agreement  with 
one's  self. 

Consist'ency,  n.  Thickness. 
Cop'y,  n.  A  model  to  be  imitated. 
Cop'y,  n.  An  imitation. 

Cord,  n.  A  small  rope. 

Cord,  n.  A  measure  of  wood. 
Cord'ial,  a.  Hearty ;  sincere. 
Cord'ial,  n.  Any  thing  that  comforts. 

Corn,  n.  Grain. 

Corn,  n.  A  hard  substance  on  the 
foot. 

Corn,  v.  To  salt. 

Corn,  n.  A  single  seed. 
Count,  v.  To  number. 
Count,  n.  A  foreign  title. 
Count,  n.  A  point  in  an  indictment. 

Count'er,  n.  A  table  in  a  shop. 

Count'er,  a.  Contrary  to. 

Count'er,  n.  One  who  counts. 

Count'er,    n.    A    substitute    for 
money. 
Court,  v.  To  woo  ;  to  solicit. 
Court,  n.  Seat  of  justice. 
Court,  n.  Space  before  a  house. 
Court,  n.  Residence  of  a  prince. 
Court,  n.  A  little  street. 

Crab,  n.  A  shell  fish.  . 

Crab,  n.  A  wild  apple. 

Crab,  n.  An  engine  for  launching 
ships. 

Cbab,  n.  A  moro8«  person. 


Craft,  n.  Trade ;  manual  art 
Craft,  n.  Cunning. 
Craft,  tl  Sailing  vessels. 

Crane,  n.  A  long  legged  bird. 

Crane,  n.    A  machine  for  lifting 
weights. 

Crane,  n.  A  crooked  pipe. 
Crib,  n.  A  rack  or  manger. 
Crib,  n.  A  small  house. 
Crib,  n.  A  child's  bed. 
Crib,  v.  To  steal. 
Crib,  v.  To  confine  in  a  small  space. 


Crick'et,  n.  An  insect. 


[ball. 


Crick'et,  n.  A  game  with  bat  and 
Crit'ical,  a.  Inclined  to  find  fault. 
Crit'ical,  a.  Discerning.         [point. 
Crit'ical,   a.     Relating  to  turning 

Crop,  n.  The  harvest. 

Crop,  n.  The  craw  of  a  bird. 

Crop,  v.  To  cut  short. 
Cross,  n.  A  gibbet. 
Cross,  n.  Trial  of  patience. 
Cross,  a.  Opposite ;  contrary. 
Cross,  a.  Ill-tempered. 
Cross,  prep.  From  side  to  side. 
Cross,  v.  To  pass  across. 
Cross,  v.  To  cancel. 
Cross,  v.  To  thwart. 

Crow,  n.  A  bird. 

Crow,  n.  A  bar  of  iron. 

Crow,  v.  To  boast ;  to  exult. 

Crow,  v.  To  make  a  noise  like  a 
cock. 
Cry,  v.  To  proclaim  loudly. 
Cry,  v.  To  lament  aloud. 
Cry,  n.  The  call  of  an  animal. 

Cue,  n.  A  braid  of  hair. 

Cue,  n.  A  suggestion ;  a  hint. 

Cue,  n.  A  turn  of  mind. 

Cue,  n.  A  rod  used  in  billiards. 
Dam,  n.  The  mother  of  an  animal. 
Dam,  n.  A  bank  to  confine  water. 

Date,  n.  The  time  of  an  event 

Date,  n.  A  fruit. 
Deal,  n.  Quantity. 
Deal,  n.  Fir  timber. 
Deal,  v.  To  traffic. 
Deal,  v.  To  distribute. 

Dear,  a.  Beloved  ;  prized. 

Dear,  a.  Expensive. 
Deck,  v.  To  ornament ;  to  cover. 
Deck,  n.  The  floor  of  a  ship. 

Desert',  n.  That  which  is  deserved. 

Desert',  v.  To  forsake. 


26 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Despatch',  n.  Hasty  execution. 
Despatch',  v.  To  put  to  death. 

Die,  v.  To  pass  from  life. 

Die,  n.  A  stamp. 

Die,  n.  A  little  cube. 
Di'et,  n.  A  course  of  food. 
Di'et,  n.  A  German  parliament. 

Di'vEES,  n.  Those  who  plunge  un- 
der water. 

DiVers,  a.  Several. 
Divine',  a.  Godlike ;  heavenly. 
Divine',  n.  A  theologian. 
Divine',  i).  To  foretell ;  to  predict. 
Divine',  ^.  To  guess;  to  conjecture. 

Dock,  n.  A  plant ;  a  weed. 

Dock,  i).  To  cut  off. 

Dock,  n.  A  place  in  court. 

Dock,  n.  A  place  where  ships  lie. 
Dom'ino,  n.  A  kind  of  hood, 
Dom'ino,  n.  A  flat  piece  of  ivory  dot- 
ted like  dice. 

Down,  n.  Soft  feathers. 

Down,  n.  An  open  plain. 

Down,  n.  A  sand  bank  in  the  sea. 

Down,  adv.  Not  up. 
Draw,  v.  To  drag  along. 
Draw,  v.  To  let  out  a  liquid. 
Draw,  v.  To  delineate. 
Draw,  n.  To  attract  toward. 

Drill,  v.  To  bore  holes. 

Drill,  u.  To  exercise  recruits. 
Drone,  n.  The  male  honey  bee. 
Drone,  n.  A  sluggard. 
Drone,  n.  A  humming  noise. 
Drone,  v.  To  live  in  idleness. 
Drone,  v.  To  read  in  a  dull  tone. 

Drug,  n.  A  medicinal  substance. 

Drug,  n.  An  unsaleable  thing. 

Drug,  v.  To  give  dru^^s  to. 
Dun,  a.  Dark-colored. 
Dun,  «.  To  call  for  payment. 

Ear,  n.  The  organ  of  hearing. 

Ear,  n.  A  spike  of  com. 
Egg,  n.  A  body  laid  by  birds. 
Egg,  v.  To  incite. 

Eld'er,  a.  Older. 

Eld'er,  n.  The  name  of  a  shrub. 
Ellip'sis,  n.  An  omission  of  words. 
Ellip'sis,  n.  An  oval. 

Engross',  v.  To  occupy  the  whole. 

Engross',  v.  To  copy  writings. 
Entertain',  v.  To  amuse. 
Entertain',   «.      To    hold    in    the 
mind. 


E'vEN,  a.  Level ;  equal. 

E'ven,  n.  The  evening.  * 

E'vEN,  ad.v.  Truly  ;  likewise. 

Exact',  a.  Accurate. 

Exact',  -«.  To  demand ;  to  extort 
Express',  v.  To  utter ;  to  declare. 
Express',  v>.  To  squeeze  out. 
Express',  n.  A  speedy  conveyance. 
Express',  a.  Plain ;  clear. 

Fair,  a.  Pleasing ;  handsome. 

Fair,  a.  Just ;  honest. 

Fair,  a.  Clear ;  pleasant. 

Fair,  n.  A  large  market. 
'  Fare,  n.  Price  of  passage. 
Fare,  n.  Food  for  the  table. 

Fast,  a.  Firmly  fixed. 

Fast,  a.  Swift, 

Fast,  n.  Abstinence  from  food. 
Fawn,  n.  A  young  deer. 
Fawn,  T).  To  court  servilely. 

Feed,  x.  To  give  food  to. 

Feed, ^j?.  Paid;  rewarded. 
Fell,  v.  Did  fall. 
Fell,  v.  To  cut  down. 
Fell,  a.  Cruel ;  barbarous. 
Fell,  n.  A  barren  hill. 

Fel'low,  n.  An  associate. 

Fel'low,  n.  One  of  a  pair. 

Fel'low,  n.  A  mean  wretch. 

Fel'low,  n.  A  trustee  of  a  college. 
Fel'on,  n.  A  criminal. 
Fel'on,  n.  A  painful  tumor. 

Felt,  v.  Perceived  by  the  touch. 

Felt,  n.     Cloth   formed  without 
weaving. 
Fer'ret,  n.  A  kind  of  weasel. 
Fer'ret,  n.  A  kind  of  narrow  tape. 
Fer'ret,  v.  To  drive  out  of  a  lurk> 
ing-place. 

Fig'ure,  n.  Form ;  shape. 

Fig'ure,  n.  A  number. 

Fig'ure,  n.  A  statue. 

Fig'ure,  n.  A  form  of  speech. 
File,  n.  A  fine  rasp.  [put. 

File,  n.  A  wire  on  which  papers  arc 
File,  n.  A  line  of  soldiers. 
File,  «.  To  place  on  a  file. 

Fil'let,  n.  A  small  band  on  the  hair. 

Fil'let,  n.  Part  of  a  leg  of  veaL 
Fine,  a.  Not  coarse. 
Fine,  a.  Splendid. 
Fine,  n.  A  forfeit. 

Firm,  a.  Strong ;  steady. 

Firm,  n.  The  name  of  a  partnership. 


WORDS    SPELLED   AND   PRONOTTN^CED    ALIKE. 


27 


Fit,  z.  Proper;  suitable. 

Fit,  n.  A  paroxysm. 

Fit,  v.  To  suit. 

Fit,  n.  An  interyal. 
FtjAG.,  ii.  A  water  plant. 
Flag,  n.  A  broad  flat  stone. 
Flag,  n.  An  ensign  or  standard. 
Flag,  v.  To  hang  loose. 
Flag,  v.  To  grow  spiritless. 

Flat'ter,  a.  More  flat. 

Flat'ter,  v.  To  praise  falsely. 
Fleet,  n.  A  company  of  ships. 
Fleet,  a.  Moving  rapidly. 

Flue,  n.  A  passage  for  smoke. 

Flue,  n.  Soft  fur  or  down. 
Foil,  n,  A  blunt  sword. 
Foil,  n.  A  thin  plate  of  metal. 
Foil,  v.  To  baffle ;  to  defeat. 

Fold,  n.  An  enclosure  for  sheep. 

Fold,  n.  A  double. 
Foot,  n.  The  extremity  of  the  leg. 
Foot,  n.  The  base. 
Foot,  n.  A  measure. 

Force,  n.  Strength. 

Force,  «.  To  compel. 
Forge,  v.  To  form  by  the  hammer. 
Forge,  «.  To  counterfeit. 
Forge,  n.   A  furnace  where  iron  is 
heated. 

Form'er,  w.  Maker;  author. 

For'mer,  a.  Before  in  time. 
For'tune,  n.  Chance ;  luck. 
For'tune,  n.  Wealth ;  riches. 

Found,  v.  Did  find. 

FouyD,  X).  To  establish. 

Found,  v.  To  cast. 
Found'er,  n.  One  who  establishes. 
Found'er,  n.  One  who  moulds  metals. 
Found'er,  v.  To  fill  with  water  and 
sink. 

Fret,  n.  Raised  work  in  architec- 

Fret,  v.  To  be  peevish.  [ture. 

Fret,  v.  To  wear  away  by  rubbing. 
Frieze,  n.  A  term  in  architecture. 
Frieze,  n.  A  coarse  cloth. 

Fry,  n.  A  swarm  of  young  fishes. 

Fry,  v.  To  cook  in  a  pan. 
Full'er,  a.  Nearer  full. 
Full'er,  n.  A  cleanser  of  cloth. 

Fuse,  v.  To  liquefy  by  hea<^ 

Fuse,  n.  A  combustible  tube. 
Gall,  n.  An  excrescence  on  the  oak. 
Gall,  n.  A  secretion  of  the  body. 
Gall,  n.  Malignity. , 


Gal 'ley,  n.  A  printer's  frame. 
Gal'ley,  n.  A  boat. 
Gal'ley,  n.  The  kitchen  in  a  ship. 
Game,  n.  An  amusement. 
Game,  n.  A  single  match  of  play. 
Game,  n.  Animals  taken  by  hunting. 
Gin,  n.  A  machine  for  clearing  cot« 

ton  seeds. 
Gin,  n.  An  alcoholic  liquor. 
Gin,  n.  A  snare. 
Gloss,  n.  A  smooth  shining  surface. 
Gloss,  n.  A  comment. 
Gore,  n.  Clotted  blood. 
Gore,  71.  A  triangular  piece. 
Gore,  v.  To  cut  triangularly. 
Gore,  v.  To  pierce  with  a  horn. 
Grain,  n.  Corn. 
!  Grain,  n.  A  single  seed. 
I  Grain,  n.  Any  minute  particle. 
'  Grain,  n.  A  small  weight. 
Grain,  v.  To  represent  the  veins  of 
wood. 
Grate,  n.  A  range  of  bars. 
Grate,  d.  To  rub  on  a  rough  sur- 
face. 
Grate,  v.  To  make  a  harsh  noise. 
Grate'ful,  a.  Thankful. 
Grate'ful,  a.  Agreeable ;  pleasing. 
Grave,  a.  Solemn ;  serious. 
Grave,  n.  The  place  of  burial. 
Grave,  v.  To  carve  figures. 
Graze,  v.  To  feed  on  grass. 
Graze,  v.  To  touch  lightly  in  passing. 
Green,  a.  Colored  like  grass. 
Green,  a.  Fresh ;  new. 
Green,  a.  Unripe ;  immature. 
Gross,  a.  Large ;  coarse. 
I  Gross,  a.  Indelicate ;  rude. 
Gross,  n.  The  weight  of  all  parts  to- 
i         gether. 

'  Gross,  n.  Twelve  dozen. 
i      Ground,  n.  The  earth ;  the  soil. 
Ground,  pp.  Reduced  to  powder. 
Ground,  v.  To  run  aground. 
Ground,  v.  To  base ;  to  establish. 
Ground,  pp.  Sharpened  by  grind- 
Gull,  n.  One  easily  cheated.       [ing. 
I  Gull,  n.  A  sea-bird. 
Gull,  v.  To  trick ;  to  cheat. 

Gust,  n.  Sense  of  tasting ;  relish. 
Gust,  n.  A  sudden,  violent  blast. 
\  Hab'it,  n.  State  of  a  thing. 
j  Hab'it,  n.  Custom. 
I  Hab'it,  n.  Dress, 


2S 


Smith's  hand-book:  of  etymology. 


V.   To  produce  young  from 
n.  A  half  door.  [eggs. 


Hail,  n.  Frozen  rain. 

Hail,  v.  To  call  to  from  a  distance. 

Hail,  v.  To  salute. 
Halt'er,  n.  One  who  limps. 
Hal'ter,  n.  A  rope  to  hang  criminals. 

Ham'peRjTi.  a  large  packing  basket. 

Ham'per,jj.  To  perplex. 
Hatch, 
Hatch, 

Hawk,  n.  A  bird. 

Hawk,  v.  To  force  up  phlegm. 

Hawk,  v.  To  offer  for  sale  by  out- 
cry in  the  streets. 
Heav'en,  n.  The  sky. 
Heay'en,  n.  The  eternal  abode  of  the 
good. 

Help,  v.  To  assist ;  to  aid. 

Help,  v.  To  avoid ;  to  prevent. 
Hem,  n.  The  sewed  border  of  a  gar- 
ment. 
Hem,  n.  A  voluntary  cough. 

Hide,  n.  The  skin  of  an  animal. 

Hide,  v.  To  conceal. 
Hind,  a.  Backward. 
Hind,  n.  A  female  deer. 
Hind,  n.  A  peasant. 

Hob'bt,  n.  A  species  of  falcon. 

Hob'by,  n.  A  pacing  horse. 

Hob'by,  n.  A  favorite  pursuit. 
Hop,  v.  To  jump  on  one  leg. 
Hop,  n.  A  climbing  plant. 

Host,  n.  The  master  of  a  feast. 

Host,  n.  Landlord  of  an  inn. 

Host,  n.  An  army. 

Host,  n.  Any  great  number. 
Hue,  n.  Color. 
Hue,  n.  An  outcry. 

In'stant,  a.  Urgent ;  immediate. 

In'stant,  n.  A  moment. 
I'rony,  a.  Partaking  of  iron. 
I'rony,  n.  Mockery. 

Jam,  n.  A  conserve  of  fruits. 

Jam,  v.  To  wedge  in. 
Jar,  n.  An  earthen  vessel. 
Jar,  n.  A  rattling  sound. 
Jar,  v.  To  clash ;  to  shake. 

Jet,  n.  A  black  fossil. 

Jet,  n.  A  spout  of  water. 

Jet,  v.  To  project. 
Jour'nal,  n.  A  daily  register. 
Jour'nal,  n.  The  part  of  a  shaft  which 
revolves  upon  a  support. 


Just,  a.  Rif 
Just,  adv. 


:ht. 

Ixactly;  nearly. 


Ken'nel,  n.  A  dog  house. 
Ken'nel,  n.  The  gutter  of  a  street. 

Key,  n.    An  instrument  to  open  a 
lock. 

Key,  n.  That  which  solves  a  diffi- 
culty. 
Kind,  n.  Species ;  sort. 
Kind,  a.  Ready  to  confer  favors. 

Kite,  n.  A  bird  of  prey. 

Kite,  n.  A  paper  toy  to  fly. 
Lace,  n.  A  string. 
Lace,  n.  Fine  net  work. 

Lake,  n.  "Water  surrounded  by  land 

Lake,  n.  A  color. 
Lap,  v.  To  lick  up. 
Lap,  v.  To  fold  over. 
Lap,  n.  The  part  formed  by  the  knees 
in  a  sitting  posture. 

Last,  a.  Latest. 

Last,  v.  To  endure. 

Last,  n.  The  mould  on  which  shoes 
are  made.  [woods. 

Lawn,  n.    An  open  space  between 
Lawn,  n.  A  linen  fabric. 

Lay,  v.  To  place  down. 

Lay,  v.  To  wager. 

Lay,  v.  Did  lie. 

Lay,  n.  A  song. 

Lay,  a.  Not  clerical. 
Lean,  v.  To  incline. 
Lean,  n.  Muscular  part  of  flesh 
Lean,  a.  Not  fat ;  thin. 

Leave,  n.  Permission. 

Leave,  n.  Departure. 

Leave,  v.  To  forsake. 

Leave,  «.  To  suffer  to  remain. 

Leave,  v.  To  refer  for  decision. 
Left,  pp.  Not  taken. 
Left,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left  hand. 

Let,  «.  To  permit. 

Let,  v.  To  lease. 

Let,  n.  Hindrance. 
Let'ter,  n.  A  mark  used  in  writing^ 
Let'ter,  n.  A  written  message. 
Let'ter,  n.  One  who  lets. 

Lie,  v.  To  rest. 

Lie,  v.  To  utter  falsehoods. 

Lie,  n.  A  fiction. 
Light,  a.  Not  heavy. 
Light,  a.  Trivial ;  frivolous. 
Light,  «.  To  settle  on. 
Light,  v.  To  set  on  fire. 
Light,  n.  That  by  which  objects  arc 
rendered  perceptible  to  the  sight, 


WORDS    SPELLED    AND    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


29 


Light'en,  v.  To  fill  with  light. 

LiGHT'EN,  V.  To  make  less  heavy. 

Light'en,  v.  To  flash  as  lightning. 
Light'er,  n.  One  who  lights. 
Light'er,  n.  A  large  open  boat. 

Like,  a.  Resembling. 

Like;,  v.  To  approve. 

Like,  adv.  As. 
Lime,  n.  A  calcareous  earth. 
Lime,  n.  The  linden  tree. 
Lime,  n.  A  species  of  lemon. 

Line,  n.  A  string. 

Line,  v.  To  cover  inside. 

Line,  n.    That  which  has  length 
without  breadth. 
Link,  n.  A  single  ring  of  a  chain. 
Link,  v.  To  connect. 
Link,  n.  A  torch. 

List,  n.  A  limit ;  a  bound. 

List,  v.  To  wish ;  to  choose. 

List,  n.  A  roll  or  catalogue. 

List,  v.  To  listen ;  to  hear'ken. 

List,  n.  A  strip  of  cloth. 

List,  n.  The  inclination  of  a  ship 
to  one  side. 
Lit'ter,  n.  A  portable  bed. 
Lit'ter,  n.  Straw  laid  under  animals. 
Lit'ter,  n.  A  number  of  things  in  dis- 
order, 
Lit'ter,  n.   A  brood  of  young  ani- 
mals. 

Lock,  n.  Any  thing  that  fastens. 

Lock,  n.  A  tuft  of  hair. 

Lock,  n.  An  inclosure  in  a  canal. 
Long,  a.  Protracted. 
Long,  v.  To  desire  earnestly. 

Lot,  v.  To  sort ;  to  portion. 

Lot,  n.  Fortune ;  chance. 

Lot,  n.  A  quantity  of  goods. 

Lot,  n.  A  field. 
Low,  a.  Not  high ;  humble. 
Low,  V.  To  bellow  as  a  cow. 

Mace,  a.  An  ensign  of  authority. 

Mace,  n.  A  kind  of  spice. 
Magazine',  n.  A  storehouse. 
Magazine',  n.  A  pamphlet. 

Mail,  n.  Armor. 

Mail,  n.  A  post  bag. 
Main,  a.  Chief. 

Main,  n.  Strength.  • 

Main,  n.  The  ocean. 
Main,  n.  The  continent. 

Mall,  w.  A  heavy  beetle. 

Mall,  n.  A  public*  walk. 


Man'gle,  v.  To  cut  and  tear. 
Man'gle,  v.  To  smooth  linen. 

Manifest,   a.     Plain ;    not   con- 
cealed. 

Man'ifest,  71.  A  list  of  the  cargo 
of  a  ship. 

Man'ifest,  v.  To  make  appear ;  to 
show. 
March,  n.  The  third  month. 
March,  v.  To  walk  in  procession. 

Mash,  n.  A  mixture. 

Mash,  v.  To  crush. 
Mast,  n.  The  fruit  of  forest  trees. 
Mast,  n.  The  spar  to  which  the  sails 
of  a  ship  are  fixed. 

Match,  n.  One  that  suits  with  an- 
other. 

Match,  n.  A  contest ;  a  game. 

Match,  v.  To  equal ;  to  suit. 

Match,  n.  A  thing  that  easily  in- 
flames. 
Mat'ter,  n.  Material  substance. 
Mat'ter,  n.  Subject  of  discourse. 
Mat'ter,  n.  Consequence. 

Mat,  n.  The  fifth  month. 

May,  v.  To  be  able. 
Mead,  n.  A  meadow. 
Mead,  n.  Honeywine. 

Meal,  n.  A  repast. 

Meal,  n.  The  flour  of  com. 
Mean,  a.  Low ;  base. 
Mean,  a.  Middle ;  moderate. 
Mean,  n.  A  middle  state. 
Mean,  v.  To  intend  ;  to  signify. 

Meet,  v.  To  come  together. 

Meet,  a.  Proper ;  suitable. 
Mew,  n.  A  sea  fowl. 
Mew,  «.  To  cry  as  a  cat. 
Mew,  v.  To  shut  up. 

Mine,  n.  A  cavern  dug  for  minerals. 

Mine,  pro.  Belonging  to  me. 
Mint,  n.  A  plant. 

Mint,  n.    A  place  where  money  ii 
coined. 

Min'ute,  n.  Sixty  seconds. 

Min'tjte,  71.  A  short  record. 
Mole,  n.  A  little  animal. 
Mole,  n.  A  spot  on  the  skin. 
Mole,  n.  A  mound. 

Mood,  n.  The  inflection  of  a  verb. 

Mood,  n.  Temper. 
Moor,  n.  A  marsh  or  fen. 
Moor,  n.  A  native  of  Barbary. 
Moor,  v.  Te  anchor  a  vesseL 


30 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Mor'tar,  n.  Cement  for  bricks. 

Mor'tar,  n.  A  short  wide  cannon 
for  bombs. 

Mor'tar,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  sub- 
stances are  pulverized. 
Mould,  n.  The  ground  in  which  plants 

grow. 
Mould,  n.  A  shape  or  model. 
Mould,  v.  To  form. 
Mould,  n.  A  substance  which  gathers 
on  bodies  in  a  damp  place. 

Mould 'er,  v.  To  turn  into  dust. 

Mould'er,  n.  One  who  shapes. 
Must,  v.  To  be  compelled. 
Must,  v.  To  mould. 
Must,  n.  New  wine. 

Nail,  n.  A  s'harp  spike  of  iron. 

Nail,  n.  A  measure  of  cloth. 

Nail,  ji.  The  covering  of  the  finger 
Kap,  n.  A  short  sleep.  [tip. 

N'ap,  n.  The  down  on  cloth. 

Neat,  n.  An  ox  or  cow. 

NiEAT,  a.  Elegant ;  cleanly. 
Nerv'ous,  a.  Strong ;  vigorous. 
Nerv'ous,  a.  Having  weak  nerves. 

Net,  n.  A  texture  of  twine. 

Net,  n.  Clear  after  all  deductions. 
No,  a.  Not  any. 
No,  adv.  The  word  of  denial. 

Oblige',  v.  To  compel. 

Oblige',  d.  To  please. 
Or'der,  n.  Regularity. 
Or'der,  n.  A  command. 
Or'der,  n.  A  class.  [sense. 

Or'gan,  n.  A  natural  instrument  of 

Or'gan,  n.  A  musical  wind  instru- 
ment. 
Ounce,  n.  A  small  weight. 
Ounce,  n.  An  animal  like  a  panther. 

Pack'et,  n.  A  small  bundle. 

Pack'et,  n.  A  boat. 
Pad,  n.  A  road. 
Pad,  n.  A  soft  saddle  or  cushion. 

Paint 'er,  n.  One  who  paints. 

Paint'er,  n.  A  rope  us'^d  to  fasten 
Pale,  a.  Wanting  color.         [a  boat. 
Pale,  n.  A  narrow  board. 
Pale,  n.  An  inclosure. 

Pall,  n.  A  mantle  of  state. 

Pall,  n.  A  covering  for  the  dead. 

Pall,  v.  To  become  insipid. 
Pal'let,  n.  A  small  or  rude  bed. 
Pal'let,  n.    A  board   on  which   a 
painter  holds  his  colors. 


Palm,  n.  A  tree. 

Palm,  n.  Victory ;  triumph. 

Palm,  n.  The  inner  part  of  the  hand 

Palm,  v.  To  impose  upon  by  fraud. 

Palm,  n.  A  hand's  breadth. 
Pan'el,  n.  A  list  of  jurors. 
I  Pan'el,  n.    A  small  board  set  in  a 

frame. 
!      Pap,  n.  A  nipple ;  a  teat. 

Pap,  n.  Soft  food. 
Pan'ic,  n.  Sudden  fright. 
Pan'ic,  n.  A  plant. 

Par'tial,  a.  Inclined  to  favor. 

Par'tial,  a.  Affecting  a  part  only. 
Paste,  n.    A  mixture  of  flour  and 

water. 
Paste,    n.    Imitations    of    precious 
stones. 

Pat,  a.  Exactly  suiting. 

Pat,  v.  To  strike  lightly. 
•  Pa'tient,  a.  Enduring  calmly. 
Pa'tient,  n.  A  person  under  the  care 
of  a  doctor. 

Peck,  n.  A  quarter  of  a  bushel. 

Peck,  v.  To  pick  up  food  with  the 
beak. 

Peck,  v.  To  strike  with  a  pointed 
instrument. 
Peer,  n.  An  equal. 
Peer,  n.  A  nobleman. 
Peer,  ti.  To  look  narrowly. 

Pelt,  n.  A  skin  or  hide. 

Pelt,  v.  To  strike  with  something 
thrown. 
Pen,  n.  An  instrument  to  write  with. 
Pen,  n.  A  small  enclosure. 

Perch,  n.  A  kind  of  fish. 

Perch,  n.  A  roosting  place. 

Perch,  n.  A  measure. 
Pet,  n.  A  slight  passion. 
Pet,  n.  A  favorite. 

Pie,  n.  Types  unsorted. 

Pie,  n.  Fruit  baked  with  paste. 
Pike,  n.  A  kind  of  fish. 
Pike,  n.  A  long  lance. 
Pike,  n.  The  gate  of  a  turnpike. 

Pile,  n.  A  beam  driven. 

Pile,  n.  A  heap. 

Pile,  n.  Nap ;  a  hairy  surface. 

Pile,  n.  The  liead  of  an  arrow. 
Pine,  n.  A  kind  of  tree. 
Pine,  v.  To  languish. 

Pin'ion,  n.  A  wing. 

Pin'ion,  n.  Fetters  for  t\iQ  arm*. 


WORDS  SPELLED  AND  PRONOUNCED  ALIKE. 


31 


Pm'iON,  V.  To  confine  by  binding 
the  arms. 

Pin 'ion,  n.  A  small  wheel  working 
in  the  teeth  of  a  larger  wheel. 
Pink,  n.  A  flower. 
Pink,  n.  A  color. 
Pink,  n.  The  summit  of  excellence. 

Pitch,  n.  Thickened  tar. 

Pitch,  ?i.  Degree  of  elevation. 

Pitch,  v.  To  throw  headlong. 

Pitch,  v.  To  fix ;  to  set  up. 

Pitch,  v.  To  throw.  [throws. 

Pitch'er,  n.     One  who  pitches  or 
Pitch'er,  n.  An  earthen  vessel. 

Plane,  n.  A  level  surface. 

Plane,  /?.  A  carpenter's  tool. 

Plane,  a.  Level ;  even  ;  flat. 
Plant,  7i.  A  vegetable.  [grow. 

Plant,  v.  To  put  in  the  ground  to 
Plant,  v.  To  set. 

Plate,  n.  A  shallow  dish. 

Plate,  n.  Wrought  silver. 

Plate,  n.  A  flat  piece  of  metal. 
Poach,  v.  To  boil  slightly. 
Poach,  v.  To  steal  game. 
Poach,  v.  To  tread  soft  ground. 

Point,  n.  The  sharp  end. 

Point,  n.  Place ;  station. 

Point,  d.  To  aim ;  to  show. 

Point,  v.  To  sharpen. 
Poke,  n.  A  pouch  ;  a  pocket. 
Poke,  n.  A  lazy,  dawdling  person. 
Poke,  v.  To  push  forward. 
Poke,  v.  To  grope,  feel,  or  push  one's 
way. 

Pole,  n.  A  long  piece  of  timber. 

Pole,  n.  A  measure. 

Pole,  n.  The  extremity  of  an  axis. 

Pole,  n.  A  native  of  Poland. 
Pol'lard,  n.   A  tree  having  its  top 

cut  off. 
Pol 'lard,  n.  A  mixture  of  bran  and 
meal. 

Pore,  n^  A  small  opening. 

Pore,  v.  To  look  earnestly. 
Port,  n.  A  harboro 
Port,  a  A  gate. 
Port,  n.  The  gun  hole  in  a  ship. 
Port,  n.  A  kind  of  wine. 
Port,  n.  Carriage ;  demeanoft 
Port,  n.  The  left  side  of  a  ship. 

Por'ter,  n.  A  door  keeper. 

Por'ter,  n.  A  carrier, 

Por'ter,  n.  Strong;  beer. 


Post,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright. 

Post,  n.  A  messenger. 

Post,  n.  Ofiice ;  employment. 

Post,  n.  A  station. 

Post,  v.  To  travel  quickly. 

Post,  v.  To  transcribe  into  a  ledger. 

Pounce,  n.  A  fine  powder. 

Pounce,  v.  To  fall  on  suddenly. 

Pounce,  n.  Cloth  with  eyelet  holes. 

Pounce,  n.  The  claw  of  a  bird  of 
prey. 
Pound,  n.  Twenty  shillings. 
Pound,  n.  A  prison  for  stray  beasts. 
Pound,  n.  A  weight. 
Pound,  v.  To  beat  heavily. 

Precip'itate,  v.  To  tumble  head- 
long, [hasty. 

Precip'itate,     a.       Headstrong ; 

Precipitate,  n.  A  sediment. 
Prefer',  v.  To  choose  before  another. 
Prefer',  v.  To  promote. 

Pretend',  v.  To  represent  falsely. 

Pretend',  v.  To  lay  claim. 
Prime,  a.  First  in  time. 
Prime,  a.  First-rate ;  highest. 
Prime,  n.  The  best  part. 
Prime,  v.  To  put  j)owder  so  as  to  fire 

a  charge. 
Prime,  d.   To  apply  a  first  coat  of 
paint. 

Pri'or,  a.  Preceding  in  time. 

Pri'or,  n.    The  chief  monk  of  a 
convent. 
Prune,  'v.  To  cut  off  branches. 
Prune,  n.  A  dried  plum. 

Pulse,  n.  The  motion  of  an  artery. 

Pulse,  n.  Beans,  peas,  &c. 
Pump,  n.  xin  engine  to  raise  water. 
Pump,  n.  A  light  shoe. 

Punch,  71.  A  mixed  liquor. 

Punch,  v.  To  push  with  fist. 

Punch,  n.  An  instrument  for  cut 
ting  holes. 
Pu'piL,  n.  The  apple  of  the  eye. 
Pu'piL,  n.  A  scholar. 
Pu'piL,  n.  A  ^.  ard. 

Pur'chase,  v.  To  buy. 

Pur'chase,  n.  Convenience  for  us* 
ing  force. 
Purl,  i\  To  decorate  with  fringe. 
Purl,  v.  To  flow  will]  a  gentle  noise, 
Purl,  n.  A  malt  liquor. 

Quail,  n.  A  bird. 

Quail,  v.  To  quake ;  to  tremble. 


32 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Quar'ter,  n.  Fourth  part. 
Quar'ter,  n.  Mercy  shown  by  a  con- 
queror. 
Quar'ter,  n.  Eight  bushels. 
Quar'ter,  v.  To  lodge  soldiers. 
Quar'ter,  n.  A  particular  region, 

Quar'tered,  pp.  Divided  into  four 
equal  parts. 

Quar'tered,   pp.     Stationed    for 
lodging,  &c. 
Quar'ry,  n.  Place  from  which  stones 

are  dug. 
Quar'ry,  n.  The  game  flown  at  by  a 
hawk. 

Quiv'er,  n.  A  case  for  arrows. 

Quiy'er,  v.  To  shake  or  tremble. 
Race,  n.  A  generation. 
Race,  n.  A  contest  in  running. 

Rack,  n.  A  frame. 

Rack,  n.  A  liquor. 

Rack,  «j.  To  torture. 

Rack,  v.  To  draw  off  from  the  lees. 
Rail,  n.  A  bar. 

Rail,  v.  To  use  insolent  language. 
Rail,  n.  A  bird. 

Rake,  n.  A  farming  instrument. 

Rake,  n.  A  vicious  man. 
Ral'ly,  «.  To  come  back  to  order. 
Ral'ly,  ^>.  To  banter;  to  jeer. 

Ram,  n.  A  male  sheep. 

Ram,  V.  To  drive  in  violently. 
Rank,  a.  Overgrown. 
Rank,  a.  Rancid. 
Rank,  n.  Dignity. 
Rank,  n.  A  row. 

Rar'ity,  n.  A  scarce  thing. 

Rar'ity,  n.  Thinness. 
Rash,  a.  Acting  without  caution. 
Rash,  n.  An  eruption. 

Ray,  n.  A  fish. 

Ray,  n.  A  beam  of  light. 
Rear,  n.  The  hinder  part. 
Rear,  ©.  To  raise  up. 
Rear,  v.  To  educate. 

Heef,  n.  A  portion  of  a  sail. 

Reef,  n.  A  chain  of  rocks  under 
water. 
Rbfu'sal,  n.  A  denial. 
Refu'sal,  n.  The  right  of  choice. 

Rend'er,  n.  One  who  tears. 

Ren'der,  «.  To  restore. 

Rbn'der,  1).  To  go  or  pass  freely. 

Ren'der,  v.  To  translate ;  to  con- 
strue. 


j  Rent,  n.  A  tear ;  a  break. 
Rent,  n.  Money  paid  for  holding  a 
thing. 

Rest,  n.  Repose. 

Rest,  n.  Remainder. 
Rid'dle,  n.  A  puzzling  question. 
I  Rid'dle,  n.  A  sieve. 
Rid'dle,  v.  To  make  many  holes  in. 

Rig,  v.  To  dress. 

Rig,  n.  A  trick. 
Right,  a.  Correct. 
Right,  a.  Straight. 
Right,  a.  Not  left. 
i  Right,  n.  Justice. 
Right,  n.  Just  claim. 

Ring,  n.  A  circle. 

Ring,  v.  To  sound. 

Ring,  'd.  To  fit  with  rings. 
Road,  n.  A  way. 

Road,  n.  A  place  at  sea  where  ships 
may  anchor. 

Rock,  n.  A  vast  mass  of  stone. 

Rock,  x>.   To  move  backward  and 
forward. 
Rock'et,  n.  A  plant. 
Rock'et,  n.  A  species  of  firework. 

Roe,  n.  A  female  deer. 

Roe,  n.  The  eggs  of  fish. 
Rose,  n.  A  flower. 
Rose,  v.  Did  rise. 

Rout,  n.  A  clamorous  multitude. 

Rout,  v.  To  defeat  and  disperse. 
Row,  t.  To  impel  with  oars. 
Row,  n.  Things  in  a  line. 

Rue,  n.  A  plant. 

Rue,  'd.  To  regret. 
Rush,  n.  A  plant.  [lence. 

Rush,  v.  To  move  forward  with  vio- 

Sa'ble,  n.  A  kind  of  weasel. 

Sa'ble,  a.  Black  ;  dark. 
Sack,  n.  A  large  bag. 
Sack,  n.  A  kind  of  wine. 
Sack,  v.  To  plunder. 
Sack,  n.  A  kind  of  coat. 

Sage,  n.  A  plant. 

Sage,  a.  Wise ;  prudent. 
Sap,  n.  The  juice  of  plants. 
Sap,  v.  To  undermine. 

Sash,  n.  A  belt. 

Sash,  n.  A  window  frame 
Saw,  n.  A  proverb. 
Saw,  «.  Did  see. 

Saw,  n.  A  toothed  instrument  for  cut' 
ting. 


WORDS    SPELLED   AND    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


33 


Scale,  n.  The  dish  of  a  balance. 

Scale,  n.  A  little  shell  on  a  fish's 
skin. 

Scale,  n.  A  regular  gradation. 

Scale,  v.  To  climb. 

Scale,  v.  To  peel  off  in  thin  pieces. 
Screen,  n.    Something  that  affords 

shelter  or  concealment. 
Screen,  n.  A  kind  of  sieve. 
Screen,  v.  To  protect ;  to  hide. 
Screen,  v.  To  sift ;  to  separate. 

Scut'tle,  n.    A  hole  in  a  roof  or 
deck.  [haste. 

Scut'tle,  v.  To  run  with  affected 

Scut'tle,  n.  A  utensil  for  coal. 

Scut'tle,  v.  To  make  holes  in,  in 
order  to  sink. 
SEAii,  n.  The  sea  calf. 
Seal,  n.  A  stamp. 

Sba'son,  n.  One  of  the  four  parts 
of  the  year. 

Sea'son,  71.  A  fit  time. 

Sea'son,  v.  To  give  a  relish  to. 

Sea'son,  v.  To  prepare  for  use  by 
time. 
See,  «.  To  perceive  by  the  eye. 
See,  n.  A  diocese. 

Sen'tence,  71.  To  doom. 

Sen'tence,  n.   An  assemblage  of 
words  making  complete  sense. 
Set,  v.  To  place. 
Set,  v.  To  bring  to  a  fine  edge. 
Set,  v.  To  sink  below  the  horizon. 
Set,  n.  A  number  of  things  suited  to 
each  other. 

Shaft,  n.  An  arrow.  [pit. 

Shaft,  n.  A  narrow  perpendicular 

Shaft,  n.  The  pole  of  a  carriage. 
Shed,  n.  A  building. 
Shed,  v.  To  cause  to  flow. 

Sheer,  a.  Unmingled ;  pure. 

Sheer,  v.  To  turn  aside. 

Sheer,  a.  Very  thin. 
Sheet,  n.  A  broad  piece  of  cloth. 
Sheet,  n.  A  rope. 

Shoal,  n.  A  great  multitude. 

Shoal,  n.  A  sand  bank  under  water. 

Shoal,  a.  Shallow. 
Shore,  n.  The  coast. 
Shore,  n.  A  prop  under  a  building. 

Shrub,  n.  A  bush. 

Shrub,  n.  An  alcoholic  mixture. 
Sig'nal,,  n.  A  sign  to  give  a  notice. 
Sig'nal,  a.  Eminent: 


Sin'gular,  a.  Single. 

Sin'gular,  a.  Remarkable. 

Sin'gular,  a.  Unusual ;  odd. 
Sink,  n,  A  drain. 
Sink,  v.  To  go  down. 

Size,  n.  Bulk. 

Size,  n.  A  sticky  substance. 
Sledge,  n.  A  heavy  hammer. 
Sledge,  n.  A  vehicle  with  low  wheels. 

Slug,  n.  A  piece  of  metal. 

Slug,  n.  A  slow,  lazy  fellow. 
Smack,  n.  A  loud  kiss. 
Smack,  n.  A  quick,  smart  blow. 
Smack,  n.  A  fishing  vessel. 

Smelt,  n.  A  small  sea  fish. 

Smelt,  v.  To  melt  ore. 

Smelt,  v.  Did  smell. 
Snarl,  v.  To  growl. 
Snarl,  n.  Entanglement. 

Soil,  n.  The  ground ;  land. 

Soil,  v.  To  make  dirty. 
Sole,  n.  The  bottom  of  the  foot. 
Sole,  n.  A  small  sea  fiah. 
Sole,  a.  Single ;  only. 

Sound,  n.  A  noise. 

Sound,  n   A  shallow  sea. 

Sound,  n.  A  probe. 

Sound,  a.  Uninjured. 
Souse,  n.  Pickle  made  of  salt. 
Souse,  v.  To  plunge  into  water.- 

Spar,  n.  A  mast  or  boom. 

Spar,  n,  A  mineral. 

Spar,  v.  To  dispute. 
Spell,  n.  A  charm. 
Spell,  n.  A  short  time. 
Spell,  n.  A  turn  of  work. 
Spell,  v.  To  indicate  the  proper  lat* 
ters  of  a  word. 

Spir'it,  n.  The  soul  of  man. 

Splr'it,  n.  Temper ;  courage. 

Spir'it,  n.  A  distilled  liquor. 
Spit,  n.  A  long  iron  prong. 
Spit,  n.  Saliva. 

Spit,  v.  To  eject  from  the  mouth. 
Spit,  v.  To  turn  up  ground  ,dth  a 
spade.  [der. 

Spoke,  n.  A  bar  of  a  wheel  or  lad- 

Spoke.     Fret,  of  speak. 
Spring,  n.  One  of  the  seasons. 
Spring,  n.  An  elastic  body. 
Spring,  n.  A  leap. 
Spring,  n.  A  fountain. 
Spring,  ■».  To  rise,  or  come  forth. 
Spring,  «?.  To  leap  ;  to  jump. 


34 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Spruce,  a.  Neat  without  elegance. 

Spruce,  n.  A  tree. 
Sta'ble,  a.  Fixed ;  firm. 
Sta'ble,  n.  A  house  for  beasts. 

Staff,  n.  A  stick. 

Staff,  n.  A  stanza. 

Staff,  n.  A  number  of  officers. 
Stake,  n.  A  stick. 
Stake,  n.  A  thing  at  hazard. 

Stalk,  v.  To  walk  with  lofty  steps. 

Stalk,  n.  The  stem  of  a  plant. 
Stall,  n.  A  crib  for  an  animal. 
Stall,  n.  A  bench  on  which  any  thing 
is  exposed  for  sale. 

Stand'ard,  n,  A  flag. 

Stand'ard,  n.  A  rule  of  measure. 
Sta'plb,  n.  A  loop  of  metal. 
Sta'ple,  n.  A  principal  commodity, 
Sta'ple,  n.  The  fibre  of  cotton,  &c. 
Sta'ple,  a.  Settled. 

State,  n.  Condition. 

State,  n.  Dignity ;  grandeur. 

State,  n.  A  civil  community. 

State,  n.  A  district  of  country. 

State,  v.  To  make  known. 
Stave,  n.  A  narrow  piece  of  wood. 
Stave,  v.  To  break  in  pieces. 
Stave,  v.  To  prevent ;  to  delay. 

Stay,  «.  To  continue  in  a  place. 

Stat,  v.  To  support. 

Stay,  «?.  To  stand  still. 

Stay,  n.  A  prop  ;  a  support. 
Steep,  a.  Precipitous. 
Steep,  t?.  To  soak. 

Steer,  n.  A  young  bullock. 

Steer,  v.  To  direct  a  course. 
Stem,  n.  A  stalk. 
Stem,  n.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship. 
Stem,  «.  To  bear  up  against. 

Stern,  a.  Severe. 

Stern,  n.  The  hind  part  of  a  ship. 
Stick,  n.  A  piece  of  wood. 
Stick,  ®.  To  pierce ;  to  stab. 
Stick,  «.  To  adhere. 

Still,  a.  Quiet. 

Still,  c.  To  calm. 

Still,  n.  A  vessel  for  distilling. 

Still,  adv.  This  time. 

Still,  conj.  Notwithstanding. 
Stock,  n.  The  stem  of  a  tree. 
Stock,  n.  A  family ;  a  race. 
Stock,  n.  The  capital  of  a  merchant. 
Stock,  n.  The  wooden  part  of  a  gun. 
Stock,  n.  Supply  provided. 


Stock'ing,  ^jt?r.  Filling. 
Stock'ing,  n.  A  cover  for  the  leg. 

Stocks,  n.  The  public  funds. 

Stocks,  n.  A  place  of  punishment. 

Stocks,  n.    The  frame  on  which 
ships  are  built. 
Stoop,  v.  To  bend  forward. 
Stoop,  n.  A  drinking  vessel. 
Stoop,  n.  The  steps  to  a  door. 

Sto'ry,  a.  A  narrative  or  history. 

Sto'ry,  n.  A  falsehood. 

Sto'ry,  n.  A  floor  of  a  building. 

Sto'ry,  n.  An  anecdote. 
Strain,  v.  To  filter. 
Strain,  v.  To  sprain. 
Strain,  v.  To  force. 
Strain,  n.  Style. 
Strain,  n.  A  passage  of  music. 

Strand,  n.  A  shore  or  beach. 

Strand,  n.  One  of  the  parts  of  a 
Stroke,  n.  A  blow.  [rope. 

Stroke,  v.  To  rub  gently. 

Stud,  n.  A  piece  of  tiniber. 

Stud,  n.  A  kind  of  button. 

Stud,  n.  A  nail. 

Stud,  n.  A  collection  of  horses. 
Sty,  n.  A  hog  pen. 
Sty,  n.  A  tumor  on  the  eyelid. 

Succeed',  «.  To  follow. 

Succeed',  v.  To  prosper. 
Sup'fer,  v.  To  permit ;  to  allow. 
Suf'fer,  v.  To  endure ;  to  bear. 

Suit,  n.  A  set. 

Suit,  n.  Courtship. 

Suit,  n.  Prosecution. 

Suit,  v.  To  fit. 
Swal'low,  n.  A  bird. 
Swal'low,  v.  To  take  dova\  the  throat, 

Ta'ble,  n.  An  article  of  furniture. 

Ta'ble,  n.  An  index ;  a  list. 
Tack,  v.  To  join ;  to  fasten. 
Tack,  n.  A  small  nail. 
Tack,  v.  To  change  the  course  of  a 
ship. 

Tap,  v.  To  pierce  a  cask. 

Tap,  v.  To  strike  a  very  gentle  blow. 
Ta'per,  n.  A  small  light, 
Ta'per,  v.  To  grow  smaller  towards 

Tare,  n.  A  weed,  [the  end. 

Tare,  n.  An  allowance. 
Tart,  a.  Sour ;  sharp  of  taste. 
Tart,  n.  A  kind  of  pie. 

Tar'tar,  n.  An  acid  salt. 

Tar'tar,  n.  An  iJ-natured  person. 


WORDS    SPELLED   AND    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


36 


Tattoo',  n.  A  drum  beat. 
Tattoo',  v.  To  mark  the  skin. 

Tend,  v.  To  go  towards. 

Tend,  v.  To  watch ;  to  guard. 
Tend'er,  n,  A  attendant. 
Ten'der,  a.  Soft. 
Ten'der,  v.  To  offer. 

Tick,  n.  Trust ;  credit. 

Tick,  n.  A  little  insect. 

Tick,  v.  To  make  a  small  noise. 

Tick,  n.  The  case  of  a  bed. 
Till,  v.  To  cultivate. 
Till,  n.  A  money  box. 
Till,  conj.  To  the  time. 

Till'er,  n.  One  who  cultivates. 

Till'er,  n.  The  handle  of  a  rudder 
Tilt,  n.  An  awning. 
Tilt,  v.  To  set  in  a  slanting  position. 
TiLT^  V.  To  thrust  a  weapon  at. 
Tilt,  n.  A  friendly  encounter. 

Tire,  n.  A  head  dress. 

Tire,  n.  The  iron  band  of  a  wheel. 

Tire,  v.  To  fatigue. 
Toil,  v.  To  work  hard. 
Toil,  n.  A  net ;  a  snare. 

Toll,  v.  To  sound  with  slow  strokes. 

Toll,  n.  A  tax  for  some  benefit  con- 
ferred. 
ToNB,  n.  Sound. 
Tone,  n.  Elasticity. 

Top,  71.    The  highest  part  of  any 
thing. 

Top,  n.  A  toy. 
Trap,  n.  An  instrument  for  catching. 
Trap,  v.  To  adorn. 

Treat,  v.  To  negotiate. 

Treat,  v.  To  discourse  on. 

Treat,  v.  To  behave  towards. 

Treat,  n.  A  feast. 

Treat,  v.  To  entertain  with  food  or 
drink  without  charge. 
Trip,  v.  To  run  or  step  lightly. 
Trip,  n.  An  excursion. 


Trip,  v.  To  strike  the  foot  against. 
Trip,  n.  A  stumble. 

Troop,  n.  A  company. 

Troop,  n.  Horse  soldiers. 
Trump,  n.  A  winning  card. 
Trump,  v.  To  impose  upon. 
Trump,  n.  A  musical  instrument. 

Tum'bler,  n.  A  posture  master. 

Tum'bler,  n.  A  drinking-glass. 
Twine,  v.  To  twist. 
Twine,  n.  A  small  cord. 

Ush'er,  v.  To  introduce. 

Ush'er,  n.  An  underteacher. 
Vault,  n.  A  cellar. 
Vault,  v.  To  leap. 

Verge,  n.  Brink ;  edge. 

Verge,  v.  To  tend  towards. 

Verge,  n.  The  mace  of  a  dean. 

Verge,  n.  A  shaft  in  a  watch. 
Vice,  n.  A  machine  for  griping. 
Vice,  n.  Wickedness. 
Vice.     In  the  place  of. 

Wa'ges,  n.  Pay  for  services. 

Wa'ges,  v.  Carries  on. 
Wax,  v.  To  smear  with  wax. 
Wax,  v.  To  grow ;  to  increase. 
Wax,  n.  The  substance  of  which  the 
honey  comb  is  formed. 

Wear,  n.  The  act  of  wearing. 

Wear,  n.  A  kind  of  dam. 

Wear,  v.  To  impair  by  friction. 

Wear,  v.  To  carry  upon  the  person. 
Well,  n.  A  deep  narrow  pit  of  waxer. 
Well,  a.  Being  in  health. 
Well,  adjv.  Rightly  ;  properly. 

Whist,  intj.  Be  silent ;  be  still. 

Whist,  n.  A  game  at  cards. 
Wound,  v.  Did  wind. 
Wound,  n.  A  hurt. 

Yard,  n.  An  enclosure  of  ground. 

Yard,  71.  A  measure. 

Yard,  n.  A  long  piece  of  timber  to 
extend  the  sails  of  a  ship. 


36  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


RULES    FOK    SPELLING 


Unle   I. 

Words  of  one  syllable  ending  with  /,  I,  or  «,  preceded  by  a  single  vowelj 


double  the  final  letter ;  as, 

doff 
cuff 
sniff 
stiff 
bluff 

all 

ball 

call 

fall 

hall 

Exceptiom  to  Bule  I. 

mass 
pass 
miss 
class 
glass 

as 

of 

us 

gas 
has 
was 
if 

yes 
his 
is 
this 

pus 

thus 
clef 

Rule   II. 

Words  of  one  syllable  ending  with  any  other  consonant  than  /,  I,  or  «,  do 
not  double  the  final  letter ;  as, 

drab  path  stoop 

snub  gush  plump 

twig  leak  malt 

strong  weak  debt 

slept  sleep  wMp 

JSxceptions  to  Bule  II. 

abb                                          err  fizz 

add                                         inn  fuzz 

ebb                                         mitt  buzz 

egg                                        lamm  shirr 

odd  -   wapp  ..  jagg 

Rule    III. 

Words  oc  one  syllable  and  English  vorbs  do  not  :nd  with  c,  but  take  ch 
br  double  c;  as, 

hack  smack  knock 

lack  stack  shock 

pack  track  stock 

rack  wreck  chuck 

sack  quack  cluck 

I^ToTK.— In   general,  words  derived  from  the  loarncd  languages  do  not  need  the  k, 
-«id  common  Uoo  discards  it;  as,  Italic,  stoic,  music,  maniac,  puDlic,&c. 


RULES   FOR    SPELLING.  37 

Rule    IV. 
Words  of  one  syllable,  when  they  end  with  a  single  consonant  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  double  their  final  letter  before  a  suffix  that  begins  with  a 
vowel ;  as, 

Bag  bag'gage  Let  let'ting 

Chap  chap'ping  Man  man'ned 

Dig  dig'ging  Rob  robl^er 

Fib  fib'bing  Stab  stab'bing 

Gab  gablDle  Trod  trod'den 

Rule   V. 

Words  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  when  they  end  with  a  single  consonant 
preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  double  their  final  letter  before  a  suffix  that  be- 
gins with  a  vowel. 

Note  1. — The  accent  of  the  derivative  must  continue  on  the  same  syllable  as  in  the 
radical ;  thus,  refer'  with  ihle  gives  refer'rible  ^double  rr),  but  in  referable  the  accent 
is  changed,  and  we  have  single  r;  also,  prefer,  preference;  confer',  conference ;  re 
fer',  rererence. 

Note  2. — The  final  vowel  is  doubled  after  a  vowel  preceded  by  g-w,  the  same  as  if  it 
were  a  single  vowel. 

Note  3. — X,  y,  and  k  are  never  doubled  in  English  words.  Words  derived  from 
gas  have  only  one  s,  as  gases. 

Abet'  abet'-tor  Inter'  inter'-ring 

Beget'  beget'-ting  Prefer'  prefer'-ring 

Beset'  beset'-ting  Refer'  refer'-ring 

Compel'  compel'-ling  Concur'  concur'-ring 

Excel'  excel'-ling  Demur'  demur'-ring 

Rule  VI. 

The  final  consonant  of  a  word,  when  not  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  or 
when  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable,  remains  single  on  the  addition 
of  a  suffix. 

Note. — It  has  been  the  practice  to  double  the  I  in  all  words  ending  in  I  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  though  not  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  when  a  syllable  was  added 
commencing  with  a  vowel ;  but  it  evidently  accords  with  the  analogy  of  the  language, 
that  all  such  words  should  conform  to  the  rule. 


Trav'-el 

trav'-el-er 

Ben'-e-fit 

ben'-e-fit-ed 

Trav'-el 

trav'-el-ing 

Buf'-fet 

buf'-fet-ed 

Du'-el 

du'-el-ist 

Clos'-et 

clos'-et-ed 

Wor'-ship 

wor'-ship-er 

De-vel'-op 

de-vel'-op-ed 

Wor'-sAiip 

wor'-ship-ing 

En-vel'-op 

en-vel'-op-ed 

Rule  VII. 

Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  that  end  in  I  (except  those  that  are 
formed  from  monosyllables  ending  in  double  ZZ),  terminate  with  one  I;  as, 

ras'-cal                                 tran'-quil  >  con-trol' 

ex-tol'                         •      re-bel'  med'-al 

na'-tal                                 scan'-dal  par'-cel 

lo'-cal                                 fru'-gal  plu'-ral 

grav'-el                              shov'-el  bush'-el 


3S  SMITHES    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Rule  VIII. 

Words  ending  with  any  double  letter,  preserve  it  double  before  any  addi- 
tional  termination  not  beginning  with  the  same  letter ;  as, 


Woo 

woo'-er 

Shrill 

shriir-ness 

See 

see'-ing 

Small 

smalV-ness 

Bliss 

bliss'-ful 

Droll 

droll'-ness 

Odd 

otld'-iy 

Free 

free'-dom 

GruflF 

gruflf'-ly 

Grass 

grass'-less 

Exceptions  to  Bute  VIII. 

Certain  irregular  derivatives  ending  in  i,  from  verbs  ending  in  II  or  ss, — 
as  dwelt  from  dwell ;  spelt  from  spell;  shalt  from  shall;  wilt  from  mill;  llest 
from  hless;  past  from  pass^ — are  exceptions  to  the  foregoing  rule. 

Rule   IX. 

Words  ending  with  any  double  letter,  preserve  it  double  in  all  words 
formed  from  them  by  means  of  prefixes ;  as, 

See  fore-see'  Sell  under-sell' 

Spell  mis-spell'  Add  super-add' 

Roll  un-roll'  Swell  over-swell' 

Pass  re-pass'  Stall  fore-stall' 

Press  de-press'  Call  mis-call' 

Eule  X. 

Primitive  words  ending  with  a  silent  e,  omit  the  e  upon  adding  a  syllable 
beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Note. — The  added  syllables  are  chiefly  the  following,  viz. :  ed,  ing^  er,  age^  ous,  ar, 
al,  ish,  able,  ible,  ance,  ence,  ure,  en,  est,  ity,  y. 

Re-move'  re-mov'-al  Im-pede'  im-ped'ing 

Live  liv'-ing  A-muse'  a-mus'-ing 

Force  for'-ci-ble  De-plore'  de-plo'-ra-ble 

Eye  ey'-ing  Ex-cuse'  ex-cu'-sa-ble 

Come  com'-ing  Con-ceive'  con-ceiv'a-ble 

Exceptions  to  Bule  X. 

\    Exception  1. — Words  ending  in  ce  or  ge  retain  the  e  before  the  suffixes 
%ble  and  ous,  to  prevent  change  in  the  pronunciation ;  as, 

Tiace  trace'-a-ble  Cour'-age  cour-a'-geous 

j  Change  change'-a-ble  Chal'-lenge  chal'-lenge-a-ble 

I  Out'-rage  out-ra'-geous  Charge  charge'-a-ble 

Peace  peace'-a-ble  Ser'-vice  ser'-vire-a-ble 

Mar'-riage  mar'-riage-a-ble  Pierce  pierce'  a-ble 

Exception  2. — When  the  final  e  is  preceded  by  o,  the  final  e  is  retained 
before  ing ;  as,  sTioe^  slwe'-ing ;  Twe^  Tioe'-ing. 

Note. — In  some  words  it  is  necessary  to  retain  the  e  before  ing  to  prevent  ambi- 
guity ;  as,  singe,  sijig^-ing,  not  sing'-ing  ;  tinge,  tinge! -ing,  not  ting' -ing. 

Words  ending  in  ee  drop  the  final  letter  only  when  the  addition  begins  with  <  ,•  as, 
iee,  seer,  not  seeder  ;  Jlee,  Jleest,  not  flee'-est ;  a-gree',  a-greed',  not  a-gree-ed. 


RULES    FOR    SPKLLTNO. 


ao 


Rule  XI. 

The  following  words,  ending  with  e  preceded  by  c,  change  the  e  into  i  be- 
fore a  suffix  commencing  with  a  vowel. 


Space 

spa'-cious 

Jus'-tice 

jus-ti'-cia-ry 

Grace 

gra'-cious 

Com'-merce 

com-mer'-cial 

Vice 

vi'-cious 

Fi-nance' 

fi-nan'-cial 

Pal'-ace 

pa-la'-cious 

Face 

fa'-cial 

Sol '-ace 

so-la'-cious 

Dis-grace' 

dis-gra'-cious 

Office 

\  of-fi'-cial 

Sac'-ri-fice 

sac-ri-fi'-cial 

\  of-fi'-cious 

Prej'-u-dice 

prej-u-di'-cial 

Suf-fice' 

suf-fi'-cient 

Ben'-e-fice 

ben-e-fi'-cial 

Mal'-ice 

ma-li'-cious 

Art'-i-fice 

art-i-fi'-cial 

Aus'-pice 

aus-pi'-cious 

Av'-a-rice 

av-a-ri'-cious 

Ca-price' 

ca-pri'-cious 

Su'-per-fice 

su-per-fi'-cial 

Rule   XII. 

"When  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  consonant  is  added  to  a  word  ending  with 

5,  the  e  is  retained. 

Judge  judge'-ment  A-bridge'  a-bridge'-ment 

Judge  judge'-ship  Ac-knowl'-edge  ac-knowr-edge-ment 

Lodge  lodge'-ment  Ar-range'  ar-range'-ment 

Rude  rude'-ness  A-base'  a-base'-ment 

Rude  rude'-ly  De-range'  de-range'-ment 

Note. — It  has  been  the  prevailing  usage  to  spell  the  words  abridgement^  acknovHr 

edgement,  and  judgement  without  the  final  e  of  the  primitive,  but  many  respectable 

writers  now  adopt  the  more  correct,  though  less  usual  spelling,  by  inserting  the  e. 

Webster  omits  the  e  in  these  words,  as  also  in  lodgement,  but  retams  it  in  judgeship. 

Exceptions  to  Mule  XII. 

When  the  e  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  is  sometimes  omitted ;  as  dull/  from 
due ;  truly  from  true ;  awful  from  awe ;  argument  from  argue ;  but  much 
more  frequently  retained;  as,  dueness  from  due;  trueness  from  true;  bluenes* 
and  hluely  from  Uu^  ;  rueful  from  ru£  ;  sTweless  from  shoe  ;  eyeless  from  eye. 

Wholly  is  also  an  exception,  as  nobody  writes  it 


Rule  XIII. 

Words  ending  with  ate  drop  the  letters  te  in  derivatives  formed  by  adding 
the  suffix  cy. 

pri'-ma-cy  E-pis'-co-pate 

pri'-va-cy  Cel'-i-bate 

leg'-a-cy  Con-fed'-er-ate 

preF-a-cy  De-gen'-er-ate 

pi'-ra-cy  Il-lit'-er-ate 

Rule  XIV. 

Words  ending  with  ant  or  ent  drop  the  t  in  derivatives  formed  by  adding 
the  suffix  ce  or  cy. 


Pri'-mate 

Pri'-vate 

Leg'-ate 

Prel'-ate 

Pi'-rate 


e-pis-co-pa-cy 

cel'-i-ba-cy 

con-fed'-er-a-cy 

de-gen'-er-a-cy 

il-lit'-er-a-cy 


Va'-cant 

In'-fant 

Pli'-ant 

Ten'-ant 

Stao-'-nant 


va  -can-cy  ^ 

in'-fan-cy 

pli'-an-cy 

ten'-an-cy 

s1*,g'-nan-cy 


De-pend'-ent 

Ter'-ma-gant 

El'-e-gant 

Ar'-ro-gant 

Ra'-di-ant 


de-pend'-en-cy 

ter'-ma-gan-cy 

el'-e-gance 

ar'-ro-gance 

ra'-di-ance 


Ra'-cy 

ra'-ci-ness 

I'-cy 

i'-ci-cie 

Spi'-cy 

spi'-ci-ness 

Jui-cy 

jui'-ci-ness 

Fan'-cy 

fan'-ci-ful 

40  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY, 

Rule  XV. 

When  primitive  words  ending  with  y  preceded  by  a  consonant  take  an 
additional  syllable,  the  y  is  changed  into  i. 

Note.— This  rule  applies  to  derivatives,  but  not  to  compound  words ;  as  werty 
leaf,  penny-worthy  lady-ahip,  giddy-heady  &c.  ' 

Like'-ly  like'-li-hood 

An'-gry  an'-gri-ly 

Hun'-gry  hun'-gri-ly 

Air'-y  air'-i-ness 

Lone'-ly  lone'-Ii-ness 

Exceptions  to  Mule  XV. 

Exception  1. — The  y  is  retained  before  the  termination  ing  or  ish,  to  pre- 
vent the  doubling  of  i. 

Ba'-by  ba'-by-ish  Cop'-y  cop'-y-ing 

Pit'-y  pit'-y-ing  Fan'-cy  fan'-cy-ing 

Com-ply  com-ply'-ing  Stead'-y  stead'-y-ing 

Exception  3. — Words  ending  in  ie  and  dropping  the  e,  by  Rule  X.  change 
i  into  y,  to  prevent  the  doubling  of  i. 

Die  dy'-ing  Tie  ty'-ing 

Vie  vy'-ing  Un-tie'  un-ty'-ing 

Lie  ly'-ing  Out-vie'  out-vy'-ing 

Exception  3, — In  a  few  instances^  the  final  y  is  changed  into  e  before  out 
and  its  compounds ;  as, 

Beau'-ty  beau'-te-ous  Du'-ty  du'-te-ous 

Plen'-ty  plen'-te-ous  P^t'-y  pit'-e-ous 

Note.— Words  ending  with  y  form  the  plural  of  nouns,  the  persons  of  verbs,  parti- 
ciples, comparatives,  and  superlatives  by  changing  y  into  i,  when  the  y  is  preceded 
by  a  consonant ;  as,  spy,  spies  ;  carry,  carriest ;  happy,  happier,  happiest.  As  the  pres 
cnt  or  imperfect  participle  ends  with  ing,  it  retains  the  y,  to  prevent  the  doubling  of  t. 

Rule   XVL 

Primitive  words  ending  with  y  preceded  by  a  vowel,  do  not  change  y  into 
i  before  an  additional  syllable. 

Day  day'-ly  De-lay'  de-lay'-er 

Key  key'-hole  Dis-play'  dis-play'-er 

Coy  coy'-ly  Ar-ray'  ar-ray'-ed 

Boy  boy'-ish  Be-tray'  be-tray'-er 

Joy  joy'-ful  Por-tray'  por-tray'er 

Gay  gay'-ly  Es'-say  es'-say-ist 

Exceptions  to  Mule  XVI. 

From  lay,  pay,  say,  stay  are  formed  laid,  paid,  said,  and  staid;  but  the 
regular  words  layed,  payed,  and  stayed  are  sometimes  used.  Raiment  from 
arrayment,  is  never  written  with  the  y.  Daily  is  more  common  than  the 
regular  form,  dayly. 

Note. — In  some  instances,  wliere  the  suflSx  begins  with  »,  the  final  y  ia  rejected ; 
as,  eulogy f  eulogist;  tympathy,  sympathize. 


BULE8   FOR    SPELLING.  41 

Rule  XVII. 

The  final  y  of  a  radical  word,  when  preceded  by  «,  is  generally  omitted 
before  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  or  o. 

Pu'-n-ty              pu'-ri-tan  Eq'-ni-ty  eq'-ui-ta-ble 

Fe-lic'-i-ty           fe-lic'-i-tous  In-iq'-ni-ty  in-iq'-ui-tous 

Gra-tu'-i-ty          gra-tu'-i-tous  Ca-lam'-i-ty  ca-lam'-i-tous 

Ne-ces'-si-ty        ne-ces'-si-tous  Fa-tu'-i-ty  fa-tu'-i-tous 

U-biq'-ui-ty         u-biq'-ui-tous  Grav'-i-ty    '  grav'-i-tate 

Rule   XVIII. 

Words  ending  with  le  preceded  by  a  consonant,  drop  the  le  upon  receiving 
the  suffix  ly. 

Nim'-ble  nim'-bly  Peace'-a-ble  peace'-a-bly 

Hum'-ble  hum'-bly  Mov'-a-ble  mov'-a-bly 

No'-ble  no'-bly  Af'-fa-ble  af'-fa-bly 

Doub'-le  doub'-ly  Laugh'-a-ble  laugh'-a-bly 

Peb'ble  peb'-bly  Blam'-a-ble  blam'-a-bly 

Rule    XIX. 

Words  ending  with  ble,  upon  taking  the  suffix  ity  or  iUes,  take  i  between 
the  letters  5  and  I. 

A'-ble  a-bil'-i-ty  Mu'-ta-ble  mu-ta-bil'-i-ty 

Sta'-ble  sta-bil'-i-ty  Pra'-ti-ca-ble  prac-ti-ca-bil'-i-ty 

Li'-a-ble  li-a-bil^-i-ty  Sep'-a-ra-ble  sep-a-ra-bil'-i-ty 

Ca'-pa-ble  ca-pa-bil'-i-ty  Ad'-mi-ra-ble  ad-mi-ra-bil'-i-ty 

Du'-ra-ble  du-ra-bil'-i-ty  A'-mi-a-ble  a-mi-a-bir-i-ty 

Rule   XX. 

The  plural  number  of  nouns  is  regularly  formed  by  adding  8  0T  esto  the 
singular. 

Note. — When  the  singular  ends  with  a  sound  which  will  unite  with  that  of  «,  the 
plural  is  generally  formed  by  adding  s  only,  and  the  number  of  syllables  is  not  in- 
creftsed ;  but  when  the  sound  of  s  cannot  be  united  with  that  of  the  primitive  word, 
the  regular  plural  adds  s  to  final  e,  and  es  to  other  terminations,  and  forms  a  separate 
syllable. 

Mob 
Pen 
Bed 
Lid 
Babe 

Rule   XXI. 
The  following  words  ending  with  d,  change  the  d  into  s  in  the  annexed 

derivatives,  for  euphony : 

De-fend'                             de-fense'  de-fen'-sive 

Of-fend'                              of-fense'  of-fens'-ive 

^           Ex-pend'                        •  ex-pense'  '   ex-pen'-sive 

In-tend'                              in-tense'  in-ten'-sive 

Pre-tend'                            pre-tense'  pre-ten'-sion 

Dis-pend'                           dis-pense'  dis-pens'-ing 

Ex-pand'          *                  ex-panse'  ex-pan'-sive 


mobs 

Fan'- 

cy 

fan'- 

cies 

pens 

Mon' 

-ey 

mon 

'-eys 

beds 

Jour' 

-ney 

jour'-neys 

lids 

Com' 

-pa-ny 

com 

-pa-nies 

babes 

Gal'-le"r-y 

gal'- 

ler-ies 

43 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Pro-pend' 

Re-spond' 

Sus-pend' 

Dis-tend' 

Ex-tend' 

De-scend' 

As-cend' 

Ab-scind' 

Re-scind' 

Rep-re-hend' 

Com-pre-hend' 

Ap-pre-hend' 

Con-de-scend' 

Cor-re-spond' 


pro-pense' 

re-sponse' 

sus-pense' 

dis-ten'-sion 

ex-ten'-sion 

de-scen'-sion 

as-cen'-sion 

ab-scis'-sa 

re-scis'-sion 


pro-pen'-si-ty 

re-spon'-sive 

sus-pen'-sion 

dis-ten'-sive 

ex-ten '-si  ve 

de-scen'-sive 

as-cen'-sive 

ab-scis'-sion 

re-scis'-so-ry 

rep-re-hen'-sion 

com-pre-hen'-sion 

ap-pre-hen'-sion 

con-de-scen'-sion 

cor-re-spon'-sive 


Rule  XXII. 

The  following  words  ending  with  t,  change  the  t  into  s,  in  the  annexed 


derivatives  for  euphony : 
Sub-mit' 
De-mit' 
Re-mit' 
Ad-mit' 
E-mit' 
Com-mit' 
0-mit' 
Per-mit' 
Li-ter-mit' 

The  above  words  double  the  i 
is  preceded  by  a  single  vowel. 

A-vert' 

Sub-vert' 

Ad-vert' 

Re-vert' 

Di-vert' 

In-vert' 

Con-vert' 

Per-vert' 

An-i-mad-vert' 


sub-mis'-sion 

de-mis'-sion 

re-mis'-sion 

ad-mis'-sion 

e-mis'-sion 

com-mis'-sion 

o-mis'-sion 

per-mis'-sion 

in-ter-mis'-sion 


sub-mis'-sive 

de-mis'- si  ve 

re-mis'-sive 

ad-mis'-si-ble 

em'-is-sa-ry 

com-mis'-sion-er 

o-mis'-si-ble 

per-mis'-si-ble 

in-ter-mis'-sive 


because  the  final  consonant  of  the  accented  syllable 


a-ver'-sion 

sub-ver'-sion 

ad-verse' 

re-ver'-sion 

di-ver'-sion 

in-ver'-sion 

con-ver'-sion 

per-ver'-sion 


a-verse'-ly 
sub-ver'-sive 
ad-vers'-i-ty 
re-ver'-si-ble 
di-ver'-si-ty 
in-verse'-ly 
con-verse'-ly 
per-ver'-si-ty 
an-i-mad-ver'-sion 


The  above  words  have  but  single  s,  because  the  final  consonant  of  the  accented  syl-, 
lable  of  the  radical  is  preceded  by  a  consonant. 

Eule  XXIII. 

The  possessive  case  of  nouns  is  formed  in  the  singular  number  by  adding 
«,  preceded  by  an  apostrophe ;  and  in  the  plural,  when  the  word  ends  with 
»,  by  adding  an  apostrophe  only. 


Possessive  Singular. 

Possessive  Plural. 

Boy 

boy's 

boys' 

Maid 

maid's 

maids' 

Giant 

gi'-ant's 

gi'-ants' 

Man 

man's 

men's 

Child 

child's 

chil'  dren's 

Ox 

ox's 

ox'-en^s 

RtlLES   FOR   SPELLmG. 


43 


Rule   XXIV. 

Words  ending  in  er  or  or,  often  drop  the  e  or  <?  before  a  suflEix  commencing 
with  a  vowel. 


Act'-or 

Ar'-bi-ter 

Au'-di-tor 

Chant'-er 

Con-duct'-or 


act'-ress 

ar'-bi-tress 

au'-di-tress 

chant'-res9 

con-duct'-ress 


Ad-ven'-tur-er 

Am-bas'-sa-dor 

Ben-e-fac'-tor 

Foun'-der 

En-chant'-er 


ad-ven'-tur-ess 

am-bas'-sa-dres9 

ben-e-fac'-tress 

foun'-dress 

en-chant'-ress 


Eule  XXV. 

Mistakes  are  often  made  in  spelling  words  commencing  with  prefixes,  by 
inserting  or  omitting  a  letter.  To  avoid  errors,  consider  whether  the  first 
letter  of  the  primitive  word  is  the  same  as  the  last  letter  of  the  prefix.  K 
th«y  be  alike,  that  letter  is  doubled ;  if  unlike,  they  remain  single. 

Com'-pa-ny  ac-com'-pa-ny two  c's 

Cus'-tom  ac-cus'-tom  " 

Join  ad-join' one  d 

Grieve  ag-grieve' two  g's 

Mis'-sion  com-mis'-sion "    m's 

Re-spond'  cor-re-spond' "    r's 

Com-pose'  de-com-pose' one  c 

Sat'-is-fy  dis-sat'-is-iy two  s's 

Solve  dis-solve' " 

No'-ble  en-no'-ble two  n'8 

Leg'-i-ble  il-leg'-i-ble "    I's 

Lib'-er-al  il-lib'-er-al " 

Mor^-tal  im-mor'-tal two  m's 


Rule   XXVI. 

The  following  words  ending  in  /  or  fe,  change  /  into  «>,  and  add  e% 
their  plurals : 


Sheaf 

Loaf 

Thief 

Half 

Shelf 

Wolf 

Knife 


Plurals. 

sheaves 

loaves 

thieves 

halves 

shelves 

wolves 

knives 


Leaf 

Beef 

Calf 

Elf 

Self 

Life 

Wife 


Plurals. 

leaves 

beeves 

calves 

elves 

selves 

lives 

wives 


Note.— The  verbs  formed  from  the  following  words  ending  with  /  or  /e,  have  the 
f  changed  into  v  : 


Safe 

Grief 

Be-lief 


save 

grieve 

be-lieve' 


Rule 


Strife 
Proof 
Re-lief 

XXVII. 


strive 
prove 
re-lieve' 


The  following  words  ending  with  /  or  fe,  retain  the  /,  and  add  8  in  their 
plurals :  ♦ 


44 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK  OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Chief 

chiefs 

Brief 

briefs 

Fief 

fiefs 

Grief 

griefs 

Clef 

clefs 

Oaf 

oafs 

Waif 

waifs 

Coif 

coifs 

Gulf 

gulfs 

Hoof 

hoofs 

Roof 

roofs 

Proof 

proofs 

Woof 

woofs 

Turf 

turfs 

Scarf 

scarfs 

Dwarf 

dwarfs 

5              Fife 

fifes 

Strife 

strifes 

Safe 

safes 

Wharf 

wharfs 

Staff 

staffs 

Ker'-chief 

ker'-chiefs 

Mis'-chief 

mia'-chiefs 

Be-lief 

be-liefs' 

Re-lief 

re- 

liefs' 

Re-proof 

re-proofs' 

Ca'-lif 

ca' 

-lifs 

Hand'-ker-chief 

hand'-ker-chiefs 

Mis'-be-lief 

mis'-be-liefs 

Eule  X2V111. 

Compounds  generally  retain  the  orthography  of  the  simple  words  which 
2ompose  them ;  as,  horse-man,  up-hill,  shell-fish,  knee-deep,  inn-keeper,  &©. 


PART     SECOND 


PREFIXES 

OF   SAXON   OR  ENGLISH   ORIGIN. 


FORMULA. — Aboabd, — a-b-o-a-r-d, — aboard. — Board  is  a  primitive  word;  the 
Saxon  prefix  a  signifies  on,  in,  to,  at; — when  combined  they  form  the  word  aboard, 
which  means  on  Board. 


A. 

Signifies  on,  in,  to,  or  <U. 
.4-board',  ad.  on  board  ;  in  a  ship. 
^-fire',  ad.  on  fire. 
^-SLEEp',  ad.  in  sleep ;  sleeping. 
^-stern',  ad.  to  the  stem. 
^-head',  ad.  to  the  head  ;  furtliir  on. 
^-far',  ad.  at  a  distance. 

Be. 

Signifies  to  maJce. 
Be-CAi,^',  V.  to  wa^calm. 
Be-DATTB',  V.  to  daub  over. 
Be-DKCK',  V.  to  deck  ;  to  adorn. 

Be-DiM',  V.  to  make  dim.  ' 

jB^poul',  '0.  to  make  foul. 
jBe-NUMB',  ID.  to  make  numb. 

Signifies  in,  into,  ox  on  ;  to  make. 
^-cir'cle,  t).  to  put  in  a  circle. 
.^-dan'ger,  «.  to  put  in  danger. 
En-KCT'^  V.  to  make  into  an  act. 
JE^-CAMp',  V.  to  form  into  a  camp. 
;     -E^ti-dear',  v.  to  make  dear. 
^^^-fee'ble,  v.  to  make  feeble. 

EiUf  for  En» 

Signifies  to  make,  to  give. 
.Kwi-bel'lish,  v.  (beau*),  to  make  beautifuL 
Mn-FOW^KB.,  V.  to  give  power  to. 
J^-bod'y,  v.  to  give  a  body  to. 
.S??i-BOT'TLE,  V.  to  put  in  a  bottle. 

*  Note. — The  words  in  parentheses  are  the  roots  from  which  the  English  words 
are  derived.  The  pupil  will  find  the  meanings  of  the  roots  under  their  respective 
heads,  though  in  general  the  meaning  is  indicated  where  the  root  is  used. 


4:6  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Fore, 

Signifies  'before. 
J*^<?re'-NOON,  n,  the  part  of  the  day  'before  noon. 
^(TT-e-RUN'NER,  71.  one  who  Funs  before. 
Fore-SEE^  v.  to  see  beforeh&xid. 
.M>re'-siGHT,  n.  a  seeing  Je/brehand. 
^(?re-TELL',  «.  to  tell  J^g/brehand. 
JPbre-DOOM', «).  to  doom  beforehsiXid. 

Im, 

Signifies  to  make. 
iTW-BiT'TER,  V.  to  moke  bitter. 
Jtti-brown',  v.  to  make  brown. 
Jm-pov'ERiSH,  «.  to  make  poor. 
Jm-PEARL',  v.  to  make  like  pearls. 

Mis, 

Signifies  wrong, 
Jfis-APPLY',  v.  to  apply  wrong. 
Jlfi«-BELiEF',  ?i.  wrong  belief. 
Jlfis-cAL'cuLATE,  «j.  to  Calculate  wrmig, 
JIfzs'-coNDUCT,  71.  wrong  conduct. 
3fzs-GUiDE',  t).  to  guide  wrong. 
Jfi«-PLACE', «?.  to  place  wrong. 

Out, 

Signifies  beyond,  tnore  than. 

Out-BiT>',  V.  to  bid  beyond  or  more  than  anothe?. 
Out-JjiYB',  V.  to  live  beyond. 
Ow^-run',  «).  to  run  beyond. 
Out-SRUSE',  v.  to  shine  more  than. 

Over, 

Signifies  ahatie  or  ov&r,  too  much,  too  great, 

Oper-BUR'DEN,  1).  to  burden  too  mwh. 
Over-Fi.ow',  v.  to  flow  over. 
(k>er-ijOAT>\  1).  to  load  too  mioch. 
0»er-RUN',  V.  to  run  t???^/'  or  above. 
Over-SFB,EAD\  V.  to  spread  over  or  a&cwe. 
0»^-val'ue,  v.  to  value  ^  mwc^. 

Uflf  before  a  Verb. 
Signifies  to  take  off,  to  reverse  the  act  of, 

Un-BAB,\  V.  to  take  off  the  bar. 
Vn-csAiN',  V.  to  take  off  the  chain. 
Z7w-hinge',  v.  to  take  off  of  the  hinge. 
Un-FiN',  V.  to  take  out  the  pin. 
Un-BEMj',  V.  to  take  off'  the  seal. 
Un-YOKE',  V.  to  take  off  the  yoke. 

JJtlf  before  an  Adjective. 
Signifies  not, 
P^a'ble,  a.  not  able. 
JTw-AC  tive,  a.  not  active. 


LATIN   PREFIXES.  47 

Charmed',  a.  not  armed. 
C>2/-bro'ken,  a.  not  broken. 
Ct^-cer'taln,  a.  not  certain. 
iT/i-JUST',  a.  not  just. 

Under, 
Signifies  'beneath^  less  than. 

Under-BiD',  v.  to  bid  less  than  another. 

Under-OF'FiCBn,  n.  an  officer  under  another. 

Vhder-SB:En'iFF,  n.  one  who  is  unxier  the  sheriff 

Under-YAJj'uE,  v.  to  rate  under  its  value. 

With. 

Signifies  from  or  against, 
With-jyiLAw',  V.  to  draw  from  or  away. 
WitJi-STAND' ,  V.  to  stand  against. 
WitTir-HOijit',  V.  to  hold  from. 


LATIN  PBBFIXES. 

FORMULA. — Avert, — ^a-v-e-r-t, — avert, — vert  is  derived  from  the  Latin  word  verto^ 
to  turn ; — the  Latin  prefix  a  signifies  from  or  away  ; — when  combined,  they  farm  tji« 
word  averts  which  means  to  turn  from  or  away. 

A. 

Signifies  from  or  away, 
J.- vert',  v.  (verto),  to  turn  from. 
.4-voca'tion,  n.  (voco),  a  calling  away. 
.4-vul'sion,  n.  {vello)j  a  tearing  away. 

Ab, 

Signifies  from  or  away. 
^&-ject',  v.  (jado),  to  cast  away. 
^&-lu'tion,  n.  {luo\  a  washing  away. 
^&-rade',  «.  {rado),  to  rub  away. 
-4&-RUPT',  a.  (ruptum),  broken  from  or  off, 
^&-solve',  «.  (solvo),  to  loose  from. 
^&-sorb',  v.  (sorbeo),  to  suck  from  or  uj>, 

Abs, 

Signifies  from  or  away, 
^&Vent,  a.  (ens),  a  being  away. 
AbS'TAm',  V.  (teneo),  to  hold  from. 
AU-t-ract\  v.  {traho),  to  draw  from. 

Ad, 


Jid-AFT,  V.  (aptus)^  to  fit  to. 
.4^-duce',  v.  (duco),  to  lead  to. 
Ad'-^qjjATE*a.  (equus),  equal  to. 
-4<^here',  v.  Qimred),  to  stick  to. 
J.<^-ja'cent,  a.  {jaceo),  lying  to  or  nsfiT, 
Ad-30is{\  V.  (jungo),  to  join  to. 


48  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY, 

Af  for  A.d,* 

Signifies  to. 
J.-SCEND',  V.  (scando),  to  climb  to. 
^-scribe',  v.  (scribo),  to  write  or  impute  to. 
-4-sperse',  v.  (spargo),  to  sprinkle  to  or  upon. 
J.-SPIIIE',  V.  (spiro),  to  breathe  to. 
^-v'enue,  n.  (venio),  the  way  of  coming  to  (a  place). 
A-YOw\  V.  {votwn),  to  vow  to. 

ACf  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 
^c-cede',  v.  (cedo)^  to  yield  to. 
-4c-cept',  v.  (capio),  to  take  to. 
JLc-CESs',  n.  (cedo),  approach  to. 

Af,  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 

^/-FIX',  V.  (JlXUS),  to  fix  to. 

Af -vtjICt',  v.  ifligo),  to  strike  to  or  at. 
A/'-fJjTJX,  n.  ifltio),  a  flowing  to. 

Ag,  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to.  ,  , 

^^'-GEAVATE,  V.  (gravis),  to  make  heavy  to. 
^^'-GRANDizE,  V.  {gvandis),  to  make  great  tOc 
^^-GREss',  V.  {gradior),  to  go  to  ov  against. 

Alf  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 
^^-le'viate,  v.  (levis),  to  make  light  to. 
J.Z-LUDE',  V.  (ludo),  to  play  or  advert  to. 
^?-Lu'viAL,  a.  (luo),  washing  to. 
AI-JuY',  v.  (ligo),  to  bind  to. 

An,  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 
^w-NEx',  v.  (nectd),  to  tie  to. 
wdri-ifi'HiLATE,  V.  {nihil),  to  make  t^  nothing. 
^/?-nounce',  v.  (nuncio),  to  tell  to. 
An-^xiij',  v.  (nullus),  to  reduce  to  nothing. 

Ap,  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 
ui^-PA'RENT,  a.  (pa/reo),  becoming  -^dsible  to, 
^^-pend',  v.  (pend),  to  hang  to. 
<4p-PERTAiN',  v.  to  pertain  to. 
4/>-PR0x'iMATE,  «.  (prope),  to  come  near  to, 

AVf  for  Ad, 

Signifies  to. 
J.r-RANGE',  t).  (rang),  to  put  to  or  in  order. 
^r'-ROGATE,  D.  (rogo),  to  ask  or  assume  to  (one's  self). 

*  For  the  sake  of  euphony,  (an  agreeable  sound  in  language,)  the  form  of  the  prefix 
Is  frequently  changed.    Thus,  we  have  ascend,  for  arfscend ;  avenue,  for  a<^venue,  &c. 


LATm   PREFIXES.  49 

A.Sf  for  A.d, 
Signifies  to. 
^«-8ArL',  V.  (salio),  to  leap  upon  or  against. 
/4«-sign',  v.  (signum),  to  mark  or  allot  to. 
/Is-sim'ilate,  v.  (similis),  to  make  like  to.     - 
<48-sist',  v.  (siato),  to  stand  to  or  h/. 
4«-so'ciATE,  V.  (socio),  to  join  to. 
^8-sume',  v.  (sumo),  to  take  to. 

Atf  for  Ad. 

Signifies  to. 
At-HMs',  V.  (tango),  to  touch  to. 
-4^tend',  v.  (tendo),  to  stretch  to. 
-4^test',  v.  (testis),  to  bear  witness  to. 
At-TB.ACT',  V.  (traho),  to  draw  to. 
-4^trib'ute,  v.  (trihuo),  to  give  or  ascribe  to. 

Am, 

Signifies  round  or  about. 
^7W-bi'tion,  n.  (eo),  a  going  abrnd. 
^m'-puTATE,  V.  (puto),  to  cut  Tound  or  off. 

Ante. 

Signifies  'before. 
ilri^CE'DENT,  a.  (cedo),  going  before. 
An'te-noo^,  n.  a  room  before  the  main  one. 
^wfe-DATE' «?.  (datum),  to  date  before. 
^Ti^DiLu'viAN,  a.  (diluvium),  before  the  flood. 
-4w^-merid'ian,  a.  (meridies),  before  midday. 
^w^mun'danb,  a.  (mundus),  befoi^e  the  world. 

Signifies  round  or  about. 
Circum- J  a' CBT<iT,  a.  (jaceo),  Ijdng  round. 
Circum-NAY'iGATK,  V.  to  navigate  round. 
Circum-^cniBE,' ,  v.  (scribo),  to  write  round,  to  inclose 
Ctr'cww-SPECT,  a.  (specio),  looking  round,  cautious. 

Cis. 

Signifies  on  this  side. 
Cm-al'pine,*  a.  on  this  side  of  the  Alps. 
C7i8-ATLAN*ric,  a.  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

Con.  (Cum.) 
Signifies  together  or  uyith. 
ConrCJTR^,  V.  (curro),  to  run  together. 
(7(m-FLiCT',  V.  (Jligo),  to  strike  together. 
Ctm'-FLUENCE,  n.  (fluo),  a  flowing  together. 
Clm-NECT',  «.  (necto),  to  tie  together. 
(7<w-spire',  tj.  (spiro),  to  breathe  together. 
Coti-struct',  «>.  (stmwy^  to  build  together, 

*  Cisalpine,  oh  this  side  of  the  Alps,  in  regard  to  Rome,  that  is  on  the  south  side 
of  the  A\ps.     Transalpine,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Alps. 


50  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Co,  for  Con, 

Signifies  together  or  with. 
Go-iE'qvAJj^  a.  equal  with. 
Co-e'yaij,  a.  ((mum),  of  tlie  same  age  tcith. 
(7(9-exist',  «.  to  exist  together. 
Co-tleir',  n.  one  who  is  heir  with  another. 
(7o-hetie',  v.  (hwreo),  to  stick  together. 
(7(9-op'erate,  v.  (opera),  to  work  together. 
Cog,  for  Con, 

Signifies  together  or  with. 
(7(?^'-NATE,  a.  (nascor),  born  together  or  with. 
Col,  for  Con. 

Signifies  together  or  with. 
(7<?Z-liApse',  n.  (labor),  a  falling  together. 
Coo-late',  v.  (latum),  to  bring  together. 
Coc-IjEct',  v.  (lego),  to  gather  together. 
CoI'-IjOCAte,  v.  {locus),  to  place  together. 
Gol'-ijOquY,  n.  (loquor),  a  speaking  together. 
(7(??-Lu'siON,  n.  (ludo),  a  playing  together. 

Com,  for  Con. 

Signifies  together  or  with. 
Cbm'-MERCE,  71.  (mercor),  a  trading  together. 
Com-Mix',  «.  to  mix  together. 
CWi-Mo'TioN,  7i.  (moveo),  a  moving  together. 
Com-PBJj',  V.  (pello),  to  drive  ?/)i^^. 
(7(?m-posE',  ®.  [pono),  to  put  together. 
Gom-PRESs',  V.  (premo),  to  press  together. 

Cor,  for  Con, 

Signifies  together  or  M)^^A., 
C^br-REL'ATiVE,  a.  relative  with. 
(7(9r-ROB 'orate,  v.  (robur),  to  make  strong  together. 
Cor  rode',  v.  (rodo),  to  gnaw  together. 
Conti^a. 
Signifies  against. 
Contra-T>rcT',  v.  to  speak  against  or  contrary  to. 
Con'tro-YEUT,  v.  (verto),  to  turn  against. 

Counter,  for  Contra, 

Signifies  against. 

Counter-BAL'AT^iCB,  v.  to  balance  against. 
Counter-M-A-RCB.' ,  v.  to  march  in  an  opposite  direction. 

De, 

Signifies  down  or  from. 
Decline',  'd.  (clino),  to  bend  down. 
J)e-T>TJCE',  v.  (duco),  to  lead  from. 
De-FE^D',  ■».  (fendo),  to  strike  down. 
Be-JECT',  V.  (jacio),  to  cast  down. 
De-FE^i)',  V.  (pendeo),  to  hang  from. 
De-vo^E',  V.  (pono),  to  put  down.. 


LATIN    PREFIXES.  ^l 

Dis. 

Signifies  to  take  from^  away,  off,  or  out;  riot, 
7>w-a'ble,  v.  to  render  not  able. 
i>i«-ARM'  V.  to  talce  away  arms. 
i>is-BELiEVE',  V.  not  to  bcUeve. 
i>i5-BUR'DEN,  V.  to  toke  off  a  burden. 
i>w-HON'EST,  «.  7W^  honest. 

i>i8-L0Y'AL,  a.   7K9i  loyal. 

JHs, 

Signifies  afoH. 
Di8-rBi,\  V.  (pello),  to  drive  apart. 
IHs-sbct',  v.  (seco),  to  cut  apart. 
Dis-soLVE',  V.  (solvo),  to  loose  apart. 
i>i«-TEND',  «).  (tew/o),  to  stretch  a^flw^. 
i>i«-TORT',  ®.  (tortum),  to  twist  aj9«r^. 
i>M-TRACT',  ??.  (traho),  to  draw  a/var<. 

X>i,  for  Dis. 

Signifies  apart. 
2?^-spER8E',  V.  {spargo),  to  sprinkle  apari. 
i>i-vERGE',  ®.  {vergo)^  to  tend  ajoar^. 
Di-VERT',  «,  (verto),  to  turn  «par^. 
i>i-GRESs',  c.  (gradior),  to  go  apar^. 
iW-LUTE',  ^.  (^M<>),  to  wash  apart. 

Diff  for  Dis. 

Signifies  apart. 
2>i/*'-FER,  V.  (fero),  to  bear  apart. 
i^i/FUSE',  V.  (fundo),  to  pour  apar^. 
Ex, 
Signifies  out  or  ow^  of. 
Ex-kct\  v.  (ago),  to  take  or  force  out  of. 
£Jx-ceft\  v.  {capid),  to  take  out. 
^-cite',  v>.  (cito),  to  call  out. 
^-claim',  «.  (damo),  to  cry  ot^^. 
.Exclude',  ?).  [claudo)^  to  shut  oi^^. 
£^;»-pand',  v.  (pando),  to  spread  ot^i. 
^a;-PEL',  V.  (pello),  to  drive  out  of. 
Mo-fotlt',  v.  (porto),  to  carry  out. 

E,  for  Ex. 

Signifies  out  or  out  of. 
^'-DiCT,  n.  (dico),  what  is  spoken  out, 
^-duce',  «.  (duco),  to  lead  (??^^. 
^'-GRESS,  n.  (gradior),  a  going  6>t^^. 
J^ject',  v.  (jacio),  to  cast  out. 
J^-lect',  «.  (lego),  to  choose  <?^^. 
j^-rase',  «?.  (rado),  to  rub  c»^^. 

•Ef,forEx. 
Signifies  out  or  <>w^  (t/I 
^-face',  v.  {fades),  to  take  <>wif  the  face, 
^'-FLUX,  7^.  \fiuo),  a  flowing  owi. 


53  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Extra. 

Signifies  'beyond. 

-fife^a-MUN'DANE,  a.  {mundus),  beyond  the  world, 
Jfe^ra-OR'DiNAKT,  a.  beyond  ordinary. 

Ifl,  before  a  Verb. 
Signifies  in  or  into,  on  or  up(m, 

iTi-CLiNE',  V.  (clino),  to  lean  into. 
J/i-CLUDE',  «.  {claudo),  to  shut  in. 
//i-cuE,',  ^.  {curro),  to  run  '^^p6>?^, 
//i-FLiCT',  «!.  (Jligo),  to  strike  ^^o^. 
i/i'-FLUX,  7?,.  iJliM),  a  flowing  m^. 
Jt^-hale',  v.  (halo),  to  breathe  m. 

11  f  for  In, 
Signifies  in  or  ^Tife,  on  or  -m^?*?^. 

/^-lu'minate,  «.  {lumen),  to  put  light  wto. 
/^Lu'siON,  71.  (ludo),  a  playing  ^^o/i. 

J^r^^  /or  Jii. 

Signifies  in  or  mi5<?,  oti  or  up<m. 

i?w-MERSE',  ??.  {mergo),  to  plunge  m^. 
Jm-PEL',  ■».  {pello),  to  drive  07i. 
im-PEND',  D.  {pendeo),  to  hang  ?^^o?2  or  oner. 
im-poRT',  ■«.  (porto),  to  carry  i?i^<?. 
/m-posE',  «).  {pono),  to  put  -mjowz. 
/m-PRis'oN,  «.  to  put  m  prison. 

Ir,  for  In, 

Signifies  in  or  into,  on  or  wp<w. 

ir'-KiTATE,  «.  (^m),  to  put  in  anger. 
ir-RUp'TiON,  n.  (ruptum),  a  breaking  into, 

Irif  before  an  Adjective. 
Signifies  not. 

In-A&TivE,  a.  not  active. 
In-AN'iMATB,  a.  (animd),  not  having  life. 
/?i-cau'tious,  a.  not  cautious. 
/ti-com'petent,  a.  nx>t  competent. 

Ig,  for  In, 

Signifies  not. 
igf-No'BLE,  a.  not  noble. 
^-nomin'ious,  a.  {nomen),  not  having  a  name. 

U,  for  In, 

Signifies  not. 

/?-le'gal,  a.  not  legal. 

/Z-leg'ible,  a.  (lego),  that  can  not  be  read. 

/^lib'eral,  a.  not  liberal. 

J^Lic'iT,  a.  not  permitted 


LATIN    PKKFIXES. 

Inif  for  In* 

Signifies  noU 
iw2-M0R'AL,  a.  not  moral. 
Jtw-mor'tal,  a.  not  mortal. 
/m-PAR'TiAL,  a.  not  partial. 
/w-pa'tient,  a.  not  patient. 
iw-PER'FECT,  a.  n^t  perfect. 

Ir,  for  In, 

Signifies  not. 

ir-RA'TiONAL,  a.  not  rational. 
//•-reput'able,  a.  not  to  be  refuted, 
//•-reg'ular,  a.  not  regular. 
ir-RESisT'rBLE,  a.  not  to  be  resisted. 

Inter, 

Signifies  'between  or  among. 

JTi^r-FERE',  Ti.  (ferio),  to  strike  hetween. 
In'ter-i.vT>E,  n.  (ludd)^  r.  part  letween  plays, 
/wfer-POSE',  V.  (pouo),  to  place  between. 
Inter'-ROQXT^^  v.  (rogo)^  to  ask  between. 
Jnter-nvFT' ,  v.  (ruptum),  to  break  between, 
Inter-SKCT',  v.  (seco),  to  cut  between.. 

Intro, 

Signifies  within. 

Intro-Dvc^',  V.  (duco),  to  lead  within, 
/w^o-vert',  v.  (verto),  to  turn  within, 

Ob, 

Signifies  in  the  way.,  against,  out. 

O&'-LOQUY,  n.  (loquor),  something  spoken  against. 
6>&'-STACLE,  n.  (sto),  something  standing  in  the  way, 
0&-TRUDE',  V.  (trvdo),  to  thrust  against. 
O&'-viATE,  V.  {via)y  to  put  out  of  the  way. 

Oc,  for  Ob, 

Signifies  in  the  way,  up,  down. 

Oc-ca'sion,  n.  (cado),  a  falling  in  the  way, 
Oc'-cuPY,  D.  (capio),  to  take  up. 
Oo-cur',  v.  (curro),  to  run  in  the  way. 

Of,  for  Ob, 

Signifies  in  the  way,  against, 

0/*-fend',  v.  {fendo),  to  strike  against, 
©/■'-FER,  X).  (fero),  to  bear  in  the  way. 

Op,  for  Ob, 

Signi^s  in  the  way,  against, 

O^-pose',  v.  (pono),  to  put  in  the  way, 
C^-PRESs',  V.  (premo),  to  press  against, 
C^)^ugn',  v.  {pugna)f  to  fight  against. 


53 


54  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   EtYMOLOGlT. 

Ter. 

Signifies  through  or  thormigKl/y, 

P<er'-FECT,  a.  {fado)^  made  thoroughly, 
P^-spire',  v.  {spiro),  to  breathe  through, 
Per-VADE'  'c.  {mdo)^  to  go  through, 
Pe-rusE',  n.  (usum),  to  read  through. 

Post. 

Signifies  after. 

P<?s^pone',  v.  (pono),  to  put  after  or  ojf. 

P<?sf -SCRIPT,  n.  (scribo),  something  written  after^ 

Pre, 

Signifies  before, 

Pre-CBDB',  '&.  (cedo),  to  go  before. 
Pre-T>iCT\  V.  (dice),  to  foretell. 
Pre-FEB,',  V.  ifero),  to  bear  or  esteem  before, 
Pre'-Fix,  n.  (Jixus),  something  fixed  before. 
Pre-siDE',  v,  (sedeo),  to  sit  before. 
Pre-VENT',  V.  (venio),  to  come  before. 

Preter, 

Signifies  beyond  or  past. 

Pre'ter-iT,  a.  (eo),  gone  past. 
Preter-HAi'viLAijj  a.  beyond  natural. 

Pro, 

Signifies  for,  forward,  forth  or  out, 

Pw-ceed',  v.  (cedo),  to  go  forward. 
Pro-MOTE',  V.  {moved),  to  move  forwa/rd. 
Pro-PEL',  v.  (pello),  to  drive  forward. 
Pro-DVCE,\  V.  (dueo),  to  lead  forth. 
Pro-ChAJM',  V.  (clamo),  to  cry  out. 
Pw-tract',  v.  (traho),  to  draw  out, 
Pto-voke',  v.  (voco),  to  call  out. 

He, 

Signifies  back  or  again,  anew, 

P^cede',  «.  (cedo),  to  go  5acj5;. 
Pe-CLAiM',  v.  (clanw),  to  call  &acyfc. 
Pe-CLiNE',  ?).  {clino),  to  lean  5«c^. 
Pe'-FLUX,  71.  {Jiuo),  a  flowing  &<zc^. 
Pe-FUSE',  ??.  (fundo),  to  pour  5«c^. 
ife-voKE',  «.  {wco),  to  call  &ac^. 

Signifies  baclc  or  bachwards. 

Pfe^o-CEs'siON,  71.  (cessum),  the  act  of  going  5acfe 
Pe^Vo-GRADE,  7).  (gradior),  going  backward. 
Met'ro-BTECT,  n.  (specw)^  a  looking  backwa/rds. 


LATIN    PREFIXES.  55 

Se. 
Signifies  aside  or  apa/rt. 

/Secede',  «.  {cedo)^  to  go  apart. 
/S'^clude',  v.  {claudo)^  to  shut  up  apart. 
Se-DVCE,',  V.  {duco)^  to  lead  aside. 
^S^di'tign,  n.  (itum),  a  going  aside. 

Sine. 

Signifies  without. 

;^m'-PLE,  a.  (plica),  without  fold. 
/SiVcERE',  a.  (cera),  without  wax. 
Si'ne-CJTRB,  n.  {cura),  a  situation  withmtt  cart. 

Signifies  under. 

/8w&-ja'cent,  «.  (jaceo),  lying  under. 
/Si<J-marine',  «.  {mare),  under  the  sea. 
/8wJ-scribe',  ?).  (scribo),  to  write  under. 
Sub-THACT',  V.  (trahd),  to  draw  wri^Z^  or  /tywi. 

<Smc,  /or  >S>/«6. 

Signifies  under,  up. 

8uc-cwEJ>',  V.  (cedo),  to  go  under  or  a/i5^. 
Su^coB,',  V.  (curro),  to  run  under. 
Suc-ctjmb',  v.  (cubo),  to  lean  under. 

Stiff  for  Sub. 

Signifies  under. 

Suf'-F^n,  V.  ifero),  to  bear  under. 
£iuf-FVSi^\  V.  (fundo),  to  pour  under. 

Sup,  for  Sub. 

Signifies  under,  up. 

Sup-PORT',  v.  (porto),  to  bear  up. 
8up-FOS^',  V.  (pono),  to  put  under. 
Sup-FB,BBs',  V.  (premo),  to  press  under. 

Super. 

Signifies  (ibove  or  over^  upon. 

Buper-ABOXTST)',  v.  to  oc^abound. 
8uper-ADD',  V.  to  add  over  and  above, 
Super-FUfE',  a.  overdue. 
Super-SFiyB',  v.  (sedeo),  to  sit  above. 
Super-Yi'son,  n.  (video),  an  overseer. 
Super-BCBiSE,' ,  v.  (scribo),  to  write  upon. 

SuTf  {Fr.  for  Super.) 

Signifies  cdxyoe,  over,  upon. 

Sur-M^ojmi:' ,  V.  to  mount  aI>ove. 
Sur-YiYB',  V.  (vivo),  to  live  over  or  after, 
Sur' -FACF,  n.  (fades),  upon  the  face. 
/SW-'YEy',  v.  (video),  to  look  upon. 


56  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Sus,  for  Sub, 

Signifies  under,  up,  upwards. 
/Su8-tect\  v.  (gpecw),  to  look  under. 
Sus-fbkd',  v.  (pendeo),  to  hang  up. 
JSus-TAUi',  V.  (teneo),  to  hold  up. 

Trans. 

Signifies  across,  over  or  beyond,  th/rou{fh. 
Tra-DTJCE,',  V.  (duco),  to  lead  across. 
Trans-¥ER',  v.  {fero),  to  carry  over. 
Trans-ijATB' ,  v.  (latum),  to  carry  over. 
Trans-MIT',  v.  {mitto),  to  send  over. 

Ultra, 

Signifies  'beyond. 
UVtra-i^T,  n.  one  who  is  beyond. 
f/^iro-MON'TANE,  a.  (mons),  beyond  the  mountains. 
Ultra-Mus'BAiiE,  a.  {mundus),  beyond  the  world. 


STIFFIXJES. 

FORMULA. — Manual, — m-a-n-u-a-1,— manual, — manu  is  derived  from  the  Latla 
word  manixs,  the  hand ; — the  suffix  al  signifies  of,  relating  or  pertaining  to;  batting  or 
ecoming  ; — when  combined,  they  form  the  word  manual,  which  means  rekiti  tg  or  per- 
taining to  the  hand. 

Ac. 

Signifies  of,  or  belonging  to. 
—  Car'dmc,  a.  (cardia,  Gr.),  belonging  to  the  heart. 
ELEGi'ac,  a.  (elegia,  Gr.),  belonging  to  elegy. 
DEMo'Niac,  a.  belonging  to  a  demon. 

Aceous. 

Signifies  of  or  consisting  of,  like  or  resembling. 
^  AnBTsa'c^ous,  a.  (arena),  consisting  of  sand. 
-  ARGiJji,a' ceous,  a.  (argilla),  consisting  of  clay. 
YAiXTSia'ceous,  a.  (fa/rina),  consisting  of  meal. 
lS.i&nwi' ceous,  a.  (herba),  consisting/  of  herbs. 

Act/. 

Signifies  being,  or  state  of  being;  office  of, 
Kc'cTTRocy,  n.  a  being  accurate. 
jy-EJj'icacy,  n.  a  being  delicate. 
OB'sTTNacy,  n.  a  being  obstinate.  , 

Cv'nacy,  n.  the  office  of  a  curate. 

Age. 

Signifies  collection  of;  state  of  being;  an  aXlowanee  for. 
'BA.Or'Ocage,  n.  a  collection  of  bags. 
CGBD'age,  n.  a  collection  of  cords. 
HERB'a^e,  n.  a  collection  of  herbs. 
BoND'o^e,  n.  state  of  being  in  bonds. 


SUFFIXES.  57 

AL 

Signifies  of,  relating  or  pertaining  to  ;  lejitting  or  hecoming. 

Fil'i«Z,  a.  (Jilius),  relating  to  or  becoming  a  son. 
Fi^o'nal,  a.  (Jlos),  relating  to  flowers. 
M.AN'ual,  a.  (manus),  relating  to  the  hand. 
Ment'oZ,  a.  {mens),  relating  to  the  mind. 

An,  Ian,  Ean, 

Signifies  belonging,  relating  or  pertaining  t4, 

AGRA'Ria/i,  a,  {ager),  relating  to  the  fields. 
Chris 'Tm/2,  a.  relating  to  Christ. 
1*lebe'i<z^,  a.  relating  to  the  people. 
'Eixm.ove'an,  a.  relating  to  Europe. 

An,  Ian, 

Signifies  one  who,  or  the  person  that. 

A.'RT'man,  n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  an  art. 
Cimis'Tian,  n.  one  who  believes  in  Christ. 
EuROP-e'aw,  n.  one  who  lives  in  Europe. 
HiST0'Ria?i,  n,  one  who  writes  history. 

Ance,  Ancy, 

Signifies  being  or  state  of  being  ;  ing* 

Coin' STanct/,  n.  state  of  being  constant. 
Ig'nor«wc<3,  n.  state  of  being  ignorant. 
YiQt'iLance,  n.  state  of  being  vigilant. 
AsBiST'aTice,  n.  (sisto),  a  standiTi^  to. 

Ant. 

Signifies  one  who,  or  the  penon  thai, 

KmAnJant,  n.  one  who  assails. 
Absist'«/^^,  n.  one  wlw  assists. 
CLAiM'a^i^,  n.  one  who  claims. 
Com'bat«7?,^,  n.  one  who  combats. 
AttfkdW^,  n.  one  who  attends. 
Depend'^ti^,  n,  one  who  depends  on  another. 

Ant, 

Signifies  ing, 

BRiLL'iaTii,  a.  Qyriller),  ^ming. 
ATTEND'«/i^,  a.  attend^?^^;  accompanyzTi^. 
Depend W#,  a.  (pendeo),  hangw^  down. 
Co^'^o^ant,  a.  (sonus),  somidi7ig  together. 
OBSERv'aw^,  a.  observing. 
PleasW^,  a.  pleas^7^^. 

Ar, 

Signifies  in  the  form  of;  like ;  relating  to ;  having. 

CiR'cuLar,  a.  (circulua^  in  the  form  of  a  circle. 
GLOB'uLar,  a.  {globus),  in  the  form  of  a  globe. 

*  Ing  has  a  participial  meaning,  and  is  defined  by  the  expression  continuing  to ;  be- 
cause it  denotes  primari^,  continuance  of  action,  or  condition. 


58  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

iN'sTTLar,  a.  (insula),  relating  to  an  island. 
Ju'GULar,  a.  (jugulum),  relating  to  the  throat. 
Oc'uL<zr,  a.  (oculus),  relating  to  the  eyes. 
CEL'LULar,  a.  {cello),  Jiaving  cells. 

At, 

Signifies  one  who. 

BEG'Gar,  n.  one  wlw  begs. 
"hi'ar,  n.  one  who  tells  lies. 
ScHOL'ar,  n.  one  who  goes  to  school. 


Ard, 

Signifies  one  who. 

'DBJTSTK'a/rd,  n.  one  who  gets  drunk. 
SLUG^Gar*^,  n.  one  who  is  sluggish. 
Do'T«r^,  n.  one  whose  mind  is  impaired. 
Nig'g6W<^,  n.  ons  who  is  a  miser. 

Ary, 

Signifies  one  icho  or  the  person  that. 

AdVers^t"?/,  n.  one  who  is  adverse. 
l£iM.'i^Bary,  n.  one  who  is  sent  out. 
Mis'siON^r^/,  n.  (mitto),  one  who  is  sent. 
TBiB'jJiary,  n.  one  who  pays  tribute. 

Ary, 

Signifies  the  place  where,  or  the  thing  that. 

A-'-piary,  n.  {apis),  the  place  where  bees  are  kept. 
Gc^Ks'ary,  n.  (granum),  the  place  where  grain  is  stored. 
Li'brot^/,  n.  (liber),  the  place  where  books  are  kept. 
Lu'MrNarg^,  n.  (lumen),  the  thing  that  gives  light. 

Ary, 

Signifies  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  to. 

HoN'oR^r^/,  a.  pertaining'  or  relating  to  honor. 
LiT'ERfl^?/^  ^-  (Jitera),  pertaining  or  relating  to  letters. 
MiL'iTary,  a.  (miles),  pertaining  or  relating  to  soldiers. 
PuL'MONarg^,  a.  (pulmo),  pertaining  or  relating  to  the  lungs. 

Ate, 

Signifies  having,  being. 

CoR'v&Rate,  a.  (corpus),  having  a  body. 
iNAN'iMa^e,  a.  (anima),  not  having  life. 
iNTEs'T^ife,  a.  (testis),  not  having  a  will. 
DEs'pERa^  «.  (spero),  being  out  of  hope. 

Signifies  one  who  or  #^^  person  that. 

Qxj'iLate,  n.  (euro),  one  wlw  has  the  care. 
DBii'BQate,  n.  (lego),  one  who  is  sent  from. 
GrRKD'Tiate,  n.  (gradior),  one  who  takes  a  degree. 
Po'TENTa^,  n.  (posse),  one  who  has  power. 


SUFFIXES. 

Ate. 

Signifies  to  make,  to  give,  to  put,  or  to  take. 
'D'ERTL'Tsate,  V.  {dehilis),  to  make  feeble. 
FACiL'iTfl!^,  V.  (faeilis),  to  make  easy. 
Frus'tr^^,  «.  {frustra),  to  make  vain. 
Ren'ov^^^,  v.  (novus),  to  make  new  again. 
D^c'onate,  v.  {decor),  to  give  ornament. 
Reg'ul«^6,  v.  (rego),  to  give  rules. 

Ble,  Able,  Ihle. 

Signifies  mxiy  l)e  or  can  'be  ;  worthy  of, 
Blam'«5Z^,  a.  that  may  ie  blamed. 
DmCEB.i>i'ible,  a.  that  can  he  discerned. 
Inhab'itoJ^,  a.  that  can  le  inhabited. 
Contempt '*5fe,  a.  worthy  of  contempt. 
Cle, 
Signifies  little  or  small. 
Can'tic^^,  n.  (cano),  a  little  song. 
I'cicle,  n.  a  small  stick  of  ice. 
PED'icfe,  n.  {pes),  a  little  flower  stem. 
Doiti. 
Signifies  the  place  where  ;  state  of  'being. 
'DxTKE.'dom,  n.  the  place  where  a  duke  reigna. 
'KiSiQ'dom,  n.  the  place  where  a  king  reigns. 
.  YB.E:K'dom,  n.  the  state  of  being  free. 
Wis'dom,  n.  the  state  of  being  wise. 
Ee. 
Signifies  one  who,  or  one  to  whom. 
Absent««',  n.  one  who  is  absent. 
RefuG(S€',  n.  {fugio),  one  who  flies. 
AssiGNe^',  n.  one  to  whom  anything  is  assigned. 
Trusts',  n.  one  to  whom  a  trust  is  given. 
Eer, 
Signifies  one  who  or  the  person  that. 
AucTioN^er',  n.  one  who  sells  at  an  auction. 
ENGiN^er',  n.  one  who  has  charge  of  an  engine. 
MouNTAiNd^r',  n.  one  who  lives  on  a  mountain. 
MuTENeer',  n.  one  who  is  guilty  of  mutiny. 

En, 

Signifies  mMe  of. 
BRA'zezi,  a.  mM,e  of  brass. 
HEMp'^Ti,  a.  mxide  of  hemp. 
WooD'dw,  a.  made  of  wood. 
WooL'^^i,  a.  made  of  wool. 

En, 
Si^ifies  to  mxike. 
Deep'^w.,  -0.  to  make  deep. 
Fast'^??.,  v.  to  make  fast. 
GLAD'De?i,  V.  to  make  glad. 
Hahd'^/i,  «).  to  make  hard. 


60  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Ence,  Ency, 

Signifies  heing  or  state  ofbeing;  ing. 

jM'FJTDence,  n.  (pudeo),  state  ofbeing  without  shama. 
Co:^CJm.'iience,  n.  (curro),  a  running  together. 
Coif'Fijvence,  n.  (Jluo),  a  lowing  together. 
Bjj'oqjjence,  n.  (loquor)^  a  speakm^  out. 

Ent. 

Signifies  one  wTio,  or  the  person  tMt. 

Adhe'r^ti^,  n.  (luBreo)^  one  who  sticks  to. 
A'oent,  n.  (ago),  one  who  acts. 
Pa'tk/?^,  n.  (patior),  one  who  sufiers. 
PREs'iDe/i^,  n.  one  who  presides. 

Ent. 

Signifies  ing  or  'bein^. 

Cohe'r^w.^,  a.  (hcBfeo)^  sticki?z^  together. 
Efful'g^ti^,  a.  ifulgeo),  shinm^  forth. 
PendVw^,  a.  {pend.eo)^  hangi;z^. 
'Fo'nent,  a.  {potens)^  being  powerful. 

Er. 

Signifies  one  who  or  the  person  that, 

BuiLD'^r,  n.  one  who  builds. 
BuY'er,  n.  one  who  buys, 
FisH'er,  n.  one  who  fishes. 
iNQUiR'er,  n.  one  who  inquires. 

Escence, 
Signifies  state  of  growing  or  becoming. 

Co'NYAJjes' cence,  n.  (valeo),  state  of  growing  well. 
'PvTB.es'cence,  n.  (putris),  state  of  becoming  rotten^ 

Escent, 

Signifies  growing  or  becoming. 

CoTSY Aloes' ce?it,  a.  growing  well. 
Q,vies'cent,  a.  (quies),  becoming  quiet. 

Eul. 

Signifies  full  of, 

Care'/i^Z,  a.  full  of  care. 
DouBTy^^Z,  a.  full  of  doubt. 
FiEAnfal,  a.  full  of  fear. 
HopEyW,  a.  full  of  hope. 

Signifies  to  make. 
Yon'Tifp,  V.  (fortis),  to  make  strong. 
Mag'ni/2/5  ^-  (magnus),  to  make  great. 
Pu'ri^/,  v.  (purus),  to  make  pure. 
Rec'ti/^,  v.  (rego),  to  make  right. 


SUFFIXES.  6J 

Hood, 

Signifies  tlie  state  of, 
BoY'Tiood,  n.  the  state  of  a  boy. 
CwLLD'hood^  n.  the  state  of  a  child. 
Knight 'Aoo^,  n.  the  state  of  a  knight. 
QiKL'hood,  n.  the  state  of  a  girl. 

Ic,  leal. 

Signifies  of  'pertaining  to^  like. 
AcADEM'*m?,  a.  pertaining  to  an  academy. 
Angel'^o/Z,  a,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  angel. 
HEBo'ic,  a.  like  a  hero. 
Ocean'^c,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  ocean. 

Ice. 

Signifies  a  being,  or  thing  that. 
JvsT'ice,  n.  a  l>eing  just. 
MAL'ice,  n.  (male),  a  being  evil. 
Serv'^c^,  n.  the  thing  that  is  served. 
No'Tice,  n,  (nosco),  the  thing  that  makes  known. 

les. 

Signifies  the  science  or  art  of 
Eth'ics,  n.  the  science  of  manners  or  moraUk 
Op'im,  n.  the  science  of  seeing. 

«  Id. 

Signifies  being  or  ing. 
"Fisia'id,  a.  (frigtis),  being  cold. 
SPLEN'D^<^,  a.  (splendo),  shining. 
Ton'md,  a.  (torreo),  parching. 
Yiv'id,  a.  (vivo),  Hying. 

lie. 
Signifies  belonging  to;  may  or  can  be;  easily. 
FE'snile,  a.  (  febris),  belonging  to  a  fever. 
H.os'Tile,  a.  (hostis),  belonging  to  an  enemy. 
Juv'EN^^,  a.  (juvenis),  belonging  to  youth.  .  >    > 

Fbag'*^,  a.  (frango),  easily  broken. 

Ine, 

Signifies  of  or  belonging.  *     • 

'DTvin£',  a.  (divus),  belonging  to  God. 
QA.'mne,  a.  (canis),  belonging  to  dogs. 
Fem'inw,  a.  (femina),  belonging  to  woman. 
iN'FANTiTi^,  a.  belonging  to  an  infant. 
Ion, 
Signifies  the  act  of;  state  of  being  ;  ing. 
ExpuL's^07^,  n.  (pello),  the  act  0/ driving  out. 
Is^p^c'iion,  n.^(specio),  the  act  of  looking  into. 
Anima'tzwi,  n.  the  state  of  being  animate. 
ConnvF'Tion,  n.  the  state  of  being  corrupt. 
'PnBCis'ion,  n.  the  state  of  being  precise. 
ExpA^'s^(?^^,  n.  (pando),  a  spread^?^5r  out. 


82  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Ise,  Ize, 
Signifies  to  mdke^  to  give, 
Ciy'ihise,  «.  to  make  civil. 
Fer'til^s^,  1).  to  make  fertile. 
Le'gal^s^,  v.  to  make  legal. 
MoD'ERmg!^,  V.  to  make  modem. 
Ish. 
Signifies  somswhat ;  belonging  to;  lik§, 
Black'^sA,  a.  somewhat  black. 
GREEN'^s^,  a.  somewhat  green. 
Scot'tM,  a.  'belonging  to  Scotland. 
Span'M,  a.  belonging  to  Spain. 
'Foo'L'ish^  a.  like  a  fool. 
Fop'pM,  a.  like  a  fop. 
Ish, 
Signifies  to  mxike, 
Chbr'M,  id.  {carus)^  to  make  dear. 
EMBEL'L^s^,  v.  Q)eau),  to  make  beautiful. 
Yi^'ish,  V.  (Jinis),  to  make  an  end. 
Pub'l^s^,  v.  (vulgus),  to  make  public. 
Ism, 
Signifies  state  of  being  ;  an  idiom  ;  doctrine  of, 
BAR'BAR^8m,  n.  state  of  being  barbarous. 
;  Fanat'ic^s???.,  n.  state  of  being  a  fanatic. 

'SiER'oism^  n.  state  of  being  a  hero. 
iD'iOTzm,  n.  state  of  being  an  idiot. 
1st, 
Signifies  one  who^  or  the  person  that, 
ART'ist,  n.  one  who  practises  an  art. 
Bot'an2s^,  n.  one  who  studies  botany. 
Flor'^'s^,  n.  (fos),  one  who  cultivates  flowers. 
Hu'MORis^,  n.  one  who  is  fond  of  humor. 
Ite, 
Signifies  one  who^  or  the  person  that. 
CA'NAAmY^,  n.  one  who  dwells  in  Canaan. 
FA'voR^Ye,  n.  one  who  is  favored. 
LEV^^  n.  one  who  is  descended  from  LeTl. 
Ity,  or  Ty, 
Signifies  being  or  state  of  being. 
ABTL'ity,  n.  state  of  being  able. 
CAPTiY'ity,  n.  state  of  being  a  captive. 
DociL'ity,  n.  state  of  being  docile. 
FBRTrL'%,  n.  state  of  being  fertile. 

Ive, 

Signifies  one  who^  or  the  person  that, 
CAT'Tive,  n.  (capio),  one  who  is  taken. 
Ftf'GiTZ'pe,  n.  (ftigio),  one  who  flies. 
Op'ERATi^e,  n.  {opera),  one  who  works. 
Na't^v^,  n.  (nascor),  one  who  is  bom. 


STJFFIXES.  63 

Ive. 

Signifies  Jiamng  powers  or  ing. 
Correct'*??^,  a.  having  power  to  correct. 
INVENT'^®e,  a.  having  power  to  invent. 
ADH:E'8^«e,  a.  {hoereo),  stick^ri^  to. 
ATTRACT'i«?e,  a.  attractiVz^. 

Less, 
Signifies  without, 
Asu'less,  a.  without  art. 
CwTLD'less^  a.  witTwut  a  child. 
Fruit7^s8,  a.  without  fruit. 
Tow'ERless,  a.  without  power. 

Like. 

Signifies  liJce  or  resembling, 
QoD'liTce^  a.  like  or  resentbling  God. 
MAN'ZiZ;^,  a.  like  or  resembling  man. 
WAR^i^,  a.  Ze^  or  resembling  war. 

Ling. 

Signifies  ZzW^e,  young. 
DAu'ling,  n.  a  ?zY^Ze  dear. 
jyjjCT^'ling,  n.  a  Zi^^Z^  or  young  duck. 
Gos'ling,  n.  a  Zz^^Ze  or  young  goose. 
LoRD'ZiTi^,  n.  a  Z^'^^Ze  or  yown^  lord. 

Lpf  for  Like. 

Signifies  like  or  resembling, 
Cow'ardZ^,  a.  like  or  resembling  a  coward. 
Fa'therZ^,  a.  Z^^  or  resembling  a  father. 
PRiNCE'Zy,  a.  Zi^  or  resembling  a  prince. 
WoRLD'Zy,  a.  like  or  resembling  the  world. 

Ment, 

Signifies  Je^Tz^  or  state  of  being  ;  act  of;  the  thing  that, 
'ExciTE'ment,  n.  state  of  being  excited. 
Retire 'm^^,  .7i.  state  of  being  retired. 
CB-AaTiSEi'm^nt,  n.  act  of  chastising. 
AcQUiRE'm^Tiif,  n.  the  thing  acquired. 

Mofiy. 

Signifies  state  of  being  ;  thing  that. 
Ac'mmmiy,  n.  (acris),  the  state  of  being  sharp. 
M-AT'iiimony,  n.  (mater\  the  state  of  being  a  mother. 
TAT'nimony,  n.  (pater),  the  thin^  inherited  from  a  father. 
TEs'Timony,  n.  {testis),  the  thing  that  is  aflirmed  by  a  witneia, 

Ness. 
Signifies  a  being  or  state  of  being.  . 

"BASE'ness,  n.  the  state  of  be^ng  base. 
BoiJ)'n£8S,  n.  the  state  of  being  bold. 
Coojj'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  cool. 
YoisD'ness^  n.  the  state  of  being  fond. 
GiuAJi)' ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  glad. 


64  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Or, 

Signifies  one  who,  or  the  person  that, 
CoLLECT'<?r,  n.  one  who  collects. 
CiiEA'T(?r,  n.  one  who  creates. 
DrRECT'or,  n.    me  who  directs. 
iM'iiA-Tor^  n.  one  who  imitates. 
Inspect'ot*,  n.  one  who  inspects. 
PbedictW,  n.  one  icho  predicts. 
Ory, 
Signifies  the  place  where;  thing  that. 
jy^vo^'iTory^  n.  the  place  where  things  are  deposited. 
DoB.'M.vrory,  n.  (dormio),  a  place  where  persons  sleep. 
FAG'iory,  n.  ifacio),  a  place  where  articles  are  made. 
MEM'ory,  n.  ike  thing  or  faculty  that  remembers. 

Ovy, 
Signifies  of ;  belonging  or  relating  to;  in^. 
Pbef'atot^,  a.  'belonging  or  relating  to  a  preface. 
VALEDic'Tory,  n.  {vale,  dico),  relating  to  a  farewelL 
ExpLAN'ATory,  a.  explaming. 
&ATiSFAc'Torj/,  a.  BSLtisfying. 

Ose, 
Signifies  full  of. 
Jocose',  a.  (jocus),  full  of  jokes. 
Verbose',  a.  (verbum),  full  of  words. 
Ous, 
Signifies  full  of;  consisting  of;  ing, 
Dan'gerows,  a.  full  of  danger. 
QrLo''Rious,  a.  full  of  glory. 
QniEv'ous,  a.  full  of  grief. 
Labo'ri<??^s,  a.  full  of  labor. 
Mur'derows,  a.  murderiw^. 

Ry. 
Signifies  a  being  ;  the  art  of;  the  place  where, 
BRA'vEry,  n.  a  being  brave. 
SLA'vEry,  n.  a  being  a  slave. 
CooK'Ery,  n.  the  art  of  a  cook. 
BuR'Gimry,  n.  the  art  of  a  surgeon. 

Ship, 

Signifies  office  of;  state  of, 
OiSERK'ship,  n.  the  office  of  a  clerk. 
Horse 'M:AN8A^jp,  n.  the  office  of  a  horseman. 
¥mMST>'ship,  n.  the  state  of  a  friend. 
Ri'vALsAi^,  n.  the  state  of  a  rival. 
Some, 
Signifies  somewhat ;  full  of, 
"DjLKK'some,  a.  somewhat  dark. 
QiiAD'some,  a.  somewhat  glad. 
WEA'Ris6>m^,  a.  somewhat  weary. 
Tnoij'icsome,  a.  full  of  frolic. 


SUFFIXES. 

Ster. 

Signifies  one  who. 
Game's^,  n.  one  who  games  or  gambles, 
8ong'«^,  n.  one  who  sings. 
Young's^,  n.  one  who  is  young. 

Tilde,  Ude, 

Signifies  Idng  or  state  of  heing. 
AiJiitnde^  n.  (alius),  the  state  of  being  high. 
FoTi'Titiide,  n.  (fortis),  the  state  ofMng  brave. 
'RE.c'Titvde,  n.  {rectus),  the  state  ofhein^  right. 
^nnR'Yitvde,  n.  (servio),  n.  the  state  ofhein^  a  slay*. 

Ule. 

Signifies  little  or  small. 
AnJMAij'ciUe,  n.  a  little  animal. 
QjjOi&'ule,  n.  a  little  globe. 
Gban'm^,  n.  {granum),  a  little  grain. 
Ret'icm^,  7i.  a  little  net  or  bag. 

Signifies  the  thing  ;  state  of  teing  ;  act  of, 
CuBA'Ture,  n.  the  thing  created. 
ENCLo'swre,  n.  the  thing  that  is  enclosed. 
ScRip'T^re,  n.  (scribo),  the  thing  written. 
CoMTo'sure,  n.  the  state  of  l)eing  composed. 
Expo'st^re,  n.  the  state  of  being  exposed. 
DEPART'wre,  n.  the  ac^  0/  departing. 

Signifies  in  the  direction  of  or  looking  towa/rd, 
EA.BT'wa/rd,  ad.  in  the  direction  of  the  east. 
HEAv'EN?/?ar^,  ad.  in  the  direction  of  heaven. 
H0ME'M?ar(?,  ad.  loohing  towa/rds  home. 
WiND'i^arc?,  ad.  looking  towanrds  the  wind. 

Y. 

Signifies  the  being  ;  the  state  of  being  ;  in^f, 
HoN'ESTy,  n.  state  of  being  honest. 
Mas'ter^,  n,  state  of  being  master. 
Mod'est?/,  n.  state  of  being  modest. 
CoL'LOQuy,  n.  (loquor),  a  talk^'rz^  togethtr. 

T. 

Signifies  full  of;  consisting  or  made  of, 

BloodV,  a.  full  of  blood. 
BKi'Ny,  a.  full  of  brine. 
DewV,  a.  full  of  dew. 
CLAY'ey,  a.  consisting  of  clay. 
Flesh'^,  a.  consisting  of  flesh. 
RocK'y,  a.  consisting  9f  rock. 


66 


ti6 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


GBBEK  rBEFIXES. 

A,  AUf  {a  Privative.*) 
Signifies  want  of.,  not.,  or  witTwut. 

ilBTSs',  n.  (byssos).,  without  a  bottom. 
^TyAKCHY,  n.  (arcJie),  want  of  government. 
Anon' ALT,  n.  (omalos),  not  or  none  like. 
-4p'athy,  n.  {pathos),  want  of  feeling. 
-4'theist,  n.  (theos),  one  without  a  God. 

Amphi,  Ambif  {dufL,  and  ambo,  Lat.  both,) 
Signifies  both  or  double. 

AmphiB'iOTJB,  a.  (bios),  living  both  on  land  and  in  water. 
-4wMdex'trous,  a.  (dexter),  using  both  hands. 

Ana,  (uva.) 
Signifies  through,  up,  back,  or  a^ain. 

Anajj'Y&is,  n.  (lysis),  a  loosing  back  or  again. 
AnaT'oMYj  n.  (tomos),  a  cutting  through  or  up. 

Antif  Ant,  (dvri.) 

Signifies  against,  opposite  or  opposed  to. 
AntAnc'Tic,  n.  (arctos),  opposite  to  the  north. 
AntiBTL'iojjB,  a.  (Nlis),  against  bile. 
Antir' ATBY,  n.  (pathos),  feeling  against. 

Apo,  Aph,  (uTTo.) 
Signifies  from  or  away. 

Apoc'-RTPTiK,  n.  (crypto),  writings  concealed  from, 
-4^8'tate,  n.  (sto),  one  who  stands  from  or  away, 
^^os'tle,  n.  (stello),  one  sent  from. 
AphB'jjiON,  n.  the  point  farthest  from  the  sun. 

Cata,    Cat,  (Kara.) 
Signifies  down,  from  side  to  side. 
Cat'aijOQVE,  n.  (logos),  words  or  names  written  down. 
Catannn',  n.  (rheo),  a  flowing  down. 
Cat'BCHisis,,  v.  (ecTieo),  to  make  sounds  from  side  to  side. 

Dia,  Di,  (^ta.) 
Signifies  through,  asunder. 

DiMii'B8i8,  n.  (ceresis),  a  taking  asunder  or  separately. 
IHog'otskl,  a.  (gonia),  through  the  angles. 
i>iaM'ETEii,  n.  (metrum),  the  measure  through. 
JDi'aPH'ANOUs,  a.  (p\ano),  appearing  tb/rough. 

*  Privative,  n.  a  letter  or  syllable  prefixed  to  a  word,  which  changes  it  from  an 
affirmative  to  a  negative  sense, 


GREEK   PREFIXES.  67 

JEn,  Em. 

Signifies  in  or  on. 

.K^dem'ic,  a.  (demos),  arising  in  or  among  the  people. 
Enrujj'siAST,  n.  (theos),  one  who  believes  that  God  is  in  him. 
-Sw'pHASis,  n.  (phano),  a  stress  of  voice  on. 

Epi,  {em.) 
Signifies  upon. 

J^dem'ic,  a.  (demos),  upon  the  people. 
i^'^GRAM,  n.  (grapJio),  something  written  upon. 
Ep'iLOOrJm,  n.  {logos),  what  is  spoken  upon  or  after, 
J^'iTAPH,  n.  (taphos),  upon  one  who  is  buried. 

HypeVf  (vTCEp.) 
Signifies  aJxxoe,  over,  or  'beyond. 

HyperBo'uKATif,  a.  (boreas),  beyond  the  north. 

HypercB,Tr'iCAii,  a.  oc^'critical. 

Hyper'BOijE,  n.  (bole),  a  shooting  beyond  the  mark. 

Eu,  or  Ev,  (ev.). 
Signifies  good. 

.^lo'gium,  n.  (logos),  a  good  word. 
i^'PHONY,  71.  (phone),  a  good  sound. 
JE^an'gel,  n.  (angelos),  good  tidings ;  the  gospeL 

Hypo,  (vno.) 
Signifies  under. 
HypoTK'BBiBy  n.  (thesis),  what  is  placed  under. 

Met€l,  (/xera.) 
Signifies  beyond,  according  to'. 

Met'aFKOiL,  n.  (pJiero),  a  word  carried  beyond  ita  ordinary  meaning 
jr<?toPHYs'ics,  n.  (physis),  the  science  of  things  beyond  nature. 
Meth'oD,  n.  (odos),  according  to  a  way  or  plan. 

Para,  Par,  {irapa.) 
Signifies  beside,  like  or  simila/r. 

Par'ALLBL,  a.  (allelon),  beside  one  another. 

Par'oPHRASB,  n.  (phrasis),  a  phrase  beside  or  like  another. 

Par'ODY,  n.  (ode),  a  song  or  poem  Mice  or  imitative  of  another. 

Peri,  (nepi.) 
Signifies  round,  about. 

PmCRA'NiUM,  n.  (cranium),  round  the  cranium, 
PmM'ETER,  n.  (metrum),  the  measure  round. 

Syn,  {aw.) 
Signifies  together,  with. 

Syn'oiD,  n.  (odos),  a  way  or  coming  together. 
%nON'YMOUS,  a.  (onoma),  named  together  or  like^ 
8yno-p'sm,  n.  (opto),  a  looking  together. 
Syn'TAx,  n.  (tactos)^  a  pulling  together, 


68  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK  OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Sy,  for  Syn. 

Signifies  together,  with. 

Sys'T-EM,  n.  (stasis),  a  standing  together. 
/%s'tole,  n.  {stello),  a  sending  together. 

Syly  for  Syn. 

Signifies  together,  with. 
Spl'ijASL^,  n.  (labo),  a  taking  together. 

Sf/ni,  for  Sy^i, 

Signifies  together,  with. 

%wi'metky,  n.  (metrum),  a  measuring  together. 
Sym'F ATWY,  n.  {pathos),  a  feeling  with. 


GREEK   ALPHABET. 


Letter.  Sound.  Nama. 

A  a a Alpha. 

B  /3  6 b Beta. 

r  7 g Gammao 

A  6 d Delta. 

E  e e  as  in  met    Epsilon. 

Z  C z Zeta. 

H  rj : e  as  in  we Eta. 

e  d-d- th Theta. 

1  L i  Iota. 

K  AC    k Kappa. 

A  X   1   Lambda. 

M  fju - m  Mu. 

N  V n Nu. 

S  ^ X Xi. 

O  o o  as  in  not Omicron. 

n  TT p Pi. 

P  p r Rho. 

2  a,  r  final s Sigma. 

T  r t Tau. 

T  V u  or  y Upsilon. 

*  ^ ph    Phi. 

X  X ch      Chi. 

i'  ^ ps Psi. 

P  w , 0  as  in  wo   Omega. 


ANGLO-SAXON   BOOTS   AND   DEBIVATIVE8.  69 


ANGLO-SAXON  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


^ft — Behind.    Sceftan — Behind. 

Aft,  ad.  behind ;  astern.  j  Abaft',  ad.  behind ;  towards  the  stern 

Aft'eh,  prep,  following  in  place  or  |      of  a  ship, 
time.  I  Behind,  ad.  at  the  back  of. 

Behind'hand,  a.  in  arrears ;  backward. 


Abate',  v.  to  lessen ;  to  diminish. 
Beat,  v.  to  strike ;  to  bruise. 
Bate,  v.  to  lessen ;  to  grow  less. 
Beat'en,  p.  a.  made  smooth  by  tread 
ing. 


Beatan — ^to  Beat  ;  Bate. 

Unabat'ed,  a.  not  abated. 
Unbat'ed,  a.  not  lessened. 


Abate'ment,    n.     diminution;     de- 
crease. 


Betan — to  Push  Forwabd  ;  to  Promote. 
Abet',  v,  to  encourage ;  to  aid.  |  Abet'ter,  n.  one  who  abets. 

Abidan — to  Stay  in  a  Place  ;  to  Dwell. 

Abide',  «.  to  stay  in  a  place;  to  wait  I  Abid'ing,  n.  continuance;  stay. 
Bide,  v.  to  dwell ;  to  wait  for.     [for.  |  Abode',  n.  a  dwelling-place. 

Aboard',  ad.  a-hoard,  within  a  ship. 

Bodian — to  Command  ;  to  Announce  ;  to  Foretell. 

Bode'ment,  n.  an  omen. 
Bod'ing,  n.  an  omen. 
Forebod'er,  n.  one  who  forebodes. 
Forebod'ing,  n.   perception  before- 


Bode,  v.  to  foreshow. 
Abode',  v.  to  foretoken. 
Forebode',  v.  to  foretell. 
Unforbod'inq,  a.  giving  no  omens. 
Abod'ing,  n.  presentiment. 


hand. 


Abutan — About;  Around. 
About',  prep,  round ;  near  to.  |  About',  ad.  here  and  there. 

Abufan,    ^e— By,  and  ii/«t«— Aloft. 

Above',  prep,  in  a  higher  place ;  more  I  Above'all,  ad.  in  the  first  place, 
than.  I  Above'board,  ad.  in  open  sight. 

Above'ground,  a.  alive. 

—^  Abreast',  ad.  a,  breast,  side  by  side. 

Abroad',  ad.  brc^,  from  home ;  in  another  country. 

Ctirsian — to  Curse  ;  to  Doom. 

Accurse',  v.  to  doom  to  misery.  I  Curse,  v.  to  wish  evil  to ;  to  afliict. 

Accursed',  a.  doomed ;  execrable.      1  Cursed,  a.  deserving  a  curse. 


70 


SMITH'B    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Ache,  n.  a  continued  pain.  |  Unach'ing,  a.  not  feeling  pain. 

ACf  aac — an  Oak. 

Bar'nacle,  n.  (beam^  a  child),  a  shell- 


Oak,  n.  a  forest  tree. 
A'coRN,  n.  {corn^  grain),  the  seed  of 
the  oak. 


Oak'en,  n.  made  of  oak.  [fish. 

Ac'ton,  n.  oaktown. 


Mcer — a  Field. 
A'cRE,  n.  4840  square  yards  of  land.  |  A'cred,  a.  possessing  acres. 

Adl — Diseased  ;  Corrupted. 

Ad'dlepate,  n.  a  person  of  weak  in-  I  Ad'dle,  a.  barren ;  unfruitful.    — — 
tellect.  I 

^  Ado',  n.  a,  do,  trouble;  bustle;  unnecessary  turmoil. 

—  Afraid',  a.  (afered,  aferan^  to  frighten),  struck  with  fear. 

Foran — Before;  Fore. 
Afore',  prep,  before ;  sooner  than 


Afore'hand,  ad.  previous  provision. 
Afore 'named,  a.  named  before. 
Afore'said,  a.  said  before. 


Before',  prep,  in  front  of. 
Fore,  a.  coming  or  going  first. 
Forearm',  v.  to  prepare  for  attack. 
Before'hand,  ad.  previously. 


Gan — to  Go.    Agan — Gone  ;  Past. 
Gang — a  Going  ;  a  Journey  ;  a  Path. 


Age,  n.  any  period  of  time. 

Aged,  a.  old. 

Go,  V.  to  walk ;  to  move ;  to  proceed. 

Went,  pret.  of  Go. 

Gone,  pp.  of  Go ;  advanced. 

Non'age,  n.  minority ;  under  age. 

Go'er,  n.  one  who  goes, 

Go'by,  n.  a  passing  by ;  evasion. 

Gait,  n.  manner  and  air  of  walking. 

Go-TO,  int.  come,  come. 


Ago,  ad.  in  time  past. 
Ago'ing,  ppr.  a.  in  motion. 
Agone',  ad.  in  time  past. 
Forego',  v.  to  quit ;  to  give  up. 
Gad,  v.  to  ramble  about. 
Gad'der,  n.  one  who  goes  about  idly. 
Outgo',  i).  to  surpass ;  to  go  beyond. 
Overgo',  v.  to  surpass. 
Undergo',  v.  to  suffer ;  to  endure. 
Gang,  n.  a  troop ;  a  band. 
Gang'way,  n.  a  passage. 


Gast — ^the  Breath  ;  a  Spirit. 


Gast,  t.  to  frighten ;  to  terrify. 
Aghast',  a.  struck  with  horror. 
Gas,  n.  an  aeriform  fluid. 
Gas'eous,  a.  having  the  form  of  gas. 

Ghost'ly,  a.  relating  to  the  soul. 
Note. — Gastric,  (comes  from  the  Greek  gaster,)  belonging  to  the  stomach. 


Ghast'ly,  ad.  like  a  ghost. 
Ghast'liness,  n.  paleness ;  frightful 

aspect. 
Ghost,  n.  the  soul ;  the  spirit. 


AEge,  ege — ^Fear. 

A'gue,  n.  an  intermitting  fever  with  I  A'gued,  a.  shivering, 
cold  fits. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   BERIVATIVES.  71 

Eglan — to  Pain  ;  to  Trouble. 

A-iL,  X).  to  pain ;  to  trouble.  I  Ail 'ma,  ppr.  a.  sickly. 

Ail'ment,  n.  disease. 

^  Albe'it,  ad.  all,  be,  it,  although,  notwithstanding. 


Eld — Age;  Time.     Eald — Old 

--•^LD,  a.  advanced  in  years. 
—  Eld,  n.  old  age  ;  old  people. 

Al'derman,  n.  a  magistrate. 

Olden,  a.  old :  ancient. 


El'der,  n.    one  more  advanced  in 

years ;  a  church  officer. 
Co-el'der,  n.  an  officer  with. 
El'derly,  a.  bordering  upon  old  age. 


El'dest,  a.  oldest. 

Acerran — to  Turn. 
Ajar',  ad.  half  or  partly  open. 

Eale,  from  JElan — to  Kindle  ;  to  Inflame. 
Ale'house,  n.  a  house  where  ale  is  I  Ale,  n.  fermented  malt  liquor. 
Bold.  I 

EeU — All. 

Al*bo,  ad.  swa,  in  the  same  manner;  |  All,  a.  the  whole ;  every  one. 
likewise. 


Lay,  v.  to  place ;  to  put ;  to  calm. 
Allay',  v.  to  quiet ;  to  soothe. 
Lay'er,  n.  a  stratum ;  one  that  lays. 
Forelay',  v.  to  lay  beforehand. 
Inlay',  v.  to  insert  other  substances. 
Mislay',  v.  to  lay  in  a  wrong  place. 
Out'lay,  n.  expenditure. 
Overlay',  v.  to  cover ;  to  smother. 


Lecgan — ^to  Lay. 

Unlaid',  a.  not  placed. 
Uplay',  v.  to  lay  up. 
Ledge,  n.  a  layer ;  a  stratum. 
Led'ger,  n.  an  account  book. 
Leg'er,  n.  a  resident. 
Allay'ment,  n.  the  act  of  allaying. 
Belay',  v.  to  block  up ;  to  fasten  a 
rope. 


Hlot — Lot. 

Lot,  n.  fortune ;  chance ;  portion.       I  Allot',  v.  to  give  by  chance. 
Lot'tery,  n.  a  game  of  chance.  |  Allot'ment,  n.  that  which  is  allotted. 

Lyfan — to  Permit. 

Allow',  v.  to  admit ;  to  permit.  I  Allow'able,  a.  that  may  be  allowed. 

Disallow',  v.  to  refuse  permission.      |  Allow'ance,  n.  permission ;  sanction 

Belcewan — to  Betray. 
Allure',  v.  to  entice ;  to  dec^.  |  Allur'ing,  p.  a.  enticing. 

Almes — Alms. 

'Alms,  n.  what  is  given  to  the  poor.     I  Alms'giver,  n.  one  who  gives  &hxm. 
Al'moner,  n.  one  wllo  gives  alms.        1  Alms'house,  n.  a  house  for  the  poor. 


72  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Lyft — the  Air  ;  the  Heavens. 

Loft,  n.  the  hig-hest  floor.  I  Lop'tt,  a.  high ;  proud. 

Aloft',  ad,  on  high ;  in  the  air.  |  Lof'tiness,  n.  elevation ;  pride. 

Alone',  a.  all,  one,  single ;  solitary. 
Lang — Long.    Leng — Length.    Hlanc — Lank. 


Length,  n.  extent  from  end  to  end. 
Length'en,  v.  to  make  longer. 
Length'wise,  ad.  in  the  direction  of 

the  length. 
Length't,  a.  long. 
Lin'ger,  «.  to  delay ;  to  loiter. 


Lin'gering,  a.  slow. 
Long,  a.  extended. 
Along',  ad.  at  length. 
Along'side,  ad.  side  by  side. 
Lank,  a.  thin ;  slender ;  spare. 
Lank'y,  a.  tall  and  thin. 


Lank'ness,  n.  slimness ;  leanness. 

Hlowan,  hlewan — to  Low ;  to  Bellow.     Hlud — Loud. 

Loud,  a.  noisy ;  so  as  to  be  heard  far.  I  Loud'ness,  n.  force  of  sound. 
""^   Loud'ly,  ad.  noisily.  I  Aloud',  ad.  with  a  great  noise. 

Hraed — Prompt. 

. ^    Read't,  a.  prepared ;  willing.  I  Read'ily,  ad.  promptly ;  quickly. 

Read'iness,  n.  promptitude.  I  Alread'y,  ad.  now ;  at  this  time. 

— ^     AijTOGeth'er,  ad.  all,  to,  gather,  completely ;  without  exception. 

Al'wats,  ad.  all,  way,  perpetually ;  constantly. 

Am — ^tlie  first  person  singular  of  the  verb  to  Bb. 


Main,  a.  principal;  chief;  mighty; 

force. 
Main'ly,  ad.  principally ;  chiefly. 
Main'sail,  n.  the  principal  sail. 


Mcegen — Power;  Strength;  Main. 

Main'mast,  n.  the  principal  mast. 
Main'land,  n.  the  principal  land ;  the 

continent. 
Amain',  ad.  with  force ;  violently. 


Maze',  n.   a  labyrinth;   perplexity; 

uncertainty. 
Amaze',  v.  to  astonish ;  to  perplex. 
Amazed',  a.  perplexed. 


Mase — a  Whirlpool. 

Unamazed',  a.  not  perplexed. 
Ma'zy,  a.  winding ;  perplexed. 
Ama'zing,  p.  a.  astonishing ;  wonder- 
ful. 


Bemaze',  «.  to  bewilder. 

Atnheht — a  Servant  ;  a  Message. 

Ambas'sador,  n.  a  person  sent  from  I  Em'bassy,  n.  the  message  of  an  am 
one  power  to  another.  I      bassador. 


Middel — ^Equally  Distant. 

Mid'dlb,  a.  equally  distant  from  the 

extremes. 
Ma>'DLiNCt,  a.  middle  rank  or  size. 


Midst,  n.  the  middle. 
Mid'dleaged,  a.  middle  of  life. 
Mid'heaven,  71.  middle  of  the  sky. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  73 


ATid'night,  n.  middle  of  the  night. 
Mid'stream,  n.  middle  of  the  stream, 
3Iid'summer,  n.  middle  of  the  sum- 
mer. 
Mid'way,  n.  the  middle  of  the  way. 


Mid'winter,  n.  the  middle  of  the 

winter. 
Mid'riff,  n.  the  diaphragm. 
Amidst',  prep,  in  the  middle. 
Amid',  prep,  in  the  middle. 


Missian — ^to  Miss. 
*[iss,o.  to  fail  in  aim;  not  to  succeed.  |  Amiss',  a.  faulty;  wrong;  improper. 

Amang,  from  niengan — to  Mix. 
— r  'Among',  Amongst',  prep,  mingled  with. 

Angel — a  Hook. 

An'gle,  v.  to  fish  with  a  rod  and  hook.  |  An'gler,  n.  one  who  anglet. 
An'gling,  n.  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line. 

Note.— Angle,  a  comer,  comes  from  the  Greek  dy/cvAj;,  any  thing  bent. 

^l — Oil.     j^lan — to  Oil  ;  to  Smear. 

Oil,  n.  an  unctuous  animal  matter.      I  Anneal',  v.  to  heat  and  cool  slowly 
Oil'y,  a.  like  oil ;  greasy.  I      in  oil. 

Neal,  v.  to  temper  by  heat  and  oil. 

A'non,  ad.  on,  an,  in  one ;  quickly ;  soon ;  in  a  short  time, 
—         Anoth'er,  a.  an,  otiier,  not  the  same ;  some  other ;  one  more. 

Answarian.    And — Against,  and  Swaran — to  Sweab. 

An'swer,  v.  to  speak  in  return ;  to  I  An'swer,  n.  a  reply, 
reply  to.  I  An'swerable,  a.  admitting  a  reply. 


r — Any. 
Aj?'y,  a.  every;  whoever.  |  An'ywhere,  ad.  in  any  place. 

Apace',  ad.  a,  pace,  quickly,  hastily. 

Apa — Ape. 

Ape,  n.  a  kind  of  monkey.  I  A'pish,  a.  like  an  ape ;  silly. 

Ape,  v.  to  imitate,  to  mimic.  I  A'pishness,  n.  mimicry. 

^pl — Apple. 

Ap'ple,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  apple  tree.  |  Ap'ple-jack,  n.  cider  brandy. 

Note. — Apple  of  the  Eye,  the  pupil  of  the  eye.    Apple  of  Discord,  caosA  at 
general  contention.    Apple-Pie  Order,  perfect  order. 

Arisan — to  Arise. 

Arise',  v.  to  mount  upward ;  to  get  I  Eise,  «,  to  get  up ;  to  grow. 
up.  I  Rouse,  v.  to  wake  from  repose. 

Arouse',  v.  to  wake  from  sleep ;  to  excite. 


74  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


JEarm — an  Arm. 

Arm,  n.  the  limb  from  the  hand  to 

the  shoulder. 
Arm'ful,  n.  what  the  arm  can  hold. 


Arm'pit,  n.    the  cavity  under  the 
shoulder. 


Note. — Arms,  weapons  of  defence,  is  from  the  Latin  (armo). 

Arewe — Arrow. 

Ar'row,  n.  the  pointed  weapon  shot  I  Ar'rowy,  a.  like  an  arrow ;  swift ; 
from  a  bow.  I      straight. 

^se — Ash. 
Ash,  n.  a  tree  or  its  wood.  |  Ash'en,  a.  made  of  ask. 

Asca — Dust. 

Ash'es,  n,  the  remains  of  any  thing  I  Ash'y,  a.  like  ashes ;  pale, 
burnt.  I 

Acsian — to  Ask. 

Ask,  v.  to  beg ;  to  demand ;  to  ques-  I  Ask'er,  n.  a  petitioner ;  an  inquirer, 
tion ;  to  inquire.  I  Unasked',  a.  not  asked. 

^sp — Asp;  Aspen. 

A.SP,  As'pen,  n.  a  tree  with  trembling  I  As'pen,  a.  trembling, 
leaves.  | 

Note. — ^Asp,  a  serpent,  comes  from  the  Latin  (aspis). 

Nafegar — a  Nave  Borer. 

Au'ger-hole,  n.  a  hole  made  by  an  I  Au'ger,  n.  a  tool  for  boring  holes, 
auger  | 

NoTB. — ^AuGUB,  to  predict,  is  from  the  Latin  {augur). 

Awacian — Awake. 

Awake',  «.  to  rouse  from  sleep.  |  Awake',  a.  not  asleep. 

Awa'ken,  v.  to  rouse  from  sleep. 

Ege — Fear;  Dread. 

Awe,  ft.  reverential  fear;  dread.  |  Aw'ptjl,  a.  that  strikes  with  awe. 

Awe'struck,  a.  impressed  with  awe. 

Awk  and  ward. 

Awk'ward,  a.  clumsy ;  inelegant.        |  Awk'wardness,  n.  clumsiness. 

Note. — Awk,  wrong,  left-handed,  ungainly ;  Ward,  a  suflix  signifying  direction  oi 
tendency  to  or  from. 

Writhan — Writhe. 
Writhe,  tJ.  to  twist ;  to  distort.  j  Awry',  ad.  obliquely ;  asquint. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


75 


Back,  n,  the  hinder  part ;  behind. 
Back,  v.  to  place  on  the  back;   to 

maintain ;  to  move  back. 
Back'bite,  v.  to   speak    ill   of  the 

absent. 


Bcec — the  Back. 

Back'bone.  n.  the  bone  of  the  back. 
Back'ground,  n.  the  ground  behind. 
Backslide,  v.  to  apostatize. 
Back'ward,  ad.  with  the  back  for- 
wards; unwilling. 


Bacan — to  Bake. 


Bake,  v.  to  dry  and  harden  by  heat. 
Bak'er,  n.  one  who  bakes. 
Bak'eby,  n.  a  baker's  workplace. 


Ba'con,  n.  hog's  fles'i  dried  in  smoke 
Batch,  n.  the  quantity  baked  at  once, 
Bask,  v.  to  warm  by  laying  in  the  sun. 


Beag — a  Crown  ;  a  Garland. 
Badge,  n.  a  mark  or  token  of  distinction. 

Baelg — a  Bag. 

Bag,  n.  a  sack ;  a  pouch.  i  Bel'ly,  n.  the  part  of  anything  which 

Bag'gage,  n.  the  trunks,  &c.,  of  a  trav-       swells  out. 

eler.  ]  Bilge,  n.  the  part  of  a  ship's  bottom 

Bag'pipe,  n.  a  musical  instrument.      i      which  swells  out. 
Bel 'lows,  n.  an  instrument  for  blow-  i  Bil'low,  n.  a  swollen  wave. 

ing  a  fire.  I  Bulge,  v.  to  swell  out. 

Batan — to  Lure  Fish  with  Food  on  a  Hook. 
Bait,  v.  to  put  meat  on  a  trap  as  a  lure ;  to  give  refreshment  on  a  journey. 

Bale — a  Beam  ;  a  Ridge. 

Bal'cont,  n.  a  gallery  before  a  win- 1  Balk,  n.  a  great  beam ;  a  ridge  of  land, 
dow.  I  Balk,  d.  to  disappoint ;  to  frustrate. 

BehlcBstan — to  Load  a  Ship.    From  bat,  a  boat,  and  hlcest,  a  load. 
Bal'last,  n.  heavy  matter  put  at  the  bottom  of  a  ship  to  keep  it  steady. 

Bannan — to  Proclaim. 

Ban,  n.  a  public  notice.  |  Ban'dit,  n.  an  outlaw. 

Bans,  n.  proclamation  of  marriage. 


Bindan — to  Bind. 

Bind,  u.  to  confine  with  bonds;  to 
gird. 

Bound,  pp.  made  fast  by  a  band ;  con- 
fined. 

Band,  n.  anything  which  binds. 

Band'age,  n.  that  which  bind^ 

Bond,  n.  anything  that  binds. 


Bond'age,  n.  slavery. 
Ban'ner,  n.  a  flag ;  a  standard. 
Bound,  n,  a  limit ;   that  which  re- 
strains. 
Bound 'art,  n.  a  limit. 
Bound'en,  a.  obliged. 
Bound'less,  a.  without  bound. 


Note. — A  banner  is  a  hand^  bond,  or  sign  of  union.— Bound,  to  jump,  to  leap,  is 
from  the  French  (jbondir^ 


76  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

IBana — Destruction. 
Bane,  n.  poison.  |  Bane'ful,  a.  poisonous. 


JBanc — a  Bench  ;  a  Hillock  ;  a  Bank. 

Bank,  n.  a  mound  or  ridge ;  a  place 

for  money. 
Imbank'  v.  to  inclose  with  a  bank. 


Bank'rupt,  n.  one  who  cannot  pay 

his  debts. 
Bench,  n.  a  long  seat. 


Bar — Naked.     Abarian— to  Strip  Off. 


Bare,  a.  naked ;  without  clothes. 
Bare'ly,  ad.  nakedly ;  merely. 
Bare'ness,  n.  nakedness. 


Bare'faced,  a.  shameless ;  impudent. 
Bare'headed,  a.  with  the  head  bare. 
Bar'ren,  a.  unfruitful. 


Bar'renness,  n.  sterility. 

Beorcan — to  Bark. 
Bark,  v.  to  make  the  noise  of  a  dog. 

Note. — Bark,  the  rind  of  a  tree,  comes  from  the  Danish  (bark),  and  Bark,  a  vessel, 
eomes  from  the  French  {barque). 

jBere-^BARLEY. 

Bar'ley,  n.  a  species  of  grain.  I  Beer,  n.  a  liquor  made  of  malt  and 

Here,  n.  a  species  of  barley.  |      hops. 

Barn,  n.  (em,  a  place),  a  house  for  farm  produce. 

Note. — Barn,  from  bere,  barley,  and  ern^  a  place :  a  place  for  barley. 

^eor^Urt— Barm. 
Barm,  n.  yeast.  |  Barm'y,  a.  containing  barm. 

Batf  heatan — to  Beat. 

Bat,  n.  a  heavy  stick.  |  Bat'on,  n.  a  staff,  a  club. 

Bat,  n.  a  mass  of  cotton  for  quilts. 

Note. — Bat,  an  animal,  comes  from  the  Danish  (bakke). 

Bceth — a  Bath. 

Bath,  n.  a  place  to  bathe  in.  |  Bathe,  v.  to  wash  in  a  bath. 

Ba'ther,  n.  one  who  bathes. 

Bellan — to  Bawl. 

Bawl,  «?.  to  cry  aloud.  |  Bel 'low,  v.  to  make  a  noise  like  a  bull. 

Bel 'lowing,  n.  a  loud  noise. 

Bugan — to  Bend. 


Bay,  n.  an  arm  of  the  sea  bending  in. 
Bay-win'dow,  n.  a  window  bending 

outward. 
Bight,  n.  a  bend  of  a  rope. 


Bow,  -».  to  bend  towards ;  an  act  of  re- 
Bu'gle,  n.  a  hunting-horn.        [spect. 
Embay',  v.  to  inclose  in  a  bay. 
Embow',  v.  to  bend ;  to  arch. 


Note.— Bat,  a  brown  color,  comes  from  the  Latin  (badius) ;  Bay,  the  laurel,  comes 
from  the  Greek  (fiaion),  and  Bay,  to  bark,  comes  from  the  French  (aboyer). 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


77 


Seon — to  Be. 

Be,  v.  to  exist ;  to  become.  |  Be'ing,  n.  existence. 

Note. — Be,  as  a  prefix,  is  the  same  word  as  &?/,  aud  signifies  about^  before. 


Beacen — a  Sign. 

Bea'con,  n.  something  to  give  notice  I  Beck,  v.  to  make  a  sign  with  the  head, 
or  to  direct.  I  Beck'on,  v.  to  make  a  sign  to. 


Bead — a  Prayek.    Biddan — to  Pray,  because  one  was  dropped  down 
a  string  every  time  a  prayer  was  said. 

Bea'dle,  n.    (h/del,  from  Uddan,  to  I  Bead,  n.  a  little  ball, 
bid),  a  petty  officer  in  a  parish.        | 

Beam — a  Tree. 

Beam,  n.  a  ray  of  light ;  v.  to  shine  I  Beam,  n.  a  piece  of  timber, 
forth.  I 

Beran — to  Bear. 


Bear,  v.  to  carry ;  to  support ;  to  en- 
dure. 

Bear'ing,  n.  gesture;  mien. 

Forbear',  v.  to  cease  from ;  to  abstain. 

I^orbear'ance,  n.  command  of  tem- 
per; patience. 

Misborn',  a.  (mis),  born  to  evil. 

Overbear',  v.  {ofer),  to  bear  down ; 
to  repress. 

Unbear'able,  a.  not  to  be  borne. 

Born,  ^.  brought  forth. 


Borne,  -pp.  carried. 
Underbear',  x).   to  support;  to  en- 
Upbear',  ©.  to  raise  aloft.  [dure. 

Bar'row,  n.  a  small  hand  carriage. 
Birth,  n.  the  act  of  coming  into  life. 
Birthday,  a.  the  day  of  one's  birth. 
Birth'place,  n.  the  place  of  one's 

birth. 
Birth'right,  7i.  the  rights  to  which 

one  is  bom. 
Berth,  n.  a  room  in  a  ship ;  a  place 


Bera — Bear. 


Bear,  n.  an  animal. 


[  Bear'like,  a.  resembling  a  bear. 


Bear'ish,  a.  having  the  quality  of  a  bear. 


Beard,  n.  heard,  the  hair  on  the  lips  and  chin ;  v.  to  oppose  to  the  face. 
Bea'ver,  n.  heofeVf  an  animal. 


Becuman — to  Happen  ;  to  Befall. 

Become',  v.  to  suit ;  to  befit. 
Becom'ing,  a.  graceful ;  seemly. 
Misbecome',  v.  not  to  become. 


Unbecome',  v.  not  to  become ;  not  to 

be  suitable  to.  [er. 

Unbecoming,  a.  unsuitable ;  improp- 


«  Bed — to  Lay  or  Spread. 

Bed,  n.  something  to  sleep  on.  i  Bed'ridden,  a.  confined  to  bed  by 

Bed'ding,  w.  the  materials  of  a  bed.     j      age  or  sickness. 
Bed'clothes,  n.  the  coverlets  on   a  1  Bed 'stead,  n.  the  frame  of  a  bed. 
bed,  •  I  Bed  time,  n.  the  time  to  go  to  bed. 


78  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Beo — Bee. 

Bee,  n.  an  insect  that  makes  honey  I  Bee'hive,  n.  a  box  for  holding  bees, 
and  wax.  I 

Sece  or  hoc — Beech;  Book. 

Note.— Boc,  a  book ;  from  6oc,  a  beech  tree,  the  wood  of  this  tree  or  its  bark  hav 
ing  been  used  to  write  upon. 

Beech,  n.  a  forest  tree.  I  Book,  n.  a  volume  in  which  we  read 

Beech'en,  a.  made  of  beech.  |      or  write 


Bytl — a  Mallet 

Bee'tle,  n.  a  heavy  wooden  mallet ; 

an  insect. 
Bee'tle,  v.  to  jut  out ;  to  hang  over. 


Bee'tle-browed,  a.  having  promi- 
nent brows. 
Bee'tle-headed,  a.  dull ;  stupid. 


Beginnan— to  Begin. 
Begin',  v.  to  commence.  |  Begin'ning,  n.  the  first  part. 

Begone',  int.  he,  gone,  go  away ;  hence. 

Behefe — Gain. 
Behalf',  n.  favor ;  cause ;  sake. 

Be  lidbhan — to  Restrain. 
Behave'^,  «.  to  conduct ;  to  act.  |  Behav'ior,  n.  conduct ;  demeanor. 

Behaes — a  Self-command. 
Behest',  n.  promise ;  a  command. 

Healdan — to  Hold.     Helfna — a  Helve  or  Handle. 


Hold,  v.  to  grasp  ;  to  keep  ;  to  retain. 
Hold'er,  n.  one  that  holds. 
Helve,  n.  the  handle  of  an  axe. 
Helm,  n.  the  stick  by  which  a  rudder 

is  turned. 
Helms'man,  n.   one  who  controls  a 

helm. 
Hilt,  n.  a  handle  of  a  sword. 
Hold'back,  n.  hinderance ;  restraint. 
Hold'fast,  n.  that  which  holds. 


Behold',  v.  to  view ;  to  see. 
Behold'en,  p.  a.  bound  m  gratitude. 
Behold'er,  n.  one  who  beholds. 
Forehold'ing,  n.  prediction. 
Unbeheld',  a.  unseen. 
Uphold',  v.  to  support ;  to  sustain. 
Uphol'sterer,  n.  one  who  furnishes 

houses. 
Uphol'stery,  n.  furniture  for  houses, 
Withhold',  v.  to  hold  back  •  to  refuse. 


Behofian — to  Want  ;  to  Be  Necessary. 
Bbhoove',  v.  to  be  necessary ;  to  want.  |  Behoof',  n.  profit ;  advantage. 

Bealcan— to  Swell  or  Heave. 
Belch,  v.  to  eject  wind  from  the  stomach. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  79 


Believe',  v.  to  credit ;  to  put  confi- 
dence in. 
Belief',  n.  opinion ;  faith. 
Believ'er,  n.  one  who  believes. 


Geliefan — to  Trust  ;  to  Believe. 

Misbelieve',  t.  to  believe  erroneously. 
Misbelief',  n.  erroneous  belief. 
Unbelieve',  v.  not  to  believe  or  trust. 
Unbelief',  n.  incredulity ;  infidelity. 
Unbeliev'er,  n.  an  infidel. 


Bell — Bell. 


Bell,  n.  a  hollow  sounding  vessel  of 

metal. 
Bel'fry,  n.  the  place  where  a  bell  is 

hung. 


Bell'founder,  n.   one   who   makes 

bells. 
Bell 'metal,  n.  a  mixture  of  copper 

and  tin. 


Bell'wether,  n.  a  sheep  which  carries  a  bell. 

Below',  jyrep.  he,  low,  under,  in  place,  time,  or  dignity. 
Belt,  n.  belt,  a  girdle ;  a  band. 

Bendan — to  Bend. 

Bend,  n.  to  make  crooked ;  to  incline.  I  Bent,  n.  state  of  being  curved ;  fixed 
Bend,  n.  a  curve ;  a  crook.  I      purpose. 

Becwcefhan — to  Say  ;  to  Give  by  Will. 

Bequeath',  v.  to  leave  by  will  to  an-  I  Bequest',  n.  something  left  by  will, 
other.  I 

Bereave',  v.  hereafan,  to  deprive  of;  to  take  away  from. 
Ber'ry,  n.  bema,  any  small  fruit  containing  seeds. 

Secan — to  Seek. 


Seek,  v.  to  look  for ;  to  search  for. 
Sought,  p.  looked  for ;  searched  for. 
Beseech',  v.  to  entreat ;  to  beg ;  to 

implore. 
Besought',  p.  entreated ;  implored. 


Forsake',  v.  to  leave ;  to  desert. 
Forsook',  p.  quitted ;  deserted. 
Forsak'en,  a.  deserted ;  left. 
Unsought',  a.  not  sought;  without 
seeking. 


Beside',  Besides,  ad.  be,  side,  at  the  side  of;  over  and  abrve. 

Be'som,  n.  bestn,  a  broom. 

Best,  a.  best,  good  in  the  highest  degree. 

Stow — a  Place  ;  to  Stow. 

^.  oy^,  J-  to  place ;  to  lay  up.  i  Bestow',  v.  to  give ;  to  confer. 

Stow' AGE,  n.  room  for  laying  up.        |  Bestow'al,  n.  the  act  of  bestowing. 
Bestow'er,  n.  one  who  bestows. 

Streowian — to  Strew. 

Strew,  v.  to  scatter ;  to  spread.  |  Strew'ed,  p.  scattered. 

^estrew',  1).  to  sprinkle  over. 


^80 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Stridan,  stroedan — to  Spread. 

STRroB,  V.  to  walk  with  long  steps ;  I  Bestride',  v.  to  place  a  leg  on  each 
n.  a  long  step.  I      side. 

Bad — Bet. 
Bbt,  n.  a  wager ;  to  wager.  |  Bet'tor,  n.  one  who  bets. 

Bet'ter,  «j.  betriafif  to  improve ;  to  advance ;  a.  superior. 

Between',  prep,  be,  tivegen,  in  the  intermediate  space. 

Wicce — Witch. 


Witch,  n.  a  woman  given  to  unlaw- 
ful arts. 

Witch'ery,  n.  enchantment ;  sorcery. 

Witch'craft,  n.  the  practices  of 
witches. 


Bewitch',  v.  to  charm ;  to  enchant. 
Bewitch'ery,  n.  fascination ;  charm. 
Bewitch'ing,  a.  fascinating ;  enchant- 
ing. 


Beyond',  prep,  he,  geond,  on  the  farther  side  of. 


Biddan — ^to  Ask  ;  to  Pray  ;  to  Command. 

Forbid'ding,  a.  repulsive. 
Outbid',  v.  to  offer  a  higher  price. 
Overbid',  v.  to  bid  more.  [ed. 

Unbid',  v.  not  invited ;  not  command- 
Unforbid'den,    a.     permitted;     al- 
lowed. 


Bid,  t.  to  command ;  to  offer. 
Bid'der,  n.  one  who  bids. 
Bid'ding,  n.   command;    offer  of  a 

price. 
Forbid',  «.  to  prohibit ;  to  oppose. 
Forbid'den,  p.  a.  prohibited. 


Bier,  n.  haer,  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 

Byggan — to  Build. 
Big,  a.  great ;  large ;  huge.  [  Big'ness,  n.  bulk ;  size. 

By  I — Bile. 

Bile,  n.  a  sore,  painful  tumor  terminating  in  a  pustule. 

Note. — This  word  is  now  more  commonly  spelt  hoil,  although  the  orthography  of 
bile  is  more  in  accordance  with  its  etymology. 
Bile,  an  animal  fluid,  comes  from  the  Latin  {hilis). 

Bile — Bill. 
61LL,  n.  the  beak  of  a  fowl.  |  Bill,  v.  to  caress ;  to  fondle. 

Bil — Steel. 

Bill,  n.  a  hatchet  with  a  point,  like  I  Bil'let,  n.  a  small  log  of  wood, 
the  beak  of  a  bird.  I 

Note. — Bill,  a  written  paper,  comes  from  the  French  {billet). 
^         Bin,  n.  bin,  a  manger ;  a  cell  or  chest  for  grain,  wine,  &c. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  81 

Bird — BiBD. 


BiBD,  n.  a  general  name  for  the  feath- 
ered kind. 

Bird 'cage,  n.  an  inclosure  to  keep 
birds  in. 


Bird'catcher,  n.  one  who  catches 

birds. 
Bird  LIME,  ii.  a  glue  to  catch  birds. 
Bird's'-eye,  a.  seen  from  above. 


Bitan — to  Bite. 

Bite,  v.  to  crush  with  the  teeth.  I  Bit,  n.  a  small  piece ;  the  part  of  a 

Bite,  n.  the  wound  made  by  the  teeth.  |      bridle  to  put  into  a  horse's  mouth. 

Bi'teng,  n.  the  act  of  biting ;  a.  sharp ;  severe. 

Biter — Bitter. 

Bit'ter,  a.  biting  to  the  taste ;  sharp.  I  Bit'terness,  n.  a  bitter  taste;  malice ; 
Bit'terly,  ad.  in  a  bitter  manner.       |      sorrow. 

Blcec  or  Mac — Black;  Bleak. 

Black,  a.  of  the  color  of  night.  Black'smith,  n.  a  smith  that  works 

Black'en,  v.  to  make  black,  in  iron. 

Black'guard,  n.  a  mean,  wicked  fel-    Bleak,  a.  pale ;  cold ;  dreary, 
low.  I  Bleak'ly,  ad.  in  a  cold  situation. 

Bleak'ness,  n.  dreariness ;  coldness. 

Blade,  n.  hlaed,  a  spire  of  grass ;  the  cutting  part  of  an  instrument. 

Blegen — a  Blister  ;  a  Blain. 
Blain,  n.  a  pustule ;  a  blotch.  |  Chil'blain,  n.  a  sore  caused  by  frost. 


Blcest,  blcestan — to  Puff  ;  to  Blow. 

Blast,  n.  a  gust  or  puff  of  wind ;  an 

explosion  of  gunpowder  in  rocks. 
Blast,  v.   to  wither;   to  injure;   to 

split  rocks. 
Blast'ing,  n.  destruction ;  explosion. 
Blus'ter,  v.  to  roar  as  a  storm. 


Blus'tering,  n.  noise ;  tumult. 
Blis'ter,  n.  a  thin  bladder  on  the 

skin. 
Blow,  v.  to  make  a  current  of  air. 
Blow'ing,  n.  the  motion  of  the  wind. 
Bloat,  v.  to  swell ;  to  puff  up. 


Note.— Blow,  a  stroke,  a  sudden  calamity,  comes  from  the  Dutch  {blouwer). 

Blcetan — Bleat. 

Bleat,  v.  to  cry  as  a  sheep.  |  Bla'tant,  a.  bellowing  as  a  calf. 

Bleat'eng,  n.  the  cry  of  lambs  or  sheep. 

Blcese — a  Blaze. 


Blaze,  n.  a  flame ;  a  stream  of  light ; 

a  white  spot. 
Blaze,  d.  to  make  public ;  to  make  a 

white  mark  on  a  tree. 
•  Bla'zonry,  n.  the  art  of  blazoipng. 


Bla'zon,  v.  to  adorn;  to  display;  to 
make  public. 

Embla'zon,  v.  to  deck  in  glaring  col- 
ors. 

Embla'zonry,  n.  pictures  on  shields. 


Blcecan — to  Fade  ;  to  Whiten. 
Bleach,  v.  to  make  ^hite.  j  Bleach'ery,  n.  a  place  for  bleaching 


82  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Bledan — to  Bleed. 
Bleed,  «.  to  lose  or  draw  blood.  |  Bleed  ing,  n.  a  running  of  blood. 

Blend,  v.  blendan,  to  mingle  together. 

Blessian — to  Consecrate  ;  to  Bless. 

Bless,  «.  to  make  happy ;  to  wish  I  Bless'ed,  p.  a.  happy ;  holy, 
happiness  to.  I  Bless'ing,  n.  a  prayer  for  happiness. 

V\        Seliethf  Sdper.  sing,  of  belicgau — to  Destroy. 

Blight,  n.  a  pestilence  among  plants ;  I  Blight,  v.  to  cause  to  wither  or  de- 
mildew.  I      cay. 


Blind,  a.  wanting  sight ;  v.  to  make 

blind. 
Blind'ly,  ad.  without  sight. 


Blind — Blind. 

Blind'ness,  n.  want  of  sight ;  igno- 
rance. 
Blind'fold,  v.  to  hinder  from  seeing. 


Blican — to  Shine  ;  to  Dazzle. 

Blink,  v.  to  wink ;  to  look  with  fre-  I  Blink,  «.  to  purposely  evade, 
quent  winking.  I 

Blis — Joy;  Gladness. 

Bliss,  n.  the  highest  happiness.  I  Bliss'ful,  a.  happy  in  the  highest 

Bliss'fully,  ad.  in  a  blissful  manner.  |      decree. 

Blithe — Joyful  ;  Merry. 

Blithe,  a.  gay ;  joyous.  1  Blithe'some,  a.  gay ;  cheerful ;  merry. 

Blithe'ly,  ad.indk  blithe  manner.       | 


Blod — Blood. 

Blood,  n.  the  red  fluid  that  circulates 

in  the  bodies  of  animals. 
Blood'y,  a.  stained  with  blood ;  cruel. 
Blood 'iNESS,  n.  the  state  of  being 

bloody. 


Blood'shot,  a.  filled  with  blood ;  red. 
Blood'thirsty,  a.  desirous  to  shed 

blood. 
Blood'yessel,  n.  a  vein  or  artery. 


Blosma — a  Flower.    Blowan — to  Bloom. 

Blos'som,  n.  the  flower  of  a  plant. 
Bloom,  n.  blossom. 
Bloom'ing,   a.    thriving    in    health, 
beauty,  and  vigor. 

Note.— Blow,  a  stroke,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (blmoe). 


Blow,  «?.  to  flower ;  to  bloom ;  n.  a 

blossom. 
Blowth,  n.  bloom ;  blossom. 


Bleo — Blue. 


Blue,  n.  one  of  the  primary  colors. 
Blue'ness,  n.   the  quality  of  being 
blue. 


Blu'ish,  a.  blue  in  a  small  degree. 
Blue'-eyed,  a.  having  blue  eyes. 


ANGLO-SAXON    KOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  8.^ 

Slinnan — to  Stop. 

Bltjnt,  a.  dull  on  the  edge  or  point ;  I  Blunt'ness,  n.  want  of  edge ;   al> 
rough;  rude.  I      ruptness. 

Blunt'ly,  ad.mdi  blunt  manner. 

Ablisian — to  Blush. 


Blush,  v.  to  redden  with  shame  or 

confusion.  [face. 

Blush'inq,  n.  the  reddening  of  the 


Blush'less,  a.  without  a  blush ;  im- 
pudent. 
Outblush',  v.  to  exceed  in  rosy  color 


Unblush'ing,  a.  not  blushing ;  destitute  of  shame. 

Bar — Boar. 

Boar,  n.  the  male  swine.  I  Brawn'y,  a.  muscular ;  fleshy ;  hard. 

Boar'ish,  a.  swinish ;  brutal ;  cruel.   I  Brawn'iness,  n.  strength  ;  hardness. 

Brawn,  n.  the  flesh  of  a  boar ;  the  muscular  part  of  the  body. 


Board'er,  n.  one  who  boards. 
Bor'der,  n.  the  outer  part  or  edge. 
Imbor'der,  v.  to  bound. 


Bord — an  Edge  ;  a  Side 

Board,  n.  a  flat  piece  of  wood ;    a 

table;  food. 
Board,  v.  to  lay  with  boards;  to  live 

at  for  a  price. 

Note.— The  Anglo-Saxon  table  was  formed  merely  by  placing  a  board  upon  tres- 
tles at  the  time  of  eating,  and  it  was  designated  simply  by  ihc  name  of  board. 

Bat — a  Boat  or  Ship. 

Boat,  n.  a  small,  open  vessel.  |  Boat'man,  n.  one  who  manages  a  boat. 

Boat'swain,  n.  an  officer  in  a  ship. 


Bod'y,  n.  the  material  part  of  an  ani 

mal. 
Bod'il  f .  a.  relating  to  the  body ;  en 

tirely. 


Bodig — Body. 

Bod'ied,  a.  having  a  body. 
Bod'ice,  n.  short  stays  for  women. 
Bod'yguard,  n.  a  guard  to  protect 
the  person. 


Byl — Bile  or  Boil. 
Bile,  Boil,  n.  a  sore,  painful  tumor. 
Note. — Boil,  to  be  agitated  by  heat,  comes  from  the  Latin  (JyulUo). 

Bald — Bold;  Audacious. 

Bold,  a.  daring;  brave;  impudent.     |  Bold'ness,  n.  courage;  impudence. 
Bold'ly,  ad.  in  a  bold  manner.  |  Bold'faced,  a.  impudent. 

Bolla — Any  Round  Vessel. 
Boll,  n.  a  round  pod  or  capsule.         |  Bowl,  n.  a  vessel  to  hold  liquids. 
Note.— Bowl,  to  roll,  comes  from  the  French  (boule). 

Bolster — a  Pillow. 
Bol'ster,  n.  a  long  pillow ;  v.  to  support ;  to  hold  up. 


84  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Bolt — a  House  ;  an  Akrow. 

Bolt,  n.  an  arrow ;  the  bar  of  a  door.  I  Bolt,  v.   to  fasten  with  a  bolt ;  to 
Bolt,  «.  to  leave  or  desert  suddenly.   |      spring  out  suddenly. 

Note. — Bolt,  to  sift,  to  separate  from  bran,  comes  from  the  Ger.  {beutdn). 

Ban — Bone. 

Bone,  n.  the  firm,  hard  substance  in  I  Bo'ny,  a.  full  of  bones, 
an  animal  body.  |  Bone'ache,  n.  pain  in  the  bones. 

Beom — a  Beam. 

Boom,  n.  a  pole  used  to  extend  a  sail ;  a  bar  across  a  harbor,  &c. 

Note, — Boom,  a  deep  hollow  sound,  comes  from  the  Dutch  bommen^  to  sound  hol- 
low. 

Bene — a  Prayer  ;  a  Petition. 

Boon,  n.  a  gift ;  a  favor. 

Note. — Boon,  gay,  merry,  kind,  comes  from  the  Latin  (bonus). 

Gebiir — a  Countryman  or  Farmer.     Buan — to  Till. 


Boor,  n.  a  cultivator  of  the  soil ;  a 

rude  peasant. 
Boor'ish,  a.  clownish  :  rude. 


Boor'ishly,  ad.  in  a  boorish  manner. 
Bur'ly,  a.    (boor-like)^   big;    tumid; 
boisterous. 


Bur'liness,  n.  bulk ;  bluster. 

Bote — Compensation  ;  Satisfaction. 

Boot,  i).  to  profit ;  to  advantage.        •  I  Boot'y,  n.  spoil ;  plunder. 
Boot'less,  a.  useless ;  unprofitable.     |  To  Boot,  ad.  over  and  above ;  besides. 

Note. — Boot,  a  covering  for  the  foot,  comes  from  the  French  ('otte). 

Bof'ian — to  Bore. 
Bore,  v.  to  make  a  hole  by  turning.    [  Bore,  v.  to  vex  or  weary. 

Biirh — a  City.     Beorg—a  Hill  ;  a  Citadel  ;  a  Refuge. 


Bor'ough,  n.  a  corporate  town. 
Burgh,  n.  a  corporate  town. 
Bur'gess,  n.  a  freeman  of  a  burgh. 
Bur'gher,  n.  a  freeman  of  a  burgh. 
Bur'gomaster,  n.  a  magistrate  of  a 
city. 


Burg'lar,  n.  a  thief  who  breaks  into 
a  house. 

Burg'lary,  n.  housebreaking. 

Burg'larious,  a.  relating  to  house- 
breaking, [rabbits,  &c. 

Bur'row,  n.  a  hole  in  the  ground  for 


Borglan — to  Borrow  ;  and  Bohr — a  Pledge. 

Bor'row,  V).  to  take  the  use  of  for  a  I  Bor'rowing,  n.  the  act  of  taking  a 
a  time.  |      loan. 

Bor'rower,  n.  one  who  borrows. 

Bosuni — Bosom. 
Bo'soM,  n.  the  breast ;  the  heart.  |  Bo'som,  a.  confidential ;  intimate. 

Both,  a,  ba^  twa,  the  two;  the  one  and  the  other. 


ANOLO-SAXON    BOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  85 

Botm — Bottom. 

Bot'tom,  n.  the  lowest  part.  I  Bot'tomby,  n.  borrowing  money  on 

Bot'tomed,  a.  having  a  bottom.  I      a  ship. 

Bot'tomless,  a.  without  a  bottom. 

Boga — Anything  Curved ;  a  Branch.     Bugan — to  Bow;  to  Bend. 


Bough,  n.  a  branch  of  a  tree. 

Bow,  n.  an  instrument  for  shooting 

arrows ;  any  thing  in  the  form  of  a 

curve. 


Bow'legged,  a.  having  crooked  legs. 
Bow'sTRiNG,  n.  the  string  of  a  bow. 
Bow 'sprit,   n.    the   spar  projecting 
from  the  head  of  a  ship. 


Bow'wiNDOW,  n.  a  projecting  window. 
Bur — a  Dwelling  ;  a  Cottage. 


Bow'er,   n.    a  retired  chamber;    a 

shady  recess. 
Bow'ery,  a.  having  bowers ;  shady. 
Neigh'bor,   n.    (neah,  nigh),    one 

who  lives  near. 


Neigh'borhood,  n.  a  place  near. 

Neigh'borly,  a.  becoming  a  neigh- 
bor; kind;  civil. 

Unneigh'borly,  a.  not  becoming  a 
neighbor ;  not  kind. 


Box-^Box. 

Box,  n.  a  case  made  of  wood ;  a  chest. 

Note.— Box,  a  blow  with  the  fist,  comes  from  the  Welsh  (bock\  and  Box,  a  tree 
or  shrub,  from  the  Latin  (fiuxtts). 

Boye—BoY. 

Boy,  n.  a  male  child.  |  Boy'hood,  n.  the  state  of  a  boy. 

Boy'ish,  a.  like  a  boy ;  childish. 

Bredan — to  Braid. 
Braid,  v.  to  weave  together.  |  Braid,  n.  a  texture ;  a  knot. 

Brcegen — Brain. 

Brain,  n.  the  soft  whitish  mass  in-  I  BrAin'less,  a.  silly ;  thoughtless, 
closed  in  the  skull.  |  Bbain'sick,  a.  disordered  in  the  brain. 

Breinbel — Bramble. 

Bram'bled,  a.  overgrown  with  bram- 1  Bram'ble,  n.  the  blackberry  bush, 
bles. 


Braes — Brass. 

Brass,  n.  a  yellow  metal  composed 

of  copper  and  zinc. 
Bra'zier,  n.  one  who  works  in  brass. 


Braze,  v.  to  solder  with  brass. 
Bra'zenfaced,  a.  impudent ;  shame" 
less. 


Bra'zen,  a.  made  of  brass ;  impudent. 

Bread  or  breod — Bread. 
Bread,  n.  food  made*of  ground  com ;  support  of  life. 

Breed — Breadth. 
Breadth,  n.  measure  from  side  to  side. 


g6 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Brecan  or  hracan — to  Break  ;  to  Bruise. 

Breach,  n.  a  gap  ;  a  quarrel ;  an  in- 
fraction. 

Breech,  n.  the  hinder  part  of  any- 
thing. 

Out'break,  n.  a  bursting  forth. 

Break'er,  n.  a  wave  broken  by  a 
rock. 


Break,  ®.  to  part  by  violence. 
Broach,  v.  to  tap  ;  to  let  out  liquor. 
Brack,  71.  a  breach  ;  a  crack. 
Brake,  n.  an  instrument  for  retarding 

motion. 
Crake,  n.  a  thicket. 
Bray,  «,  to  grind  small 


Break'past,  n.  the  first  meal  of  the  day. 
Note. — Bray,  the  noise  of  an  ass,  comes  from  the  French  {braire). 


JBreost — Breast. 


Breast,  n.  the  fore  part  of  the  body. 
Breast 'bone,  n.  the  bone  of  the  breast. 
Breast  KNOT,  n.  a  knot  worn  on  the 
breast. 


Breast'pin,  n.  an  ornament  for  the 

breast. 
Breast'work,  n.  a  work  as  high  as 

the  breast. 


JSrceth — Breath. 


Breath,  n.  the  air  drawn  in  and  ex- 
pelled by  the  lungs. 
Breath'ing,  n.  respiration. 


Breathe,  v.  to  draw  in  and  expel 

the  air. 
Breath'pul,  a.  full  of  breath. 


Breath'less,  a.  out  of  breath. 


Bredan — ^to  Nourish.     JBrod — a  Brood. 

Brood,  v.  the  number  hatched  at  once. 
Brood,  v.  to  sit  as  on  eggs ;  to  think 

long  and  anxiously  about. 
Bred,  jy^.  brought  up;  nourished. 


Breed,  «.  to  give  birth  to ;  to  bring 
Breed,  n.  a  race  ;  a  kind.  [up. 

Breed'ing,  n.   education;  manners; 
nurture. 


Sriwan — to  Brew  ;  to  Mix. 


Brew,  ®.   to  make  malt  liquor;   to 

mingle. 
Brew'age,  n.  a  mixture. 


Brew'er,  n.  one  who  brews. 
Broth,  n.  liquor  in  which  flesh  has 
been  boiled. 


Brew'ery,  n.  a  place  for  brewing. 


Bride,  n.  a  woman  about  to  be  mar- 
ried, or  newly  married. 

Bri'dal,  a.  a  wedding ;  belonging  to 
a  wedding. 


Bryd — Bride. 

Bride'groom,  n.  a  man  about  to  be 
married,  or  newly  married. 

Bridesmaid,  n.  she  who  attends  on 
the  bride. 


Bride'man,  n.  he  who  attends  on  the  bridegroom. 


Brycg — Bridge. 
Bbidge,  n,  a  building  raised  over  water  for  convenience  of  passage. 


Bridl — Bridle. 

Bri'dle,  n.  the  reins  by  which  a  horse  I  Bri'dle,  v.  to  hold  up  the  head  in 
is  governed ;  a  restraint.  I      pride  or  resentment. 

Bbi'dlb^  V,  to  restrain ;  to  control. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIV^ATIVES.  8t 

Srcer — Brier  ;  a  Prickle. 
Brt'er,  n.  a  prickly  slirub.  |  Bri'ery,  a.  full  of  briers. 

Beorht  or  bryht — Bright. 
Brighi,  a.  clear;  shining.  I  Bright'ly,  a.  with  lustre. 


Bright'en,  v.  to  make  bright.  I  Bright'ness,  n.  lustre ;  glitter, 

Bert,  a.  bright ;  a  suf&x  used  in  forming  names. 

Brymnie — Brim. 

Brim,  n.  the  upper  edge  of  a  vessel.    I  Brim'less,  a.  without  a  brim. 
Brim'ful,  a.  full  to  the  brim.  I  Brim'ming,  a.  full  to  the  top. 


Byrnan — to  Burn.     Brun — Brown. 

Brown,  n.  the  name  of  a  color. 
Brown  isn,  a.  somewhat  brown. 
Brownstud'y,  n.    deep   thoughtful- 

ness. 
Au'burn,  a.  brown;  of  a  dark  tan 

color. 
Brand,  n.  a  burning  piece  of  wood  ; 

a  mark  of  infamy. 
Brand,  «?.  to  mark  with  a  hot  iron. 
Brandish,  v.  to  wave ;  to  flourish. 
Brim'stone,  n.  sulphur. 


Burn,  ??.  to  consume  with  fire;   to 

wound  with  fire. 
Burn,  n.  a  wound  caused  by  fire. 
Burnt,  p.  a.  consumed ;  scorched. 
Burn'ing,  n.  fire ;  flame. 
Outburn',  v.  to  exceed  in  burning. 
Unburned',  a.  not  burnt. 
Brin'ded,  a.  streaked,  as  if  burnt. 
Brin'dled,  a.  streaked ;  spotted. 
Brunt,  n.  the  heat  or  violence  of  an 

onset ;  shock. 

Note. — Burn,  a  brook,  used  in  Scotland,  comes  from  the  Gothic  {brunna). 

Bryne — Salt  Liquor. 

Brinb,  ».   water  impregnated  with  I  Brin'ish,  a.  saltish ;  like  brine. 
salt.  I  Bri'ny,  a.  salt;  like  brine. 

Bringan — to  Bring. 
Bring,  v.  to  fetch  from ;  to  attract. 

Bristl,  hyrst — Bristle. 

Bris'tle,  n.  the  hair  of  a  swine ;  stiff  I  Bris'tle,  v.  to  stand  erect. 


hair.  I  Brist'ly,  a.  thick  set  with  bristles. 

Bryttian — to  Break. 

Brit'tle,  a.  easily  broken.  |  Brit'tleness,  n.  aptness  to  break. 


Broad,  a.  wide ;  extended  from  side 

to  side. 
Broad'en,  id.  to  make  broad. 


Brad,  breed — Broad. 

Broad 'ly,  ad.  in  a  broad  manner. 
Broad'cloth,  n.  a  fine  woolen  cloth. 
Broad'side,  n.  the  side  of  a  ship. 


^  Brucan — to  Use  ;  to  Employ  ;  to  Bear. 

Broke,  v.  to  transact  business  for 
others. 

Bro'kage,  n.  profit  gained  by  pro- 
moting bargains.     • 


Bro'ker,  n.  an  agent  or  negotiator. 
Bro'kerage,  n.  the  pay  or  reward  of 

a  broker. 
Brook,  v.  to  bear ;  to  endure. 


8S  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Broc — Bbook. 
Brook,  n.  a  stream ;  a  rivulet. 

^rowi— Broom. 

Broom,  n.  a  shrub ;  a  brush  with  a  I  Broom'stick,  n.    the    handle   of   a 
long  handle  for  sweeping.  |      broom. 

Brother — Brother. 

Broth'er,  n.  one  born  of  the  same  I  Broth'erly,  a.  like  a  brother ;  affec-^ 
parents.  I      tionate. 

Broth'erless,  a.  without  a  brother. 

JBrceiv — Brow. 

Brow,  n.  the  ridge  over  the  eye ;  the  1  Bro  w'beat,  v.   to  depress  by  stem 
forehead.  I      looks. 

Brysan — to  Bruise. 
Bruise,  «.  to  crush  or  mangle  by  blows. 

Bucca — Buck. 

Buck,  n.   the  male  of  certain   ani-  I  Buck'skin,  n.  leather  made  from  a 
mals.  I      buck's  skin. 

Buck'et,  n.  hue,  a  vessel  for  drawing  water. 

Byldan — to  Confirm  ;  to  Establish. 

Build,  v.  to  raise  an  edifice ;  to  con-  I  Build'er,  n.  one  who  builds, 
struct.  I  Build 'iNG,  n.  a  fabric ;  an  edifice. 

Byndel — Bundle. 
Bun'dle,  n.  a  number  of  things  bound  together. 

Byrthen — Burden. 
Bur'den,  n.  what  is  borne ;  a  load.     |  Bur'densome,  a.  heavy ;  grievous. 

Burst,  v.  herstan,  to  break  or  fiy  asunder  by  internal  force. 

Birgan  or  hirian — to  Bury. 

Bur't,  v.  to  cover  with  earth ;  to  put  I  Bur'ial,  n.  interment, 
into  a  grave.  I  Bur'ying,  n.  burial. 

Brastlian — to  Brustle  ;  to  Bustle. 

Bus'tle,  v.  to  be  busy  with  quick  I  Brus'tle,  v.  to  rustle ;  to  crackla 
motion.  I 

Biseg — Busy. 

Bus'y,  a.  employed  with  earnestness ;  I  Bus'ily,  ad.  in  a  busy  manaer. 
active.  I  Bus'iness,  n.  employment ;  trado. 

Bus'y-bod'y,  n.  a  meddling  person. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  89 

But,  c(m.  hutan,  except ;  except  that. 

Bocsum — Flexible  ;  boga — a  Bough,  and  sum — Some. 
Bux'oM,  a.  gay ;  lively ;  brisk.  |  Bux'omly,  ad.  wantonly. 

By  eg  an — to  Buy  ;  hoht — Bought. 

Buy,  v.  to  obtain  for  money ;  to  pur-  I  Buy'er,  n.  one  who  buys, 
chase.  |  Bought,  pp.  purchased. 

Be  or  hi — By. 

By,  prep,  denotes  the  way  or  means.    ]  By,  ad.  in  presence  or  passing  neai^ 

Cealf—QAJJF. 

Calf,  n.  the  young  of  a  cow ;  a  stupid  I  Calves,  n.  the  plural  of  calf, 
fellow.  I  Calf 'skin,  n.  the  skin  of  a  cal£ 

Caeggian — to  Lock. 

Cage,  n.  an  enclosure  for  birds  or  I  Cage,  v.  to  shut  up. 
beasts.  | 

Cunnan — to  Know  ;  to  Have  Powbb. 

Can,  v.  to  be  able ;  to  have  power.      I  Cun'ning,  a.  artfully  deceitful. 
KJEN,  V.  to  see  at  a  distance ;  to  know.  |  Cun'ning,  n.  fraudulent  dexterity, 

Canna — Can. 
Can,  n.  a  vessel  for  liquor.  |  Can'ned,  a.  preserved  in  cans. 

Car — Care. 

Care,  n.  anxiety ;  caution ;  charge.     I  Care'fully,  ad.  heedfully. 
Care'ful,  a.  anxious ;  watchful.  |  Care'lessly,  ad.  without  care. 

Care'less,  a.  having  no  care ;  heedless. 

Carl — a  Male.     Ceorl — a  Churl. 

Carle,  n.  a  strong,  rude  man.  |  Churl,  n.  a  surly  man ;  a  miser. 

Churl'ish,  a.  rude ;  harsh. 

Ceorfan — to  Carve. 

Carve,  o.  to  cut  meat  at  table ;  to  cut  I  Carv'ing,  n.    the    act  of  carving ; 
into  elegant  forms.  1      sculpture. 

Cartel — Castle. 

Gas'tle,  n.  a  fortified  house.  |  Cas'tellan,71.  the  governor  of  a  castle, 

•  • 

Ceaf — Chaff. 

Chaff,  n.  the  husks  of  grain.  |  Chaf'fy,  a.  full  of  chaff. 

Chap'finch,  n.  a  bird  said  to  like  chaff. 


90  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Ceapf  ceapian — to  Babgaln  :  to  Trade  ;  to  Bur. 

Cheap,  a.  having  a  low  price. 
Cheap'en,  v.  to  lessen  value. 
Cheap.'ly,  ad.  at  a  small  price, 
Cheap'ness,  n.  lowness  of  price. 


Chaf'per,  «.   to  treat  about  a  bar- 
gain ;  to  baggie. 
Chap'man,  n.  a  dealer. 
Chap,  v.  to  barter ;  to  exchange. 


Chap,  n.  a  boy ;  an  inferior  person. 

Note. — Chap,  to  break  into  small  clefts  or  gapings  by  heat  or  cold,  to  become  bot9 
by  clefts,  &c.,  is  from  A.-S.  geypped,  opened. 

Cerran — to  Burn. 

Char'coal,  n.  coal  made  by  charring  I  Char,  v.  to  bum  to  a  cinder, 
wood.  I 

Cearig,  cearian — ^to  Take  Care  ;  to  Be  Anxious. 

Cha'ry,  a.  careful;  cautious.  |  Cha'rily,  ad.  warily;  frugally. 

Cha'riness,  n.  caution ;  nicety. 

Ceat — Circumvention. 
Cheat,  xi.  to  defraud ;  to  impose  upon.  |  Cheat'er,  n.  one  who  practises  fraud. 

Ceac,  ceowan — ^to  Chew. 

Cheek,  n.  the  side  of  the  face.  I  Cheek'bone,  n.  the  bone  of  the  cheek. 

Chew,  «.  to  crush  with  the  teeth.        |  Chew'ing,  n.  mastication. 

NoTB. — Check  by  Jowii,  an  old  expression  signifying  closeness,  or  face  to  face. 

Cyse — Cheese. 

Chees'y,  a,    having  the  nature  of  I  Cheese,  n.  the  pressed  curd  of  milk, 
cheese.  I 

Cyst — Chest. 
Chest,  n.  a  large  box ;  the  thorax. 

Cicen — Chicken. 
Check'en,  n.  the  young  of  a  hen.         |  Chick'enhearted,  a.  cowardly. 

Cidan — to  Chide. 

Chide^  v.  to  scold ;  to  find  fault.  |  Chid'ing,  n.  scolding ;  rebuke. 

Chid'ingly,  ad.  in  a  reproving  manner. 

aid — Child. 

Child,  n.  an  infant ;  a  very  young  I  Child'hood,  n.  the  state  of  children, 
person.  I  Child'ish,  a.  like  a  child. 

Child'less,  a.  without  children. 

Cele — Chill. 

Chill,  a.  cold ;  dull.  |  Chill'y,  a.  somewhat  cold. 

Chtl'liness,  n.  coldness ;  shivering. 


AKGLO-SAXON   BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  91 

Cyn—  Chtn. 
Chut,  n,  the  lower  part  of  the  face.     |  Chin'cough,  n.  the  whooping  cough. 

Cina — a  Fissuke. 

Chink,  n.  a  crack ;  a  gap.  |  Chink,  v.  to  jingle. 

Chink'y,  a.  opening  in  narrow  clefts. 

Aceocan — to  Suffocate. 
Choke,  v.  to  suffocate ;  to  stop  up.      |  Choke'full,  a.  as  full  as  possible. 

Ceosan — to  Choose. 

Choose,  v.  to  take  by  preference ;  to  I  Choos'ing,  n.  selection ;  choice, 
pick  out.  I  Choice,  n.  the  power  of  choosing. 

Choice'ness,  n.  nicety ;  particular  value. 

Clem,  cyrran — to  Turn. 

Chtjbn,  n.  a  vessel  used  in  making  I  Churn'ing,  n.  the  act  of  making  but- 
butter.  I      ter. 

Clcemian — ^to  Glue  ;  to  Smear. 

Clam,  «.  to  clog  with  glutinous  mat- 1  Clam,  n.  the  name  of  a  shell  fish, 
ter.  I  Clam'my,  a.  glutinous ;  sticky. 

Clappan — to  Move  with  Beats  Like  the  Heart. 

Clap,  v.  to  strike  together  with  quick  I  Clapperclaw,  v.  to  scold ;  to  re- 
motion.  I      vile. 

Claw — Claw. 

Claw,  n.  the  foot  of  a  beast  or  bird  I  Claw,  v.  to  scratch,  pull,  or  tear  with 
having  hooked  nails.  I      the  nails. 

Clceg — Sticky;  Viscous. 

Clay,  n.  a  tenacious  kind  of  earth.      I  Clay'pit,  n.  a  pit  where  clay  is  dug 
Dlay'ey,  a.  like  clay.  I  Clay'mabl,  n.  a  whitish,  chalky  clay 

Clcen — Clean. 


Clean,  a.  free  from  dirt. 

Clean'ly,  a.  free  from  dirt;   neat; 

pure. 
Clean'liness,  n.  freedom  from  dirt ; 

neatness. 


Cleanse,  v.  to  free  from  dirt ;  to  pu^ 

rify. 
Cleans'ing,  n.  the  act  of  purifying. 
Unclean',  a.  not  clean ;  dirty. 


Cleafan — ^to  Cleave 

Cleave,  v.  to  split ;  to  divide. 
Clbav'er,  n.  a  butcher's  axe. 
Cleft,  n.  an  opening  made  by  split 
ting. 


Clove,  pret.  divided. 
CloVen,  a.  divided ;  parted. 
CloVen-footed,  a.  having  the  foot 
divided  into  two  parts. 


>fZ  SMlTH"'rf    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Clifian — to  Cleave. 
Cleave,  v.  to  adhere ;  to  hold  to. 

Gleaw — Skillful  ;  Clever. 

Clev'er,  a.  skillful ;  dexterous ;  in-  I  Clev'erness,  n.  dexterity ;  skill ;  in 
genious.  I      genuity. 

Clev'erly,  ad.  dexterously ;  ingeniously. 

Cliwe — a  Ball  of  Thread. 
Clew,  n.  a  ball  of  thread ;  a  guide.     ]  Clew,  v.  to  guide  as  by  a  thread. 
Note. — The  thread  unwound  from  a  clew  used  to  guide  one  in  a  labyrinth. 

ai/— Cliff. 
Cliff,  n.  a  steep  bank.  |  Clipf'y,  a.  broken ;  craggy. 

Climan — to  Climb. 

Climb,  «.  to  ascend  with  labor ;  to  I  Climb'er,  n.  one  who  climbs, 
mount.  I  Climb'ing,  n.  the  act  of  ascending. 

Clingan — to  Shrink  Up. 
Cling,  ®.  to  hang  upon ;  to  adhere.     |  Cling'stone,  n.  a  kind  of  peach. 


Clyppan — to  Embrace 

Clip,  v.  to  cut  with  shears;  to  cut 

short. 
Clip 'per,  n.  one  who  clips;    a  fast 

sailing  vessel. 


Clasp,  n.  a  hook  to  hold  anything 

close. 
Clasp'knife,  n.  a  knife  which  folda 

into  the  handle. 


Lach—a,  Garment. 
Cloak,  n.  a  loose  outer  garment.  |  Cloak,  v.  to  hide ;  to  mask. 

Clucga — a  Bell  ;  Clock. 

Clock,  n.  an  instrument  to  measure  I  Clock'work,  n.  the  machinery  of  a 
time.  I      clock;  well  adjusted  work. 


Clod,  n.  a  lump  of  earth. 
Clod'dy,  a.  consisting  of  clods. 
Clod'poll,  n.  a  dolt ;  a  blockhead. 


Clud — a  Stone  ;  a  Hillock. 

Clot,  n.  a  concretion  of  soft  or  fluid 

matter. 
Clot'ty,  a.  full  of  clots. 


Clath — Cloth. 


Cloth,  n.  any  thing  woven. 
Clothe,  v.  to  cover ;  to  dress. 
Cloth'ibr,  n.  a  maker  or  seller  of 
cloth. 


Clothes,  n.  garments ;  dress. 
Cloth'ing,  n.  dress ;  garments ;  ve* 
ture. 


ANGLO-SAXOX    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


93 


Cloud,  n.  a  collection  of  visible  vapor 

in  the  air. 
Cloud'y,  a.  covered  with  clouds. 
Cloud'capt,  a.  topped  with  clouds. 


Ge-hlod — Covered  ;  Cloud. 

Cloud'iness,  v.   the  state  of  being 

cloudy. 
Cloud'less,  a.  without  clouds ;  clear ; 

bright. 


Note. — This  word  is  of  doubtful  etymology. 

Clf^fer-wyrt — Small  Cloveb. 
Clo'ver,  n.  a  species  of  trefoil.  |  Clov'ered,  a.  covered  with  clover. 

Cleofan — to  DrvroE. 

Club,  n.   an  association  of  persons  I  Club,  n.   a  room  in  which  a  club 
each  contributing  his  share.  I      meets. 

Note. — Club,  a  heavy  stick,  a  bludgeon,  comes  from  the  Danish  {Hub). 

Clauster — a  Cloister  ;  a  Bunch. 
Clus'ter,  n.  a  bunch ;  a  collection.     |  Clus'ter,  v.  to  collect  in  buncbea. 

Ge-lwccan — to  Seize  ;  to  Catch. 
Clutch,  v.  to  seize ;  to  grasp.  |  Clutch,  n.  gripe ;  grasp. 


Col — Coal. 


Coal,  n.  a  common  fossil  fuel. 
Coal'ery,  n.  a  place  where  coals  are 

dug. 
Coal  BLACK,  a.  black  in  the  highest 

degree. 
Coal'mtne,  n.  a  mine  in  which  coals 

are  dug. 


Coal'miner,  n.  one  who  works  in  a 

coal  mine. 
Coal  pit,  n.  a  pit  in  which  coals  are 

dug. 
Collier,  n.  a  digger  of  coals ;  a  coal 

merchant.  [dug. 

Coll'iery,  n.  a  place  where  coals  are 


Cocc — Cock. 


Cock,  n.  the  male  of  birds ;  a  small 
heap  of  hay ;  to  set  erect ;  to  strut. 

Cock'ade,  n.  a  ribbon  worn  on  the 

Cock'ateice,  n.  a  serpent.  [hat. 

Cock'atoo,  n.  a  bird  of  the  parrot 
kind. 


Cock'crowing,  n.  the  dawn ;  early 
morning. 

Cock  LOFT,  n.  the  room  over  the  gar- 
ret. 

Cock'pit,  n.  the  lower  deck  of  a  ship 
of  war. 


Cold,  a.  not  hot ;  frigid ;  chill. 

Cold'ly,  ad.  without  heat ;  without 
concern. 

Cold'ness,  n.  want  of  heat ;  uncon- 
cern. 

Cold'hearted,  a.  indiflf(^ent ;  want- 
ing passion. 


Ceald—CojA). 

Cold'blooded,  a.  without  feeling. 

Cool,  a.  somewhat  cold. 
Cool'ish,  a.  rather  cool. 
Cool'ly,  ad.  without  heat  or  passion 
'  Cool'ness,  n.  gentle  cold;   indiffer 
ence. 
Cool'headed,  a.  without  passion. 


94  iSMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Colt — Colt. 
Colt,  n.  a  young  horse.  |  Colt'ish,  a.  like  a  colt ;  frisky ;  wanton. 

Camh — a  Valley. 

Comb,  n.  an  instrument  for  the  hair. 


Comb,  n.  the  dry  part  of  a  valley. 
Comb,  n.  the  cells  in  which  bees  de- 
posit honey. 


Comb,  v.  to  divide,  clean,  and  ad-just 
the  hair. 


Note. — Hence  the  names  of  places  situated  in  valleys  end  in  comb  ;  as  Alcomb,  Bas 
comb,  Chelcomb.  Sometimes  the  name  of  the  owner  is  annexed ;  as,  Oomfe-Bassett., 
Comft-Raleigh.    Sometimes  6  is  changed  into  p,  as  Comptou. — Boswokth. 

Cuman — to  Come. 

Come,  «.  to  draw  near;  to  advance  I  Com'ing,  n.   approach;  arrival;  ad 
towards.  |      vancing  near. 

Overcome',  «.  ofer,  to  conquer ;  to  subdue. 

Cwenian — Comply. 

Come'liness,  n.  grace ;  beauty ;  dig-  I  Come'ly,  a.  graceful :  decent, 
nity.  I 

Cop — ^the  Top,  or  the  Head. 

Cop,  n.  the  head ;  the  top.  Cob,  n.  the  head ;  anything  round ;  a 

Cope,  n.  a  cover  for  the  head  or  top.  strong  pony. 

Co'piNG,  n.   the  top   or  cover  of  a  Cob'ble,  n.  a  roundish  stone. 

wall.  Cob'-irons,  n.  irons  with  a  knob  at 

Oop'pED,  a.  rising  to  a  top  or  head.  the  end. 

Note. — Cope,  to  contend,  to  struggle,  comes  from  the  Greek. — Cobble,  to  mend 
coarsely,  to  do  clumsily,  comes  from  the  Danish  {kobler). 


Corn — Corn. 

Corn,  n.  seeds  which  grow  in  ears ; 

grain. 
Corn'chandler,  n.  one  who  retails 

corn. 

Note. — Corn,  an  excrescence  on  the  foot,  is  from  the  Latin  cornu,  a  horn. 


Corn,  v.  to  sprinkle  with  salt. 
Corn'field,  n.  a  field  where  com  is 

growing. 
Corn'heap,  n.  a  store  of  com. 


Cot,  n.  a  small  house ;  a  hut. 
Cote,  n.  a  cottage ;  a  sheep  fold. 
Cot'tage,  n.  a  small  house :  a  hut. 


Cota — Cot. 

Cot'tager,  n.  one  who  lives  in  a  co^ 

tage. 
Cot'ter,  n.  one  who  lives  in  a  cot. 


Cove,  n.  a  small  creek  or  bay ;  a  shel- 
ter. 

Cop'fer,  n.  a  chest,  generally  for 
keeping  money. 


Cof — a  Cave  ;  a  Repository. 

Cof'fer-dam,  n.  a  water-tight  case 
fixed  in  the  bottom  of  a  river,  in 
order  to  keep  a  space  dry  to  build 
upon. 


Crabba — Crab. 
Crab,  n.  a  shell  fish ;  a  peevish  person.  |  Crab'bed,  a.  peevish  ;  morose. 


4KGL0-SAX0N    ROOTS   AND    DERIVATIVES.  96 

Cu — Cow. 

Cow,  n.  the  ff  A»ale  of  the  bull.  I  Cow'herd,  n.  {hyrde,  a  keeper),  one 

Cow'like,  a.  resembling  a  cow.  1      who  tends  cows. 


Cow'house,  n.  a  house  in  which  cows 

are  kept. 
Cow'pox,  n.  the  vaccine  disease. 
Cow'sLip,  n.  a  species  of  primrose. 
Cow,  V.  to  depress  with  fear. 


Cow'lick,  n.  a  tuft  of  hair  turned  up 
as  if  licked  by  a  cow. 

Cow'ard,  n.  (from  cowherd)^  one  de- 
stitute of  courage. 

Cow'ardice,  n.  want  of  courage. 


Cow'ardly,  a.  fearful ;  mean. 

Cradel — Cradle. 

Cra'dle,  n.  a  bed  in  which  infants  I  Cra'dle,  n.  a  scythe  for  grain, 
are  rocked.  I 

Crceft — Art;  Skill;  Trade. 

Craft,  n.  trade ;  fraud ;  cunning.        I  Craft'ily,  ad.  cunningly ;  artfully. 

Craft'y,  a.  cunning ;  artful ;  sly.        |  Craft'iness,  n.  cunning ;  stratagem. 

Crafts'man,  n.  an  artificer ;  a  mechanic. 

Cratnmian — to  Cram. 
Cram,  v.  to  stuff  completely  full ;  to  thrust  in  by  force. 

Cran — a  kind  of  Heron. 
Crane,  n.  a  bird ;  a  machine  for  raising  heavy  goods. 

Crafian — to  Crave  ;  to  Ask  ;  to  Implore. 

Crave,  v.  to  ask  earnestly ;  to  long  I  Cra'ven,  n.  a  coward ;  one  who  im- 
for.  I      plores  for  his  life  when  vanquished. 

Cra'ving,  n.  unreasonable  desire. 

Creek,  n.  crecca,  a  small  inlet ;  a  cove. 

Creopan— to  Creep. 

Creep,  d.   to  move  as  a  worm ;   to  I  Creep'ingly,  ad.  slowly ;  like  a  rep- 
move  slowly  or  feebly.  I      tile. 

Cread  or  cruth — a  Crowd. 

Crew,  n.  a  ship's  company ;  a  com-  I  Crowd,  n.  a  confused  multitude ;  v. 
pany.  I      to  press  close. 

Cryb — Crib. 
Crib,  n.  a  manger ;  a  child's  bed ;  v.  to  confine. 

dhicc — a  Stick. 

Crick,  n.  a  painful  stifl&iess  in  the  I  Crick'et,  n.    a  play  with  bats  and 
neck.  I      ball. 

CRifrcn,  n.  a  support  used  by  the  lame. 


96  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Ge-erympt — Curled. 
Crimp,  «.  to  pinch  up  in  ridges.  |  Crimp 'ing,  n.  the  act  of  crimping. 

Crocca — a  Pot  ;  a  Pitcher. 
Crock,  n.  an  earthen  vessel.  |  Crock'ery,  n.  earthen  ware. 

Cropp — ^the  Top  ;  an  Ear  op  Corn. 
Crop,  n.  the  stomach  of  a  bird.  |  Crop,  n.  the  harvest ;  produce. 

Note. — Crop,  to  cut  off,  comes  from  the  Dutch  krappen^  to  cut  off. 

Hreopan — Croup. 
Croup,  n.  a  disease  in  the  throat. 
Note. — Croup,  the  rump  of  an  animal,  comes  from  the  Italian  (groppa). 

Craiv — Crow. 

Crow,  n.  a  bird ;  the  cry  of  a  cock.     |  Crow '-foot,  n.  a  flower. 
Crow's'-feet,  n.  the  wrinkles  under  the  eyes. 

Criifna — Crumb  ;  to  Gnaw  or  Break. 

Crumb,  n,  a  small  particle ;  a  frag-  I  Crum'ble,  v.   to  break  or  fall  into 
ment.  1      small  pieces. 

Cunnan — to  Know  ;  Cunning. 

Cun'ning,  a.  skilful ;  artful ;  sly.         |  Cun'ningly,  ad.  skilfully ;  artfully. 

Cupp — Cup. 

CtfP,  n.  a  drinking  vessel.  I  Cup'board,  n.  a  case  with  shelves  for 

Cup'bearer,  n.  an  attendant  at  a  feast.  |      cups,  &c. 

Dam,  v.  detnmarif  to  confine  water. 

Note. — Dam,  a  female  parent,  is  from  Dame,  which  comes  from  the  Latin  domina, 
the  mistress  of  a  family. 

Dear  ran — to  Dare. 

Dare,  v.  to  have  courage.  I  Dar'ing,  a.  bold ;  fearless. 

Dare,  v.  to  challenge ;  to  defy.  |  Dar'ingly,  ad.  boldly ;  courageously. 

Deorc — Dark. 


Dark,  a.  wanting  light ;  gloomy. 
Dark'en,  v.  to  make  dark. 
Dark'ish,  a.  approaching  to  dark. 


Dark'ly,  ad.  obscurely. 
Dark'ness,  n.  absence  of  light. 
Dark'some,  a.  gloomy ;  obscure. 


Deor  or  e?yre— Precious  ;  Beloved 

Dear,  a.  beloved ;  precious ;  costly. 
Dear'ly,  ad.  with  fondness ;  at  a  high 

price. 
Dear'ness,  n.  fondness ;  costliness. 


Dearth,  n.  scarcity ;  famine. 
Dear '-bought,  a.  purchased  at  a  high 

price. 
Dar'ling,  a.  beloved ;  favorite. 


Endear',  v.  to  make  dear ;  to  make  beloved.. 


AlfGLO-SAXON    BOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  97 

Adastrigan — to  Fkighten  ;  to  Dismay. 

Das'tabd,  n.  a  coward.  i  Das'tardly,  ad.  cowardly ;  mean. 

Das'tabdy,  n.  cowardliness. 

Note. — Coward,  Dastard,  Poltroon,  and  Craven  signify  one  wanting  courage, 
!vnd  they  are  all  used  as  terms  of  reproach ;  but,  of  the  four  words,  coward  is  the  least 
reproachful. 

Dohtor — Daughter. 
X)augh'ter,  n.  a  female  child.  1  Daugh'terly,  a.  like  a  daughter. 


Day,  n.  the  time  from  sunrise  to  sun- 
set. 

Dai'ly,  a.  happening  every  day. 

Day'break,  71.  the  first  appearance 
of  light ;  dawn. 

Day'dream,  n.  a  vision  to  the  waking 
senses. 


Ikeg— Day.    Dagian — Dawn. 

Day'light,  n.  the  light  of  day. 
Day'time,  n.  the  time  in  which  there 

is  light. 
Dawn,  n.  the  break  of  day ;  to  begin 

to  grow  light. 
Dawn'ing,  n.  break  of  day  ;  morning. 
Dai'sy,  n.  {cUiy^s-eye),  a  flower. 


Dai'sied,  a.  full  of  daisies. 


Dead — Dead. 


Dead,  a.  deprived  of  life;  dull ;  still. 
Dead'en,  v.  to  deprive  of  sensation. 
Deadly,  a.  destructive ;  mortal. 
Dead'ness,  n.  loss  of  life. 
Death,  n.  extinction  of  life. 


helpless. 
Dead'lift,  n.  the  lifting  of  a  thing 

at  the  utmost  disadvantage. 
Death'like,  a.  resembling  death. 


Dea/— Deaf. 

Deaf,  a.  wanting  the  sense  of  hearing.  |  Deaf'en,  v.  to  make  deaf. 
Deap'ness,  n.  want  of  power  to  hear. 

Dcel-^a,  Part.     Dcelan— to  Divide. 


Deal,  n.  a  part ;  a  thin  plank. 
Deal,  v.  to  divide  ;  to  distribute. 
Deal'er,  n.  one  who  deals ;  a  trader. 

In'terdeal,  n.  mutual  dealing ;  traffic 

Note.— Dole,  grief,  sorrow,  comes  from  the  Latin  {doleo). 


Deal'ing,   n.     action ;    intercourse ; 

traffic. 
Dole,  v.  to  deal ;  to  distribute. 


Decan — to  Cover. 


Deck,  v.  to  cover ;  to  adorn. 

Deck,  n.  the  floor  or  cover  of  a  ship. 

Deok'er,  n.  one  who  adorns. 


Fore'deck,  n.  the  fore  part  of  tb« 

deck. 
Undecked',  a.  not  decked. 


I>ced — Deed. 

,  Deed'less,  a.  without  action ;  without  I  Deed,  n.  an  action ;  an  exploit, 
exploits.  *  I 

Demati — Deem. 
•  Deem,  v.  to  think ;  to  judge. 


98  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Deop — Deep. 

Deep,  a.  extending  far  below  the  sur 

face;  profound. 
Deep'en,  v.  to  make  deep. 


Deep'lt,  ad.  to  a  great  depth. 
Depth,  n.  measure  from  the  surface 
downwards. 


Delfan — to  Dig. 

DeIjP,  n.  a  mine ;  a  pit ;  earthenware.  ]  Delte,  v.  to  dig. 
Deliver,  n.  one  who  digs. 

JDenu — Den  ;  a  Dale  ;  a  Plain. 
Den,  n.  a  cavern ;  the  cave  of  a  wild  beast. 
Note. — Den,  a  termination  in  the  names  of  places,  signifies  a  valley  or  woody  plain. 

Disc — a  Plate  ;  a  Table  ;  Dish. 

Desk,  n.  an  inclined  table  for  writing  I  Dish,  n.  a  vessel  for  serving  up  food ; 
or  reading.  1      a  pJate. 

Dish'water,  n.  water  in  which  dishes  are  washed. 

Deofol — Devil. 
Dev'il,  n.  a  fallen  angel ;  an  evil  spirit.  |  Dev'ilish,  a.  like  a  devil ;  wicked. 

JDeaw — Dew. 


Dew,   n.   moisture  from  the   atmo- 
sphere. 
Dew'y,  a.  like  dew. 


Dew'dkop,  n.  9  d^op  of  dew. 
Dew'lap,  n.  the  fiesh  which  hang» 
from  the  throat  oi  ac  ox. 


Bedew',  v.  to  moisten  gently. 


Die — a  Dike. 


Dig,  v.  to  turn  up  the  earth ;  to  ex-  I  Dig'ger,  n.  one  who  digs, 
cavate.  1  Dike,  n.  a  bank  ;  a  mound 

Ditch,  n.  a  trench  dug  in  the  ground. 

Dim — Dim. 

Dim,  a.  not  seeing  clear ;  obscure ;  i\  I  Dim'ly,  ad.  not  clearly ;  obscurelj- 
to  cloud.  I  Dim'ness,  n.  duhiess  of  sight. 

Dim'sighted,  a.  having  weak  eyes. 


Dynt — a  Stroke  ;  a  Blow.     Dint — a  Hole. 

Dim'ple,  n.   a  small   hollow  in  the 

cheek  or  chin. 
Dm'PLKD,  a.  set  with  dimples. 


Dim'ply,  a.  full  of  dimples. 
Dint,  n.  a  mark ;  force. 
Dint,  «,  to  mark  by  a  blow. 


Dyne — Noise.    Dynan — to  Make  a  Noise  ;  to  Dine. 


Dm,  n.  a  ioud  noise ;  «,  to  stun  with 

noise. 
Dine,  v.  to  eat  or  give  a  dinner. 


Din'ner,  n.  the  chief  meal  of  the  day 
Di'ningroom.  n.  the  room  for  dining. 
Dinnertime,  n.  the  time  for  dinner 


Dun.  v.  to  claim  a  debt  importunately. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ROOTS   AND   DEBIVATIVES.  99 

Dyppan — to  Dip. 

Dip,  v.  to  put  into  any  liquor ;  to  en-  I  Dive,  v.  to  plunge  under  the  water, 
ter  slightly.  I 

Dysi — Dizzy. 
Diz'zY,  a.  giddy ;  whirling.  |  Diz'zmESS,  n.  giddiness ;  vertigo. 

Don — ^to  Do. 

Do,  V.  to  practise ;  to  perform.  I  Done,  v.  executed ;  performed. 

Did,  v.  executed ;  performed.  |  Doings,  n.  things  done ;  transactions 

Dol — a  Dolt. 

Dolt,  n.  a  heavy,  stupid  fellow.  I  Dull,  a.  stupid ;  sluggish ;  blunt. 

Dolt'ish,  a.  stupid ;  dull.  I  Dul'ness,  n.  stupidity ;  heaviness. 

Dull'head,  n.  a  blockhead ;  a  dolt. 

Deman — to  Think  ;  to  Judge. 

Dooms'day,  n.  the  day  of  final  judg-  I  Doom,  v.  to  judge ;  to  condemn, 
ment.  I 

Duru — Door. 

Door,  n.  the  entrance  into  a  house  or  I  Door'case,  n.  the  frame  of  a  door, 
apartment.  | 

Dahf  the  past  participle  of  deawian — to  Moisten  ;  to  Wet. 
Dough,  n.  wet  flour ;  unbaked  paste.  ]  Dough'y,  a.  like  dough ;  soft. 

Dohtig — Brave;  Noble;  Good. 

Dough'ty,  a.  brave ;  valiant ;  noble.   \  Dough'tiness,  n.  valor ;  bravery. 

Duva — Dove. 

Dove,  n.  a  species  of  pigeon.  I  Dove'tail,  n.  a  joint  in  the  form  of 

Dove'cot,  n.  (cota),  a  house  for  doves.  |      an  expanded  dove's  tail. 
Dove'like,  a.  resembling  a  dove. 

Note. — The  dove  is  the  emblem  of  love,  simplicity,  purity,  and  innocence. 

Dun — Down. 
Down,  n.  a  bank  of  sand  thrown  up  by  the  sea ;  a  tract  of  poor,  hilly  land. 

Adune,  the  past  participle  of  dufian— to  Sink. 


Down,  prep,  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 

place.  ^ 

Down,  ad.  on  the  ground,  or  any  flat 

surface. 

Dovof 'right,  a.  plain ;  open ;  direct. 

Note. — Down,  the  soft  feathers  of  a  bird,  comes  from  the  Danish  {duun). 


Down'ward,   ad.    in    a   descending 

course. 
Down'cast,  a.  dejected. 
Down'fall,  n.  ruin ;  calamity 


100 


SMITH  S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


IHaces—Bvi-ij ;  Stupid. 

Doze,  v.  to  sleep  lightly. 

Do'zY,  a.  sleepy ;  drowsy  ;  sluggish. 

Do'ziNESS,  71.  sleepiness. 

Do'ziKG,  ppr.  sleeping  lightly. 

Daze,  v.  to  blind  by  too  strong  a  light. 


DwcBScan — to  ExTrNGUisH. 

Daz'zle,  v.  to  overpower  with  light. 

Daz'zling,  p.  a.  striking  with  splen- 
dor. 

Bedaz'zle,  v.  to  make  the  sight  dim 
by  lustre. 


Drehuigetin — to  Drain  ;  to  Strain.     Drygan — ^to  Dry. 

Drain,  v.  to  draw  off  gradually ;  to  I  Drain,  n.  a  channel  for  water  to  flow 
exhaust.  off. 


Dragan- 

Drag,  II.  to  pull  along  by  force. 
Drag,  n.  whatever  serves  to  retard. 
Draught,  n.  the  act  of  drawing ;  the 

quantity  drunk  at  once. 
Draw,  «.  to  pull  along;  to  attract. 
Draw 'able,  a.  that  may  be  drawn. 
Draw'er,  n.  a  sliding  box  in  a  case 

or  table. 
Draw'ing,  n.  delineation. 
Drawn,  a.  having  equal  advantage. 
Draw'back,  n.  any  loss  of  advantage. 


-to  Drag. 

Draw'bridge,  n.  a  bridge  which  may 

be  opened. 
Dray,  n.  a  low  cart. 
Dray'horse,  n.  a  horse  which  draws 

a  dray. 
Dray'man,  n.  a  man  who  attends  a 

dray. 
Drawl,  v.  to  speak  in  a  slow,  tedious 

manner. 
Dredge,  n.  a  drag  for  takmg  oysters. 
Dredge,  v.  to  gather  with  a  dredge. 


Dreed — Dread. 


Dread,  n.  great  fear ;  terror. 
Dread'ful,  a.  terrible ;  awful. 


Dread'fully,  ad.  terribly. 
Dread'less,  a.  fearless ;  intrepid. 


Dreorig — Drear. 


Drear,  a.  dismal ;  gloomy.  [ful. 

Drear'y,  a.  dismal ;  gloomy ;  mourn- 


Drear'ily,  ad.  dismally ;  gloomily. 
Drear'iness,  n.  dismalness. 


Drencan — to  Give  to  Drink. 
Adrencan — to  Drown  ;  to  Plunge  or  Overwhelm. 


Drench,  v.   to  wet  thoroughly;   to 

soak. 
Drink,  v.  drlnc,  to  swallow  liquors. 
Drink,  n.  liquor  to  be  swallowed. 


Drunk'en,  a.  intoxicated  with  liquor. 


Drink'able,  a.  that  may  be  drunk. 
Drown,  v.  to  overwhelm  in  water. 
Drunk,  a.  intoxicated  with  liquor. 
Drunk'ard,  n.  one  habitually  drunk. 


Drlopan — to  Drip. 

Drip,  v.  to  fall  in  drops. 
Drib'ble,  v.  to  fall  in  drops. 
Drib'bling,  n.  a  falling  in  drops, 
Drib'let,  n.  a  small  quantity  or  sum. 
Driv'eler,  n.  an  idiot ;  a  dotard. 


Dropian — to  Drop. 

Driv'el,  v.  to  let  the  spittle  fall  like 

a  child. 
Droop,  'd.  to  sink  or  hang  down. 
Drop,  n.  a  globule  of  liquid. 
Drop,  v.  to  let  fall. 


Drugothf  drygan  or  dolgftn — to  Dry. 

Drought,  n.  a  long  continuance  of  |  Drouth,  n.  want  of  rain, 
dry  w«'^ither. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS   AND   DERIYATIT^S. 


,,.,:m 


Drifan — to  Drive. 


Drive,  v.  to  force  along ;  to  urge  for- 
ward. 
Drive,  n.  a  passage  in  a  carriage. 
Drift,  n.  anything  driven  at  random. 


Drift,  v.  to  be  driven  along  by  a  cur- 
rent of  water. 

Drove,  n.  draf,  a  number  of  cattle 
driven. 


Adrift',  a.  or  ad.  impelled  or  moving  without  direction. 


Thirllan — to  Turn,  Wind  or  Twist. 


Drill,  n.  an  instrument;  a  row  of 

grain. 
Thrill,  z,.  to  pierce ;  to  feel  a  sharp, 

shivering  sensation. 


Drill,  v.  to  bore  and  make  a  hole  by 
turning  an  instrument ;  to  teach  and 
train  by  frequent  exercise. 


Dreosan — to  Fall  ;  to  Precipitate  ;  to  Drop  or  Droop. 


Driz'zle,  «.  to  fall  in  small  drops. 
Driz'zling,   ppi\    falling    in    small 

drops. 
Driz'zly,  a.  shedding  small  r-^.in. 
Dross'y,  a.  worthless ;  foul. 


Drow'siness,  n.  sleepiness. 


Dross,  n.  the  scum  of  metals ;  any 

worthless  matter. 
Drowse,  v.  to  make  heavy  with  sleep. 
Drow'sy,  a.  sleepy  ;  heavy ;  dull. 
Drow'sily,  ad.  sleepily  ;  lazily. 


Dran — Drone. 


Drone,  n.  the  male  of  the  honey  bee ; 
one  who  jDroduces  nothing ;  a  low 
humming  sound. 


Drone,  v.  to  live  in  idleness. 
Dron'ish,  a.  idle ;  indolent. 


DrugCf  from  dreogan — to  Act  ;  to  Suffer. 

Drudge,  n.  one  employed  in  mean  I  Drudge,  v.  to  labor  in  mean  offices, 
labor.  I  Drud'gerYjW.  mean  labor;  hard  work. 


Drif  drig  or  dryg — Dry. 

Dry,  a.  free  from  moisture ;  not  wet. 
Dry'ly,  ad.  without  moisture ;  coldly. 
Dry'ness,  n.  want  of  moisture. 


Dry'shod,  a.  without  wet  feet. 
Drug,  n.  {drigau,  to  dry),  any  sub* 
stance  used  in  medicine. 


Drug'gist,  n.  one  who  deals  in  drugs. 

Gedufian — to  Duck. 

Duck,  v.  to  put  suddenly  under  water.  |  Duck'ling,  n.  a  young  duck. 
Duck,  n.  a  water  fowl. 


Thystre- 


DusK,  a.  tending  to  darkness. 
Dusk,  n.  twilight 


Duck'legged,  a.  short-legged. 

-Dark;  Obscure. 

Dusk'tsh,  a.  moderately  dark. 
Dusky,  a.  somewhat  dark ;  obscure. 


Dumb,  a.  mute ;  not  able  to  speak. 
Dumb'ness,  n.  incapacity  to  speak 
silence. 


IMinih — Dumb. 

Dum'found, 


confuse. 


to  make  dumb;  t« 


102  8.aj:iTH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOC^Y. 

JDust — DiTST. 

Dust,  n.  earth  or  other  matter  reduced  I  Dust'iness,  n.  the  state  of  being  cov- 
to  powder.  |      ered  with  dust. 

Dust'y,  a.  filled  or  covered  with  dust. 

Dweorg — Dwarf. 

Dwarf,  n.  a  person  below  the  usual  I  Dwarf'ishness,  n.  littleness  of  stat- 
size.  I      ure. 

Dwarf'ish,  a.  below  the  natural  size. 

Dwinan — to  Fade  ;  to  Vanish. 
Dwm'DLE,  v.  to  shrink ;  to  grow  less.  |  Dwine,  «.  to  pine  away ;  to  decline. 

Deagan — to  Dye. 
Dye,  v.  to  tinge ;  to  color ;  to  stain.    |  Dye'ing,  n.  the  art  of  coloring  cloth. 

JElc — Each;  Every. 
Each,  a.  every  one  of  any  number. 

Eare — Ear. 


Ear,  n.  the  organ  of  hearing. 
Ear'ring,  n.  an  ornament  for  the  ear. 


Ear'wig,  n.  an  insect ;  a  whisperer. 
Ear,  n.  that  part  of  com  which  con- 
tains the  seeds. 


Eorl — Chief;  Leader. 
Earl,  n.  a  title  of  nobility.  |  Earl'dom,  n.  the  dignity  of  an  earl. 

Mr — Before.    Mrest — First. 


Ere,  ad.  before ;  sooner  than. 
Ere-long',  ad.  before  long. 
Ere-now',  ad.  before  this  time. 


Ere-while',  ad.  some  time  ago. 
Ear'ly,  a.  soon ;  being  in  good  time. 
Erst,  ad.  first ;  at  first ;  formerly. 


Earnian — to  Deserve. 
Earn,  v.  to  gain  by  labor.  |  Earn'ing,  n.  that  which  is  earned. 

Eornest — Earnest. 

Ear'nest,  a.  ardent ;  zealous ;  eager.  |  Ear'nestly,  ad.  warmly ;  eagerly. 

Eorthe — Earth. 


Earth,  n.  the  matter  which  composes 

the  globe. 
Earth'en,  a.  made  of  earth  or  clay. 
Earth'ly,  a.  belonging  to  the  eai-th. 


Earth'y,  a.  consisting  of  earth. 
Earth'quake,  n.  a  convulsion  of  the 

earth. 
Earth'worm,7i.  a  mean,  sordid  wretch. 


(O^  f'     Eath — Easy;  Ready;  Gentle. 

Ease,  n,  quiet ;  rest ;  facility.  I  Ea'silt,  ad.  without  difliculty. 

Ea'sy,  a.  not  diflicult ;  quiet  1  Ea'siness,  n.  the  quality  of  being  easy. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES  103 

East — East. 

East,  n.  the  quarter  where  the  sun  I  Easterly,  a.  coming  from  the  east. 
rises,  I  East'ern,  a.  being  in  the  east. 

East'ward,  ad.  towards  the  east. 


Etan — to  Eat 

Eat,  v.  to  chew  and  swallow ;  to  take 

food. 
Eat'able,  a.  that  may  be  eaten. 


Eat'er,  n.  one  that  eats. 
Eat'ing,  n.  the  act  of  chewing  and 
swallowing. 


Efese — a  Brim. 

Eaves,  n.  the  edges  of  the  roof  of  a  I  Eaves'dropper,  n.  one  who  listens 
house.  I      under  the  windows. 

Ehhe—EB^. 

Ebb,  n.  the  going  out  of  the  tide ;  de-  |  Eb'beng,  n.  flowing  out. 
cline. 

Ed — Again  ;  Back.    Ea — Running  Water. 

Ed'dy,  n.  water  running  back  or  con-  I  Ed'dying,  p.  a.   moving  circularly ; 
trary  to  the  current ;  a  whirlpool.    |      whirling. 
Ed'dy,  v.  to  move  circularly. 

Ecg — Edge. 

Edge,  n.  the  cutting  part  of  a  blade ;  I  Edged,  a.  sharp  ;  keen, 
the  brink.  |  Edge 'less,  a.  blunt;  obtuse. 

Edge'wise,  ad.  with  the  edge  forward. 

^g — Egg.     Eggian — to  Egg. 


Egg,  n.  that  from  which  the  young 
of  some  animals  is  produced. 


Ey'ry,  n.  a  jDlace  where  birds  of  prey 
build  their  nests. 


Aehta — ^Eight. 


Eight,  a.  n.  twice  four. 
Eighth,  a.  the  ordinal  of  eight. 
Eight'een,  a.  eight  and  ten. 


Eight'fold,  a.  eight  times  the  quan- 
tity. 
Eight'score,  a.  n.  eight  times  twenty. 


Eke,  d.  ecan,  to  lengthen ;  to  prolong. 


Elhoga — Elbow. 

El'bow,  n.  the  joint  of  the  arm  below 
the  shoulder. 


El'bow,  v.  to  push  one's  way. 
El'bow-room,  n.  room  or  space  for 
exertion. 


El'bow,  n.  a  sudden  or  abrupt  turn. 

Elf—Ei.¥. 

Elf,  n.   a  fairy ;  v.  to  entangle  the  I  Elf'in,  a.  relating  to  fairies, 
hair.  ♦  |  Elf'lock,  w.  a  knot  of  hair  twisted. 


104  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOaY. 

Ellm — ^Elm. 
Elm,  n.  a  forest  tree.  |  El'my,  a.  abounding  with  elm-trees. 


Leap,  v.  to  jump  ;  to  spring. 
Leapfrog,  n.  a  play  of  children 
Leap'year,  n.  every  fourth  year. 
OuTLEAp',  V.  to  leap  beyond. 


Hleapan — to  Leap  ;  to  Jump  ;  to  Run. 

Overleap',  v.  to  leap  over. 
Elope',  v.  to  run  away  privately. 
Elope'ment,  n.  a  running  away  se- 
cretly. 


Elles — Else. 
Else,  pr(m.  other ;  one  besides.  |  Else'where,  ad.  in  another  place. 

JEJm#i— Empty. 
Emp'ty,  a.  containing  nothing.  |  Emp'tiness,  n.  state  of  being  empty. 

Ende — End. 

End,  n,  conclusion ;  termination.  1  End 'less,  a.  without  end. 

End'ing,  n.  conclusion.  I  End'wise,  ad.  on  end ;  erectly. 

Genoh — Plenty  ;  Sufficiency. 

Enough',  a.  sufficient ;  that  satisfies  I  Enough',  ad.  in  a  sufficient  degree, 
desire.  I 

jErend — Message;  Business;  Care. 

Er'rand,  n.  that  which  is  intrusted  I  Er 'rand-boy,  n.    a  boy  to   deliver 
to  a  messenger.  I      messages. 

^fen — Even. 

Eve,  E  Ven,  n.  the  close  of  the  day.     |  E'vening,  n.  the  close  of  the  day. 
E'ventide,  n.  the  time  of  the  evening. 

Efen — Even. 

E'ven,  a.  level ;  smooth  ;  equal.  |  E'venly,  ad.  equally. 

E'venness,  n.  the  state  of  being  even. 


Ev'er,  ad.  at  any  time ;  always. 
Ev'ergreen,  n.  always  green. 
Everlast'ing,  a.  lasting  without  end 


^^/<er— Ever. 

Evermore',  ad.  always ;  eternally. 
Ev'ery,  a.  aelc,  each  one. 
Ev'ery WHERE,  ad.Xri.  every  place. 


Forev'er,  ad.  at  all  times ;  without  end. 

Efel  or  I/c?— Evil. 

E'viL,  a.  not  good ;  bad ;  wicked.       |  E'vilness,  n.  badness ;  wickedness. 
E'yilly,  ad.  not  well. 

Eowu — Ewe. 

Ewe,  n.  a  female  sheep. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


105 


Eage 

Eye,  n.   the  organ  of  vision;   v.  to 

watch. 
Eye'less,  a.  without  eyes. 
Eye'let,  n.  a  small  hole  for  a  cord. 
Eye'ball,  n.  the  apple  of  the  eye. 
Eye 'beam,  n.  a  glance  from  the  eye. 
Eye  BROW,  n.  the  hairy  arch  over  the 

eye. 
Eye'lash,  n.  the  hair  that  edges  the 

eye. 


-Eye. 

Eye'lid,  n.  the  membrane  that  shuts 
over  the  eye. 

Eye'-service,  n.  service  performed 
only  under  inspection. 

Eye'sight,  n.  the  sight  of  the  eye. 

Dai'sy,  n.  {dayh-eye)^  a  flower. 

Ineye'  v.  to  put  an  eye  in ;  to  inocu- 
late. 

Overeye',  v.  to  superintend ;  to  ob- 
serve. 


F(egen—QijAi>\  Joyful. 
Fain,  a.  glad;  pleased;  delighted.      |  Fain,  ad.  gladly;  very  desirously. 

Fytiigean — to  Become  Musty  ;  to  Decay. 

Faint,  «.  to  pass  away  quickly.  I  Faint'ly,  ad.  feebly. 

Faint'iNg,  n.  a  swoon.  |  Faint '-hearted,  a.  timoroua. 

Fceger — Fair. 

Fair,  a.  beautiful ;  white ;  clear.         |  Fair'ly,  ad.  openly ;  justly. 
Fair'ness,  n.  beauty ;  honesty. 

Note. — Fair,  a  stated  market,  comes  from  the  Latin  {forum). 

Fyllan — to  Cut  Down  ;  to  Fall.    Feallan — to  Fall. 

Fall,  v.  to  drop  down ;  to  sink.  I  Befall',  v.  to  happen  to. 

Fall,  n.  the  act  of  falling ;  autumn.    |  Fell,  «.  to  cause  to  fall ;  to  cut  down. 
Fell,  v.  to  sew  or  hem. 


Fealo — Fallow. 

Fal'low,  a.  ploughed  but  not  sown ;  pale  red  or  yellow ;  left  to  rsst  after 

tillage. 

Fann — a  Fan. 

Fan,  n.  an  instrument  for  agitating  I  Fan,  t?.  to  affect  by  air  put  in  motion, 
the  air.  | 


Cf . 


Fang,  v.  to  seize ;  to  catch. 
Fang,  n.  the  tusk  of  an  animal. 
Fan'gle,  n.  a  silly  attempt. 
Fan'gled,    a.    gaudy;    ridiculously 
showy. 


Fengan — to  Take  ;  to  Seize. 

Newfan'gled,  a.  formed  with  affec- 
tation of  novelty. 

Fin'ger,  n.  one  of  the  extreme  parts 
of  the  hand. 


Feor — Far.     Fyrst — Superlative  of  Feor. 


T'ar,  a.  distant ;  remote. 
Far'most,  a.  most  distant. 
Afar',  ad.  at  or  to  a  distance. 
First,  a.  earliest  in  time. 


FAr'fetched,  a.  forced ;  strained. 


First'born,  n.  the  eldest  child. 
First'fruits,  n.  earliest  produce. 
Far'ther,  a.  more  remote. 
Far'thest,  a.  most  distant  or  remote. 


106  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Fmr — a  Journey.    Far  an — to  Go ;  to  Travel 

Fare,  ®.  to  go ;  to  travel ;  to  happen 
well  or  ill. 

Fare,  n.  faru,  food ;  price  of  con- 
veyance. 

Farewell',  ad.  adieu;  the  parting 
compliment. 

Farewell',  n.  leave ;  departure. 

Fer'ry,  ^.  to  carry  over  water  in  a 
boat. 


Fer'ry,  n.  the  place  where  a  boat 

passes  over. 
Fer'ry-boat,  n.  a  boat  to  pass  over  in. 
Wher'ry,  n.  a  light,  sharp  rowboat. 
Misfare',  ti.  to  be  in  a  bad  state. 
Wel'fare,  n.  happiness ;  prosperity. 
Ford,  n.  a  shallow  place  in  a  river. 
Ford,  i).  to  pass  a  river  by  walking 

on  the  bottom. 


Ford'able,  a.  passable  on  foot. 

/[  Feorm — Provisions.    Feormian — ^to  Supply  with  Food. 

Farm,  ?i.  land  under  cultivation;  v.  I  Farm'er,?^.  one  who  cultivates  a  farm. 
to  lease  or  let.  I  Farm'ing,  n.  cultivation  of  land. 

Fcestan — ^to  Hold  ;  to  Stop. 
Fast,  v.  to  abstain  from  food.  |  Fast'day,?^.  a  day  of  religious  fasting. 

1^(CBS*— Stopped  ;  Fixed. 
Fyst,  from  fccstnian — to  Seize  ;  to  Fasten  Upon. 

Fasten'ing,  n.  that  which  fastens. 


Fast,  a.  firm ;  strong ;  fixed. 
Fast'en,  v.  to  make  fast;  to  make 

firm. 

Fis'ticuffs,  n.  blows  with  the  fist. 

Note. — Fast,  speedy,  quick,  is  from  the  Welsh  (fest). 


Fast'ness,  n.  strength ;  a  strong  place. 
Fist,  n.  the  clenched  hand. 


Fwtt,  fedan — to  Nourish. 


Fat,  a.  plump ;  fleshy ;  full  fed. 
Fat,  n.  the  unctuous  part  of  animal 
flesh. 


Fat'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being  fat. 
Fat'ten,  «j.  to  make  or  grow  fat. 
Fat'ty,  a.  having  the  qualities  of  fat. 


Vat,  n.  a  large  cistern. 

Feeder — Begetter. 

Fa'theb,  n,  the  male  parent.  |  Fa'therless,  a.  without  a  father. 

Fa'therly,  a.  like  a  father ;  tender. 

Fcethem — the  Space  of  Both  Arms  Extended. 

Fath'omless,  a.  that  cannot  be  fath- 1  Fath'om,  n.  a  measure  of  six  feet, 
omed.  I 

Note.— Fathoms  are  marked  on  lines  and  used  in  measuring  the  depth  of  water. 

Fcehthy  past  part,  of  the  verb  fian — to  Hate. 
Faugh,  int.  an  expression  of  abhorrence. 

Fcegnian — to  Rejoice  ;  to  Flatter. 

Fawn,  v.  to  court  servilely ;  to  cringe.  |  Fawn'er,  n.  one  who  fawns, 
Fawn'ing,  n.  gross  or  low  flattery. 

Note. — ^Fawn,  a  young  deer,  comes  from  the  French  (Jaon). 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  107 

Feer,  fcer an— to  Terkift. 

Pear,  n.  dread ;  terror ;  awe.  |  Fear'ful,  a.  timorous ;  afraid. 

Fear'less,  a.  free  from  fear. 

Fyther — Feather. 

Feath'er,  n.  the  plume  of  birds.         I  Feath'erless,  a,  having  no  feathers. 
Feath'ered,  a.  clothed  with  feathers.  |  Feath'ery,  a.  resembling  a  feather. 

Feoh — Cattle  ;  Monet  ;  a  Stipend  or  Reward. 

Fbe,  n.  reward ;  recompense.  I  Fee'-simple,  n.  a  tenure  to  property ; 

Fee,  v.  to  bribe ;  to  hire.  I      an  absolute  estate  of  inheritance. 

Note. — "  This  word  feoh  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  all  the  European  languages.  Cattle 
was  the  first  kind  of  property;  and  by  bartering,  this  word  eame  to  signify  money  in 
general. ' '— Bosworth. 

Fee,  in  American  law,  an  estate  of  inheritance  of  which  the  holder  has  the  entire 
disposal  without  condition,  and  which  is  transmissible  to  his  heirs.  Fee-simple, 
called  simple  (i  e.  pure),  because  clear  of  any  condition,  limitation,  or  restriction  to 
particular  heirs. 


Foda,  foster — Food.    Fedan — to  Feed. 

Fos'ter,  id.  to  feed ;  to  cherish. 
Fos'tering,  n.  the  act  of  nursing. 
Fos'terchild,  n.  a  child  nursed  by 

one  who  is  not  its  parent. 
Fos'terbrother,  n.   one  nursed  at 

the  same  breast. 


Feed,  n.  to  supply  with  food. 
Feed'er,  n,  one  that  feeds. 
Feed'ing,  n.  the  act  of  feeding. 
Food,  n.  any  thing  that  nourishes. 
Food'less,  a.  not  affording  food. 
Fod'der,  n.  (from  fedan,)  food  for 
cattle. 


Felan — to  Feel. 

Feel,  v.  to  perceive  by  the  touch.       |  Feel'ing,  n.  the  sense  of  touch. 
Feel'ingly,  ad.  tenderly. 

Fcelga,    Fcela — Much,  and  fjan — to  Go. 
Fel'ly,  or  Fel'loe,  n.  the  outward  wooden  rim  of  a  wheel. 

Felag,    Fe — Faith,  and  lag — Bound. 

Fel'low,  n.  a  companion ;  an  equal.  |  Fel'lowship,  n.  companionship. 
Fellow-feel'ing,  n.  sympathy. 

C/  '  Feelian,  fcellan — to  Offend. 

Fel'on,  n.  one  guilty  of  felony.  IFel'ony,  n.  a  crime  whi«h  incurs  the 

Felo'nious,  a.  cruel.  I      forfeiture  of  life  or  property. 


^e;^— Felt 

Felt,  n.  a  hide  or  skin ;  cloth  made 

without  weaving. 
Felt'maker,  n.  one  who  makes  felt. 
Fil'trate,  v.  to  strain.  • 


Filtra'tion,  n.  the  act  of  filtering. 
Fil'ter,  n.  a  piece  of  felt,  &c.,  through 

which  liquids  are  passed  to  clear 

them. 


108  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OI^   ETYMOLOGY. 

Feawa — Few. 
Few,  a.  not  many ;  small  in  number.   |  Few'ness,  n.  smallness  of  number. 

Ficol — Fickle;  Crafty. 
Fick'lb,  a.  changeable ;  inconstant.     |  Fick'leness,  n.  changeableness. 

Fithele—FiDTHM. 
Fid'dle,  n.  a  violin.  |  Fid'dler,  n.  one  who  plays  on  a  fiddle. 

Feld,  the  past  part,  of  the  verb  fellan — to  Fell. 

Field '-piece,  n.  a  small  cannon. 
Field'sports,  n.  shooting  and  hunt- 
ing. 
Fell,  n.  a  hill. 


Field,  n.  a  piece  of  land;  battle- 
ground. 

Field'-marshal,  n.  the  commander 
of  an  army. 


Fell,  «.  to  hew  or  cut  down ;  to  sew  or  hem. 

Note. — The  word  field  properly  means  a  clearing,  where  the  trees  have  been  felled 
or  cut  down. 

Feond,  flan,  or  feon — to  Hate. 

Fiend,  n.  a  deadly  enemy.  I  Fiend'ish,  n.  having  the  qualities  of 

Fiend'like,  a.  resembling  a  fiend.       |      a  fiend. 

Feud,  n.  a  deadly  quarrel. 

Note. — Feud,  a  right  to  land  on  condition  of  military  service,  comes  from  the 
Latin  {feudum). 

Fight,  v.  feoTitan,  to  contend  in  battle ;  n.  a  contest. 

Film — a  Thin,  Light  Coat. 

Film,  n.  a  thin  skin ;  ».  to  cover  with  I  Film'y,  a.  composed  of  films, 
a  thin  skin.  | 

Fylth,  afylan — to  Defile. 

Filth,  n.  dirt ;  nastiness.  I  Filth'ily,  ad.  nastily ;  foully. 

Filth'y,  a.  nasty ;  foul.  I  Filth'iness,  n.  nastiness ;  foulness. 

Findan — to  Find. 

Find,  v.  to  obtain  by  searching.  I  Find'ing,  n.  discovery ;  verdict  of  a 

Find'er,  n.  a  discoverer.  I     jury. 

Find'ings,  n.  the  tools  and  materials  used  by  shoemakers. 

Fyr — Fire. 


Fire,  n.  the'T^eous  element. 
Fir'ing,  n.  fuel ;   discharge  of  fire- 
arms. 
Fire'arms,  n.  guns,  muskets,  &c 


Fire'brand,  n.  a  piece  of  wood  kin 

died. 
Fire'side,  n.  the  hearth ;  home. 
Fire'wood,  n.  wood  for  fuel. 


Fisc — ^FlSH. 

FiSH,n.  an  animal  that  inhabits  water.  I  Fish'ery,  n.  the  place  of  fishing. 
Fish'ing,  n.  the  art  of  catching  fish.    |  Fish,  v.  to  try  to  take  by  artifice. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DEKIVATIVES.  l03 


Floh,  fleogan — to  Fly  or  Cause  to  Fly. 

Fling,  «.  to  cast  from  the  hand. 
Fleet,  v.  to  fly  swiftly ;  to  haste  away. 
Fleet,  a.  rapid  ;  swift ;  quick. 
Fleet'ing,  j).  a.  passing  away  rapidly. 
Fleet'ly,  ad.  swiftly;  nimbly. 
Fleet 'ness,  n.  swiftness. 


Fly,  v.  to  move  with  wings ;  to  pass 

swiftly. 
Flying  fish,  n.  a  small  fish  which 

flies. 
Flag,  n.  an  ensign  ;  a  water  plant. 
Flag,  t).  to  hang  loose ;  to  grow  weak. 


Flag'gy,  a.  weak ;  lax.  Flick'er,  v.  to  flap  or  move  the  wings 

Flag'staff,  n.  the  staff  upon  which        without  flying ;  to  waver ;  to  fluc- 
the  flag  is  elevated.  I      tuate. 


Fledged,  a.  feathered ;  able  to  fly. 
Un'fledged,  a.  not  fledged  ;  young. 
Unflag'glng,  a.  not  drooping;  un- 
tiring. 
Flee,  v.  to  run  from  danger. 
Flinch,  v.  to  withdraw  from. 


Flaw,  n.  a  crack ;  a  defect ;  a  sudden 

gust. 
Flea,  n.  a  small  insect. 
Flight,  n.  the  act  of  flying  or  fleeing. 
Flight'y,  a.  fleeting ;  wild. 
Flit,  v.  to  fly  rapidly. 


Note. — Flag,  a  broad,  flat  stone,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  Jlean^  to  flay. 

t-     i^     ,         Flaxe—&  Flask. 
Flag'on,  n.  a  drinking  vessel.  |  Flask,  n.  a  kmd  of  bottle. 

Fleax — Flax. 

Flax,  n.  a  flbrous  plant.  |  Flax'en,  a.  made  of  flax. 

Flax'seed,  n.  the  seed  of  flax ;  linseed. 

Fleos  or  flys,  from  flean — ^to  Flay. 

Flay,  v.  to  strip  ofi"  the  skin.  I  Fleece,  n.  the  wool  shorn  from  one 

Fleec'y,  a.  like  a  fleece.  I      sheep. 

Flag,  n.  a  broad  flat  stone  for  paving. 

Flota  or  fliet — a  Ship. 
Fleet,  n.  a  company  of  ships. 
Note — Fleet,  swift  of  pace,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  fleogan^  to  fly. 

Flcesc — Flesh. 

Flesh,  n.  the  muscular  part  of  the  I  Flesh'y,  a.  full  of  flesh ;  plump, 
body.  I  Flesh'iness,  n.  plumpness ;  fatness. 

Flesh'less,  a.  without  flesh. 

l^^m*— Flint. 

Flint'y,  a.  consisting  of  flint ;  hard ;  I  Flent,  n.  a  hard  stone, 
cruel.  I 

Flear^iati — to  Trifle. 

Flirt,  v.  to  throw  with  a  jerk ;  to  I  Flirt a'tion,  n.  act  of  flirting ;  co- 
coquet.  I      qtietry. 

Flibt,  n.  a  sudden  jerk ;  a  coquette. 


110  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Fleotan,  from  flowan — to  Flow. 

Float,  ®.  to  swim  on  the  suiface.        I  Floe,  n.  a  mass  of  floating  ice 
Flood,  n.  flod,  a  great  flow  of  water.  |  Flow,  «.  to  run  as  water. 
Overflow',  v.  ofer,  to  run  over. 

Flocc — Flock. 

Flock,  n.  a  company  of  birds  or  small  I  Flock,  v.  to  come  together  in  num 
beasts.  I      bers. 

Note. — Flock  is  often  limited  to  a  collection  of  sheep,  to  distinguish  them  from  a 
herd  or  drove  of  larger  cattle. 

jP^or— Floor. 

Floor,  n.  the  part  of  a  room  on  which  1  Floor,  v.  to  cover  with  a  floor ;  to 
we  walk.  I      knock  down. 

Flitan — to  Dispute. 

Flout,  v.  to  mock ;  to  sneer.  |  Flout,  v.  to  show  contempt. 

Flout'ingly,  ad.  in  an  insulting  manner. 

Foh,  fian — to  Hate. 
Fob,  n.  an  enemy.  j  Foe'man,  n.  an  enemy  in  war. 

Fegan — to  Collect.     Fog — Collection. 
Fog,  n.  a  thick  mist.  1  Fog'gy,  a.  misty ;  dull. 

Fealdan — to  Fold. 

Fold,  v.  to  double  one  part  over  an-  I  Fold'ing,  n.  a  doubling, 
other.  I 

Folks,  n.  folc,  people ;  multitude. 

Folgian — to  Follow. 
Fol'low,  V,  to  go  or  come  after.  |  Fol'lower,  n.  one  who  follows. 

Fonne — a  Fool. 

Fond,  a.  foolishly  tender  and  loving.  I  Fond'le,  v.  to  treat  with  tenderness 
Fond,  a.  loving  ardently.  I  Fond'ly,  ad.  with  great  tenderness. 

Fond'ness,  n.  foolish  tenderness. 

Fot — a  Foot.     Fet — Feet. 


Foot,  n.  that  by  which  anything  is 

supported. 
Foot'ing,  n.  ground  for  the  foot. 
Foot'ball,  n.  a  ball  driven  by  the 

foot. 


Fet'ter,  v.  to  bind ;  to  chain. 


Foot'bridge,  n.   a  bridge  for  foot 

passengers. 
Foot 'step,  n.  trace ;  track ;  mark. 
Foot'stool,  n.  a  stool  for  the  feet. 
Fet'ter,  n.  a  chain  for  the  feet. 


ANGLO-SAXON   KOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


Ill 


Getan — to  Get. 

Get,  v.  to  procure ;  to  obtain.  I  Forget',  v.  to  lose  memory  of. 

Beget',  v.  to  produce.  I  Forget'ful,  a.  apt  to  forget. 

Forget'fulness,  n.  loss  of  memory ;  neglect. 


i^orc— Fork. 


Fork,  n.  an  instrument  divided  at 
the  end  into  two  or  more  points  or 
prongs. 


Forked,  a.  opening  into  two  or  mora 
parts. 


Forma.    Fore  and  tnwr — ^Mobe. 

For'mer,  a.  before  another  in  time ;  I  For'merly,  ad.  in  time  past ;  of  old. 
past.  I 

Weard — Motion  Towards. 
place  in 


For'ward,  ad.   toward 

front. 
For'wardness,  n.  eagerness;   bold- 


For'wards,  ad.  straight  before, 
In'ward,  internal. 
In'wardly,  internally. 


Ful,  foul — Dirty  ;  Impure. 

Foul'spoken,  a.  slanderous. 
Befoul',  v.  to  make  foul. 
Ful'some,  a.  nauseous ;  offensive. 
Defile',  v.  gefylan,  to  make  foul; 
to  pollute. 


Foul,  a.  dirty ;  filthy ;  hindered  from 

motion. 
Foul'ly,  ad.  filthily ;  not  fairly. 
Foul'ness,  n.  filthiness. 
Foul'mouthed,  a.   using  scurrilous 

language. 

Note. — Defile',  a  narrow  pass,  an  army  movement,  comes  from  the  Latin  <fe, 
from,  off,  and  JUum,  a  thread. 


Four,  a.  twice  two. 
JTouRTH,  a.  the  ordinal  of  four. 
Four'fold,  a.  four  times  as  much. 
Four'score,  a.  four  times  twenty. 
For'ty,  a.  four  times  ten. 


Feower — Four. 

Four'square,  a.  having  four  equal 

sides. 
Fir'kin,  n.  the  fourth  part  of  a  barrel. 
Far'thing,  n.  the  fourth  part  of  a 

penny. 


Fugel—Si  Bird  ;  Fowl. 


Fowl,  n.  a  vdnged  animal ;  a  bird. 
Fowl'er,  n.  a  sportsman  who  pursues 
birds. 


Fowl'ing,  n.  the  act  of  shooting  birds. 
Fowl'ingpiece,  n.  a  gun  for  shooting 
birds. 


Fox,  n.  a  cunning  animal. 


Foot}— Fox. 

I  Fox'y,  a.  cunning ;  artfuL 


Fremman — ^to  Frame  or  Form. 

Frame,  v.  to  fit  one  thing  to  an- 1  Frame'work,  n.  that  which  supports 
other.  ,  I      anything  else. 


112 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Freo — Free.     Freond,  from  freon — to  Free  ;  to  Love. 


Free,  a.  having  liberty. 
Free'dom,  n.  liberty ;  independence. 
Free'ly,  ad.  with  freedom. 
Free'ness,  n.  openness  ;  liberality. 
Freed'man,  n.  a  slave  manumitted. 


Frol'ic,  n.  a  wild  prank  ;  a  scene  of 
gayety  and  mirth. 

Frol'icsome,  a.  full  of  wild  gayety. 

Friend,  n.  fveond,  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance. 


Free'hold,  n.  property  held  in  per-  |  Friend'less,  a.  without  friends. 


petual  right. 


Friend'ly,  a.  kind ;  favorable. 


Free'stone,  n.  a  kind  of  stone  easily    Friend'ship,  n.  personal  kindness. 


worked. 


Fresh,  a.  cool ;  new ;  not  salt. 
Fresh'en,  t.  to  make  fresh. 
Fresh'et,  n.  an  inundation. 
Fresh'ness,  n.  newness ;  vigor ;  spirit 


Befriend',  ^.  to  favor ;  to  assist. 

Fersc — Fresh;  Pure;  Sweet. 

Refresh',  v,  to  cool ;  to  relieve  after 

fatigue. 
Refresh'ing,  p.  or  a.  reviving. 
Refresh'ment,  n.  food  ;  rest. 


Fretan — to  Eat  or  Gnaw. 

FreTjIJ.  to  wear  away;  to  vex;  to  rut.  |  Fret'ful,  a.  disposed  to  fret;  peevish. 
Fret'ting,  ppr.  wearing  away ;  vexing. 

Frig-dwg,    Friga — the  Goddess  of  Love  ;  dceg — a  Day. 
Fri'day,  n.  the  sixth  day  of  the  week. 

Frihtan— to  Alarm  ;  to  Terrify, 

Affright',  v.  to  impress  Tvith  sudden 

fear. 
Affright 'ful,  a.  terrible ;  dreadful. 


Fright,  v.  to  terrify ;  n.  sudden  terror, 
Fright'en,  v.  to  terrify. 
Fright'ful,  a.  terrible ;  dreadful. 


Fra—Fno.     Frani — From. 

Fro,  ad.  backward. 
From,  prep,    noting  privation,   dis- 
tance, or  absence. 


Fro'ward,    a.     weard,    perverse; 

peevish. 
Fro'wardness,  n.  perverseness. 


Freosan— to  Freeze,     Frost— Fhobt. 


Freeze,  v.  to  harden  into  ice. 
Frost,  n.  the  power  of  freezing. 
Fro'zen,  p.  a.  congealed  by  cold. 
Frost'ed,  a.  as  if  covered  with  hoar 
frost. 


Frost'y,  a.  producing  frost. 

Frost 'bitten,  a.  nipped  by  the  frost. 

Frost' WORK,  n.  work  resembling  hoar 

frost. 
Hoar-frost,  n.  frozen  dew. 


Fyllan — to  Fill. 

Fill,  t).  to  make  full ;  to  satisfy ;  to 

occupy. 
Full,  a.  having  no  empty  space. 
Ful'ly,  ad.  completely. 


Full'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  full. 
Fulfill',  «?.  to  accomplish ;  to  per- 
form. 
Fulfill 'ment,  n.  completion. 


Fullian — to  Whiten. 
Full,  t>.  to  cleanse  and  thicken  cloth  I  Full'er,  n.  one  who  fulls  cloth. 


in  a  mill. 


Fuller' s-earth',  n.  a  kind  of  clay. 


ANGLO-SAX'^N   BOOTS   AND   DEKIVATIVE8.  113 

Faegen — Glad. 

FiJN,  n.  sport ;  merriment.  |  Fun'ny,  a.  droll ;  comical. 

Furlang,    Fur — a  Fukrow,  and  lang — Long. 
Fur'long,  n.   the  eighth  part  of  a  I  Fur'row,  n.    a  trench  made  by  a 


mile.  I      plough. 


Feor — Far.     Faran — to  Go ;  to  Advance. 

Forth,  ad.  forward  ;  abroad. 
FoRTH'coMrNG,  a.  ready  to  appear. 
Forth'with,  ad.  immediately ;  with- 
out delay. 


Fur'ther,  a.  at  a  greater  distance. 
Fur  THEST,  a.  at  the  greatest  distance. 
Fur'thermore,   ad.   moreover;    be- 
sides. 


Fus — Ready;  Quick,     l^i/san— to  Hasten. 
Fuss,  n.  a  tumult ;  a  bustle. 


Gib'berish,  n.  talk  without  meaning. 
Gibe,  v.  to  sneer ;  to  taunt ;  to  deride. 
Gib'ingly,  ad.  scornfully. 


Gahhan — to  Mock  ;  to  Jest. 

Gab,  t).  to  talk  idly;  n.  loquacity; 

the  mouth. 
Gab'ble,  v.  to  talk  without  meaning. 
Gib'ber,  v.  to  speak  rapidly  and  in-  I  Jab'ber,  ®.  to  talk  idly. 

articulately.  I 

Oa  or  Gan — ^to  Go. 

Goad,  n.  a  pointed  stick  to  drive 

oxen ;  to  incite. 
Gad,  v.  to  rove  about  idly. 


Go,  v.  to  be  in  motion. 
Gad,  n.  a  heavy  whip. 
Gad'fly,  n.  a  fly  that  stings  cattle. 
Note. — Went,  now  used  as  the  preterit  of  Go,  is  a  part  of  the  verb  Wend. 


Gynan — to  Gain.     Gewinnan — to  Win. 

Gain,  v.  to  obtain ;  to  win ;  to  attain.  I  Gain'fully,  ad.  profitably. 
Gain'eb,  n.  one  who  gains.  I  Gain'less,  a.  unprofitable. 

Gealla — the  Gall. 

Gall,  n.  the  bile ;  anything  very  bitter. 

Note. — Gall,  to  fret  by  rubbing  the  skin,  to  vex,  comes  from  the  French  {galer\ 
jind  Gall,  an  excrescence  on  the  oak  tree,  comes  from  the  Latin  {gaUa). 


Gatnen — a  Jest  ;  Sport  ;  Game. 

Gam'bler,  n.    one  who    plays    for 

money. 
Game'ster,  n.  one  addicted  to  play. 

Note. — Gambol,  to  dance,  to  skip,  to  frisk,  comes  from  the  Italian  (gamba). 


Game,  n.  sport ;  jest  ?  a  match  at  play. 
Game,  n.  animals  pursued  m  the  field. 
Gam'ble,  v.  to  play  for  money. 


Geapan — to  Open  ;  to  Gape. 


Gape,  v.  to  open  the  mouth  wide ;  to 

yawn. 
Gap,  n.  an  opening ;  a*hole. 


Agape',  ad.  staring  vrith  open  mouth. 
Gasp,  v.  to  open  the  mouth  to  catch 
breath. 


114  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

/y//  //^  ,       ^j ;  Qearwian — to  Prepaee. 

Gab'ish,  a.  gaudy ;  showy.  |  Gar'ishness,  n.  showy  finery. 

Gear,  n.  furniture ;  ornaments. 

Gyrdan — to  Gird  or  Enclose. 

Gar'den,  n.  a  piece  of  ground  en-  I  Gar'dener,  n.  one  who  cultivates  a 
closed  for  flowers,  fruit,  &c.  |      garden. 

Geat — Gate. 

Gate,  n.   a  frame  which  opens  or  I  Gate'way,   n.    the  way  through   a 
closes  a  passage.  I      gate. 

Gaderian — to  Gather. 

Gath'ering,  n.  an  assembly ;  a  col-  I  Gath'er,  v.  to  collect ;  to  assemble, 
lection.  I 

Gcec — a  Cuckoo. 
Gawk,  n.  a  cuckoo ;  a  fool.  |  Gawk'y,  a.  awkward ;  ungainly. 

Gesean — to  See. 
Gaze,  v.  to  look  intently.  |  Gaze'ful,  a.  looking  intently. 

Gldig — Giddy. 

Gid'dy,  a.  having  a  sensation  of  whirl-  I  Gid'diness,   n.    the   state   of   being 
ing  in  the  head.  I      giddy. 

Gid'dily,  ad.  carelessly. 

Gold — Yellow  ;  Gold.     Geldan — Golden. 


Gold,  n.  a  precious  metal  of  a  bright 

yellow  color. 
Gold 'en,  a.  made  of  gold. 
Gild,  v.  to  overlay  with  gold. 


Gild 'ing,  n.   the  art  of  overlaying 

with  gold. 
Gilt,  n.  gold  laid  on  the  surface. 
Engild',  v.  to  brighten. 


Gyrd—a  Twig  ;  a  Branch.     Gyrdan— to  Gird  ;  to  Surround. 

Gir'dle,  n.  a  band ;  a  belt. 
Girt,  n.  a  circular  bandage. 
Girth,  n.  a  circular  bandage. 


Gird,  n.  a  twitch ;  a  pang. 
Gird,  v.  to  bind  round. 
Gird'er,  n.  the  principal  timber  in  a 
floor. 


Begird',  v.  to  surround. 


Give,  «  to  bestow ;  to  confer ;  to  yield. 
Gift,  n.  the  thing  given. 
Gipt'ed,  a.  endoM'ed  with  powers. 
Giv'er,  n.  one  who  gives ;  a  donor. 


Gifan — to  Give. 

Forgive',  v.  to  pardon ;  to  remit. 
Forgive 'ness,  n.  pardon. 
FoRGiv'iNG,  a.  disposed  to  forgive. 
Misgive',  v.  to  fill  with  doubt. 


Glced — Glad. 


Glad,  a.  cheerful ;  pleased. 
Glad'dbn,  v.  to  make  glad;  to  de- 
light. 


Glad'ly,  ad.  with  gladness. 
Glad'ness,  n.  joy ;  cheerfulness. 
Glad'some,  a.  pleased ;  gay. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  115 


GlcBS — Glass. 
Note.— The  old  Germans  called  Amber  ^^s. 

GrLOSS,  n.  a  smooth,  shining  surface. 
Gloss,  v.  to  palliate  by  specious  re- 
presentation. 
Gloss 'y,  a.  smooth  and  shining. 
Gloss'iness,  n.  polish. 


Glass,  n.  a  hard,  brittle,  transparent 

substance. 
Glass  Y,  a.  like  glass. 
Glaze,  v.  to  coyer  with  glass. 
Gla'zier,  n.  one  who  glazes  windows. 


Gleatn — Gleaj 

Gleam,  n.  a  shoot  of  light ;  v.  to  shine  I  Gleam'ing,  n.  shooting  as  rays  of 
suddenly.  I      light. 

G^ie— Sport;  Music. 

Glee,  n.  joy ;  merriment ;  a  sort  of  I  Glee'ful,  a.  merry ;  cheerful, 
song.  I  Glee'some,  a.  fiill  of  merriment. 


Gloom,  n.  partial  darkness;  melan 

choly. 
Gloom' Y,  a.  obscure :  dismal. 


Glomung — Twilight. 

Gloom'ily,  ad.  dimly ;  dismally. 
Gloom'iness,   n.    obscurity;   melan- 
choly. 


Glum,  id.  to  look  sullen. 

C?to/— Glove.     Cleofen — Cloven;  Split. 
Glove,  n.  a  cover  for  the  hand,  with  a  sheath  for  each  finger. 

Glowan — to  Glow. 
Glow,  'd.  to  be  red  with  heat ;  to  feel  I  Glow'ingly,  ad.  brightly ;  with  paa- 


passion.  I      sion. 

Crfiorne — Sorrowful  ;  CoMPLAmmG. 

Gnarl,  t?.  to  growl ;  to  snarl.  I  Gnarl'ed,  a.  full  of  knots. 

Gnar'ly,  a.  having  knots ;  knotty.      |  Knurl,  v.  to  gnarl. 

Gnagan — to  Scrape  ;  to  Gnaw. 

Gnaw,  v.  to  bite  or  scrape  off  with  I  Gnaw'er,  n.  one  that  gnaws, 
the  teeth.  | 

Gat — Goat. 


Goat,  n.  an  animal. 

Goat'herd,  n.  one  who  tends  goats. 

Go'thamite,  one  who  lives  in  Gotham. 


Goth'am,  n.  {goats'  home)^  a  name 
sportively  applied  to  the  city  of 
New  York. 


Gog* — Mud;  Gore. 

Gore,  n.  clotted  blood ;  v.  to  wound  I  Go'ry,  a.  bloody, 
with  a  horn.  | 

Note.— Gore,  a  triangular  piece  of  cloth,  comes  from  the  W.  {gor,  an  opening). 


116 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


God — God.     God — Good. 


God,  n.  the  Supreme  Being. 
God'dess,  n.  a  female  divinity. 
God'head,  n.  the  divine  nature. 
God'less,  a.  impious ;  wicked. 
God'ly,  a.  pious ;  religious. 
God'leness,  n.  piety. 
God'child,  n.  one  for  whom  a  person 

becomes  sponsor  at  baptism. 
God'father,  n.   a  male   sponsor  at 

baptism. 
God'mother,  n.  a  female  sponsor  at 

baptism. 
Gos'pEL,  n.  {god-spell ;  god,  good, 

and  spell f  history  or  tidings),  the 

evangelical  history  of  our  Saviour ; 

the  word  of  God. 


God'like,  a.  divine. 

Dem'igod,  n.  half  a  god. 

Gos'sip,  n.  {god,  good,  and  sib,  re- 
lation), a  sponsor ;  an  idle  tattler. 

Gos'sipiNO,  n.  a  running  about  to 
tattle. 

Good,  a.  not  bad;  proper;  whole- 
some; useful;  happy;  kind. 

Goods,  n.  property ;  merchandise. 

Good'ly,  a.  beautiful ;  graceful. 

Good'liness,  n.  beauty  ;  grace. 

Good'ness,  n.  excellence ;  kindness. 

Goodbreed'ing,  n.  elegance  of  man- 
ners. 

Goodhu'mor,  n.  cheerfulness  of  mind. 

Goodna'tured,  a.  mild ;  kind. 


Note. — "  In  Anglo-Saxon  God  signifies  both  God  and  good ;  but  Man  is  used  to  de- 
note mmt  and  wickedness.  The  Saxons  call  him  (?o(Z,  which  is  literally,  the  Good ;  the 
same  word  thus  signifying  the  Deity  and  his  most  endearing  quality."— Boswobth. 

Gos — Goose. 

Goose,  n.  a  water-fowl.  |  Geese,  n.  the  plural  of  goose. 

Gos'lestg,  n.  a  young  goose. 


Graf  an — to  Carve  ;  to  Dig 

Graft,  «.  to  insert  a  shoot  of  one  tree 

into  the  stock  of  another. 
Grave,  v.  to  write  on  hard  substances. 


Grave,  n.  {graef,  a  dit^h,  a  trench), 

a  pit  for  a  dead  body 
Grove,  n.  graef,  an  avenue  of  trees. 


Groove,  n.  a  channel  cut  with  a  tool. 

Note. — Grave,  solemn,  serious,  comes  from  the  Latin  gravis.,  heavy. 

Grove  is  cut  out,  hollowed  out  of  a  thicket  of  trees ;  it' is  not  the  tUcket  itself. 


Grenian — to  Grow  ;  Grain. 
Grain,  n.  the  direction  of  the  fibers ;  temper. 
Note. — Grain,  a  seed,  a  corn,  comes  from  the  Latin  (granum). 


Gripan — to  Seize.     Grapian — to  Touch  with  the  Hands. 

Gripe,  v.  to  hold  hard ;  to  grasp.        I  Geap'nel,  n.  a  small  anchor. 
GnAP'PLE,  V.  to  lay  fast  hold  of  |  Grope,  v.  to  search  by  feeling. 

Grws — to  Shoot  Forth  ;  to  Sprout  ;  Grass. 
Grass,  n.  the  common  herbage  of  the  fields. 

Grag — Gray. 

Gray,  a.   white  with  a  mixture  of  I  Gray'beard,  n.  an  old  man. 
black. 


Graze,  t.  to  eat  grass, 


Grasian — ^to  Graze. 

I  Graz'ier,  n.  one  who  raises  cattle. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DEldVATIVES.  117 

Crveat — Gkeat. 

Great,  a.  large ;  vast ;  important.       |  Ureat'ly,  ad.  in  a  great  degree. 
Great'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  great. 

Grcedig — Greedy;  Covetous. 
Greed'y,  a.  ravenous ;  eager  to  obtain.  |  Greed 'iness,  n.  ardent  desire. 

Grene — Green;  Flourishing. 

Green,  a.  of  the  color  of  growing  I  Green'ness,  n.    the  state  of  being 
plants;  fresh.  |      green. 

Gretan — to  Go  to  Meet  ;  Wishing  Peace. 

Greet'ing,  n.  addressing  with  kind  I  Greet,  v.  to  salute ;  to  welcome, 
wishes.  I 

Grifn — Fierce;  Ferocious. 

Grim,  a.  frightful ;  hideous.  |  Grim'ly,  ad.  horribly ;  sourly. 

Grim'ace,  n.  distortion  of  the  face. 

Grindan — to  Bruise  ;  to  Gnash. 

Grind,  v.  to  reduce  to  powder;  to  I  Grind'stone,  n.   a  stone  on  which 
rub ;  to  oppress.  I      tools  are  sharpened. 

Grist,  n.  com  or  grain  to  be  ground  at  one  time. 

G^eot — Sand;  Dust. 

Grit,  n.  the  coarse  part  of  meal ;  sand  I  Grit'ty,  a.  containing  grit, 
or  gravel.  I 

Granan — to  Lament  ;  Mourn  ;  Weep. 

Groan,  v.  to  breathe  or  sigh  as  in  I  Groan'ing,  n.  a  deep  sigh, 
pain.  I  Grunt,  d.  to  murmur  as  a  hog, 

G^und — Ground;  Earth;  Bottom. 

Ground,  n.  the  surface  of  land. 
Ground,  v.  to  place  or  fix ;  to  run 
aground. 


Ground'less,  a.  void  of  reason. 
Ground'lessly,  ad.  without  reason 
or  cause. 


Aground',  ad.  stranded. 

Growan — to  Grow. 

Grow,  v.  to  increase  in  size.  |  Grow'ing,  ppr.  increasing. 

Growth,  n.  increase ;  product. 

Geomrian — to  Grieve. 

Grum'ble,  v.  to  murmur  with  discon-  I  Grum'bler,  n.  one  who  grumbler. 
•    tent.  •  I 

Weard—B.  Guard  ;  Watch. 

Guard,  v.  to  protect ;  to  defend.  |  Guard'ed,  a.  cautious ;  circumspect. 

•    Guar'dian,  n.  a  protector. 


118  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK  OF    ElYMOLOGY. 


Ge  and  wiglian — ^to  Deceive.     Wile — Guile. 

Guile'less,  a.  free  from  guile. 
Beguile',  «.  to  deceive ;  to  amuse. 
Wi'lily,  ad.  fraudulently. 
Wi'liness,  n.  cunning ;  guile. 


Guile,  n.  craft ;  cunnmg. 
Guile'ful,  a.  wily ;  artful. 
Wile,  n.  a  deceit ;  a  trick. 
Wi'ly,  a.  cunning ;  sly ;  insidious 


Gylt — a  Crime  ;  a  Debt. 

Guilt,  n.  the  state  of  having  com- 
mitted a  crime. 

Guilt'y,  a.  justly  chargeable  with  a 
crime. 


Guilt'less,  a.  free  from  crime. 
Guilt'iness,  n.   the  state  of  being 
guilty. 


Goma — the  Palate  ;  the  Jaw  ;  Gum. 

Gum,  n.  the  concrete  juice  of  certain  I  Gum'my,  a.  consisting  of  gum. 
trees ;  a  tree.  I 

Haccan — to  Hack. 
Hack,  v.  to  chop ;  to  cut  clumsily.      |  Hack,  n.  a  small  cut. 
Note. — Hack,  a  horse  let  out  for  hire,  is  from  the  French  {haqueme). 

Hcegl — Hail. 

Hail,  n.  drops  of  rain  frozen  while  I  Hail'stone,  n.  a  single  ball  of  hail, 
falling.  I 

Hcer — Hair. 

Hair,  n.  a  small  filament  issuing  from  i  Hair'breadth,  n.  a  very  small  dis- 

the  skin.  tance. 

Hair'y,  a,  covered  with  hair.  I  Hair'cloth,  n.  cloth  made  of  hair. 

Healf—RMuT. 

Half,  n.  one  part  of  a  thing  which  is  I  Halve,  «?.  to  divide  into  two  equal 
divided  into  two  equal  parts.  |      parts. 

Halves,  n.  two  equal  parts  of  a  thing. 


Halig — Holy:  Hallow. 

Hal'low,  v.  to  make  holy. 
Ho'ly,  a.  good ;  religious ;  pure. 
Ho'liness,  n.  sanctity ;  piety. 
Ho'lyday,  n.  a  religious  festival. 


Hol'iday,  n.  a  festival  day. 
Hal'idom,  n.  an  adjuration  by  what 
is  holy. 


Healtian — to  Hold  and  to  Stop. 

Halt,  v.  to  limp ;  to  stop.  |  Halt,  a.  lame ;  crippkd. 

Halt,  n.  a  stop  in  a  march. 

Hcelfter — a  Holder  ;  Halter. 

Hal'ter,  n.  a  rope  for  confining  an  |  Hal'ter,  n.  a  rope  to  hang  criminalB. 
animal. 


ANGLO-SAXON    K00T8    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


119 


Hamer — Hammer. 

Ham'mer,  n.  an  instrument  for  driv-  I  HAM'MERCiiOTH,  n.  the  cloth  which 
iug  or  beating.  I      covers  a  coach-box 

Ham'mer,  id.  to  beat  with  a  hammer. 

Note. — The  coach  box  was  formerly  used  to  carry  a  hammer^  pincers,  a  few  nails,  &c. 
Hand — Hand. 


Hand,  n.  the  palm  with  the  fingers. 

Hand,  v.  to  give ;  to  lead. 

Hand'ful,  n.  as  much  as  the  hand 
can  hold. 

Han'dle,  v.  to  touch ;  to  manage. 

Han'dle,  n.  that  part  of  a  thing 
which  is  held  in  the  hand. 

Hand'y,  a.  ready ;  convenient. 

Hand'ily,  ad.  with  skill ;  with  dex- 
terity. 

Hand'iwork,  n.  work  done  by  the 
hand 


Hand'cuff,  n.  a  fetter  for  the  wrist. 
Hand'sel,  n.  {syllan,  to  give),  the 

first  act  of  using  any  thing ;  a  gift. 
Hand'some,  a.  dextrous ;  ready. 
Hand 'some,  a.  beautiful ;  graceful ; 

elegant. 
Handsomely,  ad.  dextrously;  with 

skill. 
Unhand',  v.  to  let  go. 
Unhan'dled,  a.   not  handled;  not 

touched. 


Hangian— to  Hang. 


Hang,  v.  to  suspend;  to  fasten  to 
something  above  so  as  to  leave 
without  support  below. 

Hang'ing,  n.  death  by  a  halter. 

Hinge,  n.  a  joint  on  which  a  door 
turns. 


Overhang',  v.  to  jut  over ;  to  impend. 

Unhanged',  a.  not  punished  by  hang- 
ing. 

Unhinge',  v.  to  take  from  the  hinges ; 
to  displace. 


Here — an  Army,  and  beorg—a  Refuge.    Here-beorg — Harbor. 

Har'bor,  n.   a  place  of  refuge,  or  I  Har'borer,  n.  one  who  shelters  an- 
safety.  I      other. 

Har'binger,  n.  a  forerunner ;  a  precursor. 

Note.— Harbinger  is  properly  a  person  who  goes  before  to  provide  Aarftor  of  lodg- 
ings for  those  that  follow. 


Heard — Hard  ;  the  primary  sense  is  Pressed. 

Hard,  a.  firm ;  not  soft ;  difficult. 
Hard'en,  v.  to  make  hard. 
Hard'ly,  a.  with  difficulty ;  scarcely. 


Hard'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 

hard. 
Hard'ship,  n.  toil ;  fatigue. 


Hara — Hare. 


Hare,  n.  a  small  quadruped. 
Hare'brained,  a.  giddy ;  wild. 


Hare'lip,  n.  a  divided  upper  lip,  like 
that  of  a  hare. 


Hearni — Grief;  Offence;  Hurt. 

Harm,  n.  injury ;  crime.  |  Harm'fut.,  a.  hurtful. 

^  Harm'less,  a.  not  hurtful ;  unhurt. 

Hearpe — Harp. 

Harp,  n.  a  musical  instrument.  |  Harp,  «.  to  dwell  on. 

Habp'ing,  n.  a  continual  dwelling  on. 


120  smith's  hand-book  of  etymolooy. 

Hcerefcest — Harvest;  Autumn. 

Har'Vest,  n.  the  season  of  gathering  I  HarVest-home,  n.  the  time  of  gath 
the  crops.  |      ering  the  harvest. 

Har'vest,  v.  to  gather  in, 

Hmt — a  Cover  ;  Hat. 
Hat,  n.  a  cover  for  the  head.  |  Hat'ter,  n.  one  who  makes  hats. 

Hmca — a  Railing  ;  Gate  ;  Hatch. 

Hatch,  n.  a  half  door ;  the  openings  I  Hatch'way,  n.  the  way  through  the 
in  a  ship's  deck.  |      hatches. 

Note.— Hatch,  to  produce  young  from  eggs,  comes  from  the  German  {hecken). 

Hatian — to  Hate. 

Hate,  ®.  to  dislike  greatly.  I  Hate'fully,  ad.  odiously. 

Hate'ful,  a.  odious.  |  Ha'tred,  n.  great  dislike ;  enmity. 

Hahhan — to  Have  ;  Hold  ;  Detain  ;  Count. 

Have,??,  to  possess;  to  hold;  to  enjoy,  I  Behave',  v.  to  conduct;  to  act. 
Hav'ing,  n.  possessions ;  goods,  |  Behav'ior,  n.  conduct. 

Haga,  hwg — a  Hedge  ;  an  Inclosure  ;  Haw. 

Haw,  n.    the  berry  of  the  hedge-  I  Haw'thorn,  n.  a  thorn  which  bears 
thorn.  I      the  haw. 

Hafoc — a  Hawk. 
Hawk,  n.  a  bird  of  prey.  |  Hav'oc,  n.  waste ;  devastation. 

Note. — Hawk,  to  force  up  phlegm,  comes  from  the  German  {Jiauch\  and  Hawk,  to 
sell  by  crying  out  in  the  streets,  from  the  German  {hocken). 

Hcesl — a  Hat  or  Cap  ;  Hazel. 

Ha'zel,  n.  a  shrub;  a  light  brown  I  Ha'zelnct,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  hazel 
ttolor.  I      a  cap  nut. 


Head,  n.  the  part  of  an  animal  which 

contains  the  brain ;  the  chief 
Head'less,  a.  having  no  head. 


Heafod — Head. 

Head'ache,  n.  a  pain  in  the  head. 
Head'long,  a.  rashly ;  hastily. 
Behead',  v.  to  deprive  of  the  head. 


Forb'head,  n.  the  part  of  face  which  is  above  the  eyes. 
My  ran,  heran — ^to  Hear  ;  Hearken. 


Hear,  t).  to  perceive  by  the  ear. 
Hea.r'ing,  n.  perceiving  by  the  ear. 
Heab'say,  n.  report ;  rumor. 


Heark'en,  v.  to  listen ;  to  attend. 


Rehear',  v.  to  hear  again. 
Rehearse',  «,  to  repeat ;  to  recite, 
Rehears'al,  n.  repetition. 


AKGLO-SAXON    EOOT8    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


1^1 


Mcel,  or  hcelu — Health.    Hal — Healthy  ;  Sound  ;  Whole. 


Heal,  v.  to  grow  well. 
Healing, ppr.  curing. 
Health,  n.  freedom  from  sickness. 
Health'pul,  a.  free  from  sickness. 
Health'y,  a.  enjoying  health. 
Health'iness,  n.  the  state  of  health. 
Hale,  a.  healthy ;  sound ;  hearty. 
Whole,  a.  all ;  total ;  complete. 


Heart,  n.  the  muscle  which 

seat  of  life. 
Heart  less,  a.  void  of  affection ;  with 

out  courage. 


Whol'ly,  ad.  totally ;  completely. 

Heorte — Heart 
is  the 


Whole'sale,  n.  sale  in  large  quanti- 
ties. 

Whole'some,  a.  contributing  to 
health. 

Whole'somely,  6mZ.  in  a  wholesome 
manner. 

Whole 'soMENESs,  n.  the  quality  of 
being  wholesome. 


Heart'y,  a.  cordial ;  sincere. 
Heart 'iLY,  ad.  from  the  heart. 
Heart'iness,  n.  sincerity ;  eagerness. 
Heart'ache,  n.  sorrow  ;  anguish. 


Hehban — to  Raise.    Heofon — Raised  ;  Elevated. 
He  fig — Lifted  with  Labor. 


Heave,  «.  to  lift ;  to  raise ;  to  throw. 
Heav'inq,  n.  a  rising ;  a  swell. 
Heav'en,  n.    heofon,  the    regions 

above. 
Heav'enly,  a.  supremely  excellent. 


Heft,  ^.  to  try  the  weight  by  lifting. 


Heav'enward,  ad,  towards  heaven. 
Heav'y,  a.  weighty ;  dejected. 
Heav'ily,  ad.  with  great  weight. 
Heav'iness,  n.  weight ;  depression. 
Heft,  n.  weight ;  heaviness. 


Hege — Protection;  Hedge. 

Hedge,  n.  a  fence  made  of  thorns.       I  Hedge'hog,  n. 
Hedge,  v.  to  encircle  for  defence.        |      prickles. 
Hug,  v.  to  embrace  closely. 

Hedan — Heed. 


an  animal  set  with 


Heed,  x.  to  mind ;  to  regard. 
Heed'pul,  a.  watchful ;  cautious ;  at- 
tentive. 


Heed'less,  a.  negligent ;  careless. 
Heed'lessness,  n.  carelessness. 


Hihtho — Height. 


Height,  n.  space  measured  upwards. 
Height'en,  1).  to  make  higher. 
High,  a.  elevated  ;  exalted ;  lofty. 


High'ly,  ad.  in  a  great  degree. 
High'ness,  n.  elevation ;  loftiness. 
High'way,*  n.  a  public  road. 


So  called  because  the  ground  was  raised  to  form  a  dry  path. 


Helpan — to  Help. 


Help,  ti.  to  assist ;  to  aid. 
Help'er,  n.  one  who  helps. 


I  Help'ful,  a.  giving  help. 
I  Help'less,  a.  without  help, 

Henti — a  Border. 

Hem,  v.  to  border ;  to  edge. 


Hem,  n.  the  edge  of  a  garment  doub 
led  and  sewed. 

Note. — To  Hem  m,  about,  or  around,  signifies,  to  enclose ;  to  environ ;  to  confine. 
Hbm,  a  sort  of  voluntar/  cough,  is  from  the  Dutch  {hemmeii). 


122  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Hen — Hen. 


Hen,  n.  the  female  of  birds. 
Hen'bane,  n.  (bane,  poison),  a  pois- 
onous plant. 


Hen'pecked,  a.  governed  by  a  wife. 
Hen'roost,  n.  a  place  where  poultry 
roost. 


Heona — Hence. 

Hence,  ad.  from  this  place ;  from  this  I  Henceforth',  ad.  from  this  time  iov 
time.  I      ward. 

Hyre — Her. 

Herself',  pro.  a  female  which  is  the  I  Her,  pro.  belonging  to  a  female, 
subject  of  discourse.  I 

Heard — a  Collection  ;  an  Assemblage. 

Herd,  n.  a  number  of  beasts  together.  |  Herds'man,  n.  one  who  tends  herda 
Horde,  n.  a  clan  of  wandering  people. 

Her — Here. 

Hebe,  ad.  in  this  place.  1  Here'abouts,  ad.  about  this  place. 

Hereaf'ter,  ad.  in  time  to  come. 

Hill — Hill. 

Hill,  n.  an  elevation  of  ground.  1  Hill'ock,  n.  a  little  hill. 

Hill'y,  a.  full  of  hills. 

Him — Him. 

Himself',  pro.  the  emphatic  form  of  I  Him,  pro.  the  objective  case  of  Hb. 
He  and  Him.  I 

Hyre — a  Reward. 

Hire,  v.  to  engage  for  pay.  I  Hire'ling,  n.  one  who  serves  for  pay ; 

Hire,  n.  wages  paid  for  service.  |      a  mercenary. 

Hider — Hither. 
Hith'er,  ad.  to  this  place ;  nearer.      |  Hith'erto,  ad.  to  this  time. 

Har — Gray. 

Hoar,  a.  white  or  gray  with  age.        I  Hoar'frost,  n.  dew  frozen,  or  white 
Hoar'y,  ad.  white  or  gray  with  age,    |      frost. 

Hoar'hound,*  n.  a  plant. 

*  So  called  from  its  appearance. 

Hord — Hoard. 
Hoard,  n.  a  quantity  laid  up  in  secret.  |  Hoard,  v.  to  store  secretly. 

Has — Hoarse. 
Hoarse,  a.  having  the  voice  rough.     [  Hoarse'ness,  n.  roughness  of  voice. 


AJ5^(JL0-SAX0N    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  123 

Smcx — Irony. 
Hoax,  n.  a  trick  played  off  in  sport.   |  Hoax,  v.  to  deceive  in  joke. 

Hoppan — to  Hop. 

Hop,  «.  to  leap  on  one  leg ;  to  dance.  I  Hop 'per,*  n.  one  who  hops ;  a  box 

Hop,  n.  a  leap  ;  a  meeting  for  dancing.  |      into  which  corn  is  put  to  be  ground. 

Hob'ble,  v.  to  walk  lamely. 

*  So  named  from  its  shaking. 

Note. — Hop,  a  plant  used  in  brewing,  comes  from  the  Dutch. 

Sul — Hole. 


Hole,  n.  a  cavity ;  a  cell. 
Hol'low,   n.    containing    an  empty 
space. 


Hol'ster,  n.  {heolster,  a  hiding- 
place),  a  case  for  a  horseman's  pis- 
tol. 


Hol'lowness,  n.  state  of  being  hollow. 


Home,  n.  one's  own  house,  or  country 
Home'less,  a.  without  a  home. 
Home'ly,  a.  plain ;  not  elegant 


Hani — a  House  ;  a  Village. 

Home'liness,  n.  plainness. 
Home'made,  a.  made  at  home. 
Home'spun,  a.  spun  at  home. 


Ham'let,  n.  a  small  village. 


Hon'ey,  n.  a  sweet  juice  collected  by 
bees. 


Hunig — Honey. 

Hon'eymoon,  n.  the  first  month  aftel 

marriage. 
Hon'ied,  a.  covered  with  honey. 


honey. 

Hod — Hood. 

Hood'wink,  II.  to  blind  by  covering  I  Hood,  n.  a  covering  for  the  head, 
the  eyes ;  to  deceive.  I 

Hopa — Hope. 

Note. — The  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  forward. 

Hope,  n.  expectation  of  good.  I  Hope'fulness,  n.  promise  of  good. 

Hope'ful,  a.  full  of  hope.  I  Hope'less,  a.  wanting  hope. 


Horn,  n.  a  hard,  pointed  substance 
growing  on  the  heads  of  some  ani- 
mals. 


Horn — Horn. 

Horn'y,  a.  like  horn. 
Horn'pipe,  n.  a  lively  tune. 


Hors — Horse. 
Horse,  n.  a  well-known  quadruped.    |  Horse'manship,  n.  the  art  of  riding. 

Hos — Hose. 
Hose,  n.  stockings.         •  |  Hos'ier,  n.  one  who  sells  stockings. 


124  SMITH'S   HAND-BooK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Hat— Hot. 

Hot,  a.  having  heat ;  fiery.  I  Hot'spur,  n.   a  violent,   precipitate 

Hot'ly,  ad.  with  heat ;  violently.         I      man. 

Hot'ness,  n.  heat ;  fury. 

Su — How. 

How,  ad.  in  what  manner.  I  Howsoev'er,  ad.  in  whatsoever  man- 

Howbe'it,  ad.  nevertheless ;  yet.  |      ner. 

Howev'er,  ad.  at  all  events. 

Yiellan— to  Howl. 

Howl'ing,  n.  uttering  the  cry  of  a  1  Howl,  v.  to  cry  as  a  wolf  or  dog. 
wolf  or  dog.  1 

Siw — Color  ;  Form. 
Hue,  n.  color ;  tint ;  dye. 
Note. — Hue,  a  shouting,  an  alarm,  comes  from  the  French  {hUer,  to  hoot). 

Hunger — Hunger. 


Hun'gbr,  n.  desire  of  food ;  pain  felt 

from  fasting. 
Hun'gered,  a.  famished :  starved. 


Hun'gry,  a.  feeling  pain  from  want 

of  food. 
Hun'grily,  ad.  with  a  keen  appetite. 


Huntian — to  Hunt. 

Hunt,  v.  to  chase ;  to  search  for.  I  Hunt'ing,  n.    the   diversion  of  the 

Hunt'er,  n.  one  that  hunts.  |      chase. 

Hunts'man,  n.  one  who  practises  hunting. 

Hyrt — Wounded;  Hurt. 

Hurt,  v.  to  harm;  to  injure.  I  Hurt'ful,  a.  injurious. 

Hurt,  n.  harhi ;  wound.  I  Hurt 'less,  a.  harmless. 


Hus — a  House  ;  a  Covered  Place.     Bonda — a  Master. 

Hus'bandman,  n.  one  who  tills  the 

ground. 
Hus'tings,  n.    a   council;    a   place 

where  an  election  is  held. 
Out'house,  n.  a  house  separate  from 

a  dwelling-house. 
Pent'house,  n.  a  shed  hanging  aslope 

from  the  main  wall. 
Hov'el,  n.  a  shed ;  a  mean  habitation. 


House,  n.  a  place  of  human  abode. 

House'less,  a.  without  a  house. 

House'hold,  n.  a  family  living  to- 
gether. 

House'wife,  n.  the  mistress  of  a  fam- 
ily. 

Hus'band,  n.  a  man  joined  to  a  wo- 
man by  marriage. 

Hus'bandry,  n.  tillage. 


Is — Ice. 

Ice,  n.  water  or  other  liquid  made  I  I'cicle,  n.  a  hanging  shoot  of  ice. 
solid  by  cold.  I  I'cy,  a.  full  of  ice ;  made  of  ice. 

Ice'berg,  n.  a  mountain  of  ice. 


ANGLO-SAXON    EOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  125 

Idel — Vatn;  Empty. 

I'dle,  a.  doing  nothing.  1  I'dler,  n.  a  lazy  person. 

I'dleness,  n.  the  state  of  being  idle.    |  Idly,  ad.  lazily ;  carelessly. 

Note. — Idol,  an  image,  comes  from  the  Greek  {eidos). 

If,  con.  gif,  supposing  that ;  allowing  that. 

Yfel—EYiL;  III. 

Ill,  a.  bad ;  not  good ;  sick.  I  Ill'nature,  n.  bad  temper. 

Ill'ness,  n.  sickness.  I  Ill'well,  n.  enmity. 

Waerc — Ache;  Pain;  Irk. 
Irk,  v.  to  weary.  |  Irk'some,  a.  wearisome ;  tedious. 

Iren — Iron. 

I'ron,  n.  the  most  common  and  useful  I  I'rony,  a.  made  of  iron ;  like  iron, 
of  the  metals,  I 

Note. — Irony,  a  mode  of  speech  in  which  the  meaning  is  contrary  to  the  words, 
comes  from  the  Greek  (eiron). 

Yrre — ^Angry. 

Jar,  n.  a  rattling  vibration  of  sound ;  I  Jar,  v.  to  clash ;  to  quarrel, 
discord.  I 

Note. — Jar,  an  earthen  vessel,  comes  from  the  French  (jarre). 

Cene — War'like;  Eager. 

Keen,  a.  sharp ;  piercing ;  eager.        |  Keen'ly,  ad.  sharply ;  eagerly. 

Keen'ness,  n.  sharpness ;  eagerness. 

Cepan — to  Keep. 

Keep,  v.  to  hold ;  to  retain.  I  Keep'sake,  n.  a  gift  in  token  of  re- 

I      gard. 

Cwellan — to  Kill. 

Kill,  v.  to  deprive  of  life.  I  Quail,  «.  to  fail  in  spirits;  to  quake; 

Quell,  v.  to  crush  ;  to  subdue,  |      to  tremble. 

Note. — Quail,  a  bird,  comes  from  the  French  icaille). 

Cyln — a  Furnace  or  Kitchen. 
Kiln,  n.  a  large  stove  or  oven.  |  Kiln'dry,  «.  to  dry  in  a  kiln. 

Cyn — Kin;  Kind;  Relation. 


Kin,  n.  relation  by  blood. 
Kind,  n.  race ;  sort ;  nature. 
Kind'i  y,  a.  natural ;  congenial, 
Kin'dred,  n.  relations  by  birth. 


K^nd'ness,  n.  good  will ;  favor. 


Kins'man,  n.  a  man  of  the  same  family. 
Unkind',  a.  not  kind ;  not  obliging. 
Kind,  a.  disposed  to  do  good  to  others, 
Kind'ly,  ad.  with  good  will. 


126  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Cy fling — a  Chief  ;  a  Leader. 

KrNG,  n.  a  monarch  ;  a  sovereign.        I  King'ly,  a.  belonging  to  a  king. 
Kjng'dom,  n.  the  dominion  of  a  king.  |  King's-e'vil,  a.  scrofula. 

Cyssan — to  Kiss. 
Kiss,  v.  to  salute  with  the  lips.  |  Kiss'er,  n.  one  who  kisses, 

Cnapa — a  Boy  ;  a  Servant  ;  a  Knave. 
Note. — Originally  a  boy  or  young  man,  then  a  servant,  and  lastly  a  rogue. 

Knave,  n.  a  false,  deceitful  fellow.       |  Kna'very,  n.  dishonesty. 
Kna'vish,  a.  dishonest. 

Cneow — Knee. 

Knee,  n.  a  joint  of  the  leg.  I  Kneel'ing,  n.  act  of  resting  on  the 

Kneel,  v.  to  rest  on  the  knees.  |      bent  knees. 

Cniht — a  Boy  ;  a  Servant. 

Knight,  n.  a  title  of  honor.  I  Knight'hood,  n.   the  dignity  of  a 

I      knight. 

Cnytan — to  Tie  ;  to  Knit. 
Knit,  v.  to  weave  without  a  loom.       |  Knit'ting,  ppr.  uniting  by  needles. 


Knap,  n.  a  protuberance. 
Knob,  n.  a  round  ball  at  the  end  of  a 
thing ;  a  bunch. 


Cncep — a  Top  ;  a  Button. 

Knob'by,  a.  full  of  knobs. 
Knop,  n.  a  knot ;  a  tufted  top. 
Nape,  n.  the  joint  of  the  neck  behind. 


Cnott— Knot. 

Knot,  n.   a  complication  made  by  I  Knot'ted,  a.  full  of  knots, 
knitting  or  tying.  I  Knot'ty,  a.  full  of  knots ;  difficult. 

Knot'tiness,  n.  difficulty. 


Citnnan — to  Know  ;  to  Be  Able. 

Know,  n.  to  understand  clearly. 
Knowl'edge,  n,  learning;  skill. 
Acknowl'edge,  n.  to  own ;  to  confess. 
Foreknow',  d.  to  know  before. 
Unforeknown',   a.    not   previously 
known. 


Unknown',  a.  not  known. 
Unacknowl 'edged,  a.  not  owned. 
Acknowl'edgement,  n.  recognition ; 

confession. 
Know'ing,  a.  skillful ;  intelligent. 
Cun'ning,  a.  artfully  deceitful ;  crafty. 


Cun'ning,  n.  artifice ;  deceit. 

Note.— Cunning,  which  was  formerly  much  used  in  the  sense  of  knowing  or  skiUfu\ 
is  now  commonly  used  in  an  ill  sense,  implying  art  or  craft. 

Cnucl—B.  Joint. 

Knuc'kle,  n.  a  joint  of  the  finger.        |  Knuc'kle,  v.  to  yield ;  to  submit. 
Note. — Knuckle  formerly  signified  any  joint  of  the  body. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  127 

Leode — a  Nation  ;  a  People. 
Lad,  n.  a  youth ;  a  young  man.  |  Lass,  n.  a  girl ;  a  young  woman. 

Hlad — a  Load.    Hladan — to  Load. 


Lade,  v.  to  load  ;  to  freight. 
Load,  n.  a  burden  ;  a  freight. 
Overload',  «.  to  burden  too  much. 


Unlade',  v.  to  remove  a  cargo  from 

a  vessel. 
Unload',  v.  to  take  a  load  from. 


Hladan — ^to  Draw  Out  ;  to  Empty. 

La'dle,  n.  a  large  spoon  with  a  long  1  Lade,  v.  to  throw  out  by  dipping, 
handle.  I 

Hlcefdie — Lady. 

Note. — From  hliflan^  to  lift,  i.  e.  one  raised  to  the  rank  of  her  husband  or  lord. 

La'dy,  n.  a  woman  of  high  rank.         I  La'dylike,  a.  becoming  a  lady ;  ele* 

I      gant. 

Lang — Long. 

Lag,  a.  coming  behind ;  sluggish.        |  Lag'gard,  n.  one  who  lags. 

JLanib — Lamb. 

Lamb,  n.  the  young  of  a  sheep.  |  Lamb'like,  a.  like  a  lamb  ,  mild, 

Lamb'kin,  n.  a  little  lamb. 

Lam — Lame. 

Lame,  a.  wanting  the  natural  power  I  Lame'ly,  ad.  in  a  lame  manner, 
or  strength.  I  Lame'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  lame. 

Land — ^Land. 


Land,  n.  the  solid  matter  of  the  earth. 
Land,  v.  to  set  or  come  on  shore. 
Land'mark,  n.  a  mark  to  designate 
boundaries. 


Land'ing,  n.  a  place  to  land  at. 
Land'scape,  n.  a  picture  of  a  portion 
of  country. 


Latest — Last  ;  contracted  from  Latest. 

Last,  a.  latest ;  hindmost.  I  Last'ing,  p.  a.  continuing ;  durable. 

Last,  v.  to  remain ;  to  continue.  |  Last'ly,  ad.  in  the  last  place. 

Laste^si  Footstep. 
Last,  n.  the  mold  on  which  shoes  are  formed. 

LcBccan — to  Catch  ;  to  Seize. 


Latch,  n.  a  fastening  for  a  door. 
^atch'et,  n.  the  string  that  fastens  a 
shoe. 


Lace,  n.  a  string  or  cord  for  tying. 
Lace,  v.  to  fasten  with  a  string  passed 
through  opposite  holes. 


Lethrian — to  Anoint  ;  to  Lather. 
Lath'er,  v.  to  form  a  ft)am.  I  Lath'er,  n.  froth  or  foam. 


128  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Lcet,  latian — to  Delay  or  Retaed. 

Late,  a.  not  early ;  slow ;  recent.        I  Late'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  out 
Late,  ad.  after  the  proper  season.        |      of  time. 
Late'ly,  ad.  not  long  ago. 

HUhan — Laugh. 

Note. — Generally  supposed  to  be  formed  from  the  sound, 

Laugh,  v.  to  make  that  noise  which  I  Laugh'ajble,  a.  exciting  laughter, 
sudden  merriment  excites.  |  Laugh'ter,  n.  convulsive  merriment. 

Laugh'ingly,  ad.  in  a  merry  way. 

Lagu — Law  ;  from  lecgan,  lege — to  Lay. 


Law,  n.  a  rule  of  action ;  a  rule  of 

justice. 
Law'ful,  a.  agreeable  to  law. 
Law'fully,  ad.  agreeably  to  law. 
Law'less,  a.  not  restrained  by  law. 
Law'yer,  n.  a  professor  of  law. 


Law'giyer,  n.  one  who  makes  laws, 
Law'maker,  n.  one  who  makes  laws. 
Law'suit,  n.  a  process  in  law. 
Out 'law,  n.  ut,  one  excluded  from 
the  benefit  of  the  law. 


Lead,  Iced — Lead. 
Lead,  n.  a  metal.  |  Lead'en,  a.  made  of  lead ;  heavy. 

Lcedan — Lead. 

Lead,  «.  to  guide ;  to  conduct.  |  Lead'er,  n.  one  who  leads. 

Lead'ing,  a.  principal ;  chief. 

Leafe — Leaf. 

Note. — The  original  signification  seems  to  be  hroad,  flat. 

Leaf,  n.  the  thin,  extended  part  of  a  I  Leaf'less,  a.  destitute  of  leaves, 
tree,  &c.  |  Leaf'let,  n.  a  little  leaf 

Leaf'y,  a.  full  of  leaves. 

Lmran — to  Teach.     Leornian — to  Learn. 


Learn,  «.  to  gain  knowledge  of 
Learn'ed,  a.  having  learning. 
Leabn'edly,  ad.  with  knowledge. 


Learn'ing,  n.  skill  in  languages  or 

science. 
Lore,  n.  learning. 


Lesati — to  Let  Go  ;  to  Loose. 

Lease,  v.  to  let  for  a  limited  time.       I  Lessee',  n.  one  to  whom  a  lease  la 
Lease'hold,  n.  held  by  lease.  |      given. 

Lether — Leather. 

Leath'er,  n.  dressed  hides  of  ani- 1  Leath'ern,  a.  made  of  leather. 
Dials*  I  Leath'ery,  a.  resembling  leather. 

Xe«/— Leave.    Lcefan — to  Leave  ;  to  Permit. 

Leave,  ».  a  grant  of  liberty ;  permis-  I  Leave,  v.  to  quit ;  to  desist ;  to  be- 
sion.  I      queathe. 

Leav'ings,  n.  things  left  behind ;  remnants. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES  129 

Hleo — a  Shelter. 

Lee,  n.  a  place  sheltered  from  the  I  Lee'ward,  ad.  towards  the  lee ;  from 
wind.  I      the  wind. 

Lcece — a  Physician  ;  a  Leech. 

Leech,  n.  an  aquatic  worm  which  |  Leech'craft,  n.  the  art  of  healing. 
sucks  blood. 

Hleor — a  Face  ;  Leer. 

Leer,  «.  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a  I  Leer'ingly,   ad.    with    an    oblique 
look  from  the  comer  of  it.  |      look 

Lcenan — to  Lend.     Lcen — a  Loan. 

Lend,  v.  to  supply  on  condition  of  I  Lend'ing,  v.  the  act  of  making  a  loan, 
repayment.  I  Loan,  n.  the  act  of  lending. 

Lengiun — to  Lengthen  ;  so  called  from  the  lengthening  of  the  day. 

Lent,  n.  a  fast  of  forty  days  before  |  Lent'en,  a.  relating  to  Lent 
Easter. 

Lcetan— to  Let. 

Let,  v.  to  allow ;  to  permit ;  to  put  I  Out'let,  v.  ut,  a  passage  outwards, 
out  to  hire.  | 

Lcefel — Smooth;  Even;  Level. 
Lev'el,  a.  even ;  flat.  |  Lev'elbr,  n.  one  who  levels. 

LcBwd,  past  participle  of  Icewen — to  Delude  ;  to  Mislead. 
Lewd,  a.  wicked.  |  Lewd'ness,  n.  wickedness. 

Idg,  ligan — to  Lie. 

Lie,  v.  to  utter  a  criminal  falsehood.   |  Li'ar,  n.  one  who  utters  lies. 
Belie',  v.  to  slander. 

lAcgan — to  Lie  Down. 

Note. — Lib  (A.-S.  licgan)  differs  from  Lay  (A.-S.  lecgan,  to  lay,  put,  or  set  down,) 
only  by  grammatical  use. 

Lie,  v.  to  rest  horizontally.  |  Reli'ance,  n.  trust ;  confidence. 

Rely',  v.  to  lean  or  rest  with  confidence. 

Leof—LmF. 
Lief,  ad.  gladly ;  willingly. 
Note. — lAeve  for  lief  is  vulgar. 

Hlifian — to  Arise  ;  to  Soar. 
Lift,  v.  to  raise ;  to  elevate.  |  Lift'ing,  n.  the  act  of  raising. 


130  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


LeoJit — Light.     Gelihtan — to  Glittek. 

Light,  n.  the  agent  which  produces 

vision. 
Light 'en,  «.  to  illuminate ;  to  shine. 
Light'er,  n.  one  who  lights. 
Light'less,  a.  wanting  light. 


Glis'ten,  «,  to  sparkle  with  light. 
Leohtf  leohtan — to  Lighten. 


Light'ning,  n.  the  flash  which  pre- 
cedes thunder. 
Light 'some,  a.  luminous ;  gay ;  airy. 
Glit'ter,  'V.  to  shine ;  to  sparkle. 
Glit'tering,  a,  shining ;  brilliant. 


Light,*  a.  not  heavy ;  active ;  nimble. 
Light'en,  v.  to  make  less  heavy. 
Light'er,  n.  a  large  open  boat. 


Light'ness,  n.  want  of  weight ;  levity. 
Lights,  n.  the  lungs  of  an  animal. 
Light'headed,  a.  thoughtless ;  giddy. 


Light'hearted,  a.  gay  ;  merry ;  cheerful. 

*  This  word  accords  with  Light,  the  fluid  in  orthography,  and  may  be  from  the 
the  same  radix. 

Lihtan — to  Alight. 

Light,  v.  to  fall  or  come  by  chance ;  I  Alight',  v.   to  come  down ;  to  dis- 
to  settle  from  flight.  |      mount. 


Like,  a.  resembling ;  similaj, 
Like'ly,  a.  probable. 
'Like'lihood,  n.  probability. 
Like'ness,  n.  resemblance ;  form. 


Lie — Resemblance. 

Lik'en,  n.   to  represent  as  like ;   to 

compare. 
Dislike',   v.    to   regard  with   some 

aversion. 


Like'wise,  od.  in  like  manner. 

Lician,  from  lie,  lae — a  Gift  ;  What  Pleases. 

Like,  «.  to  be  pleased  with.  |  Lik'ing,  n.  desire ;  pleasure. 

Like'ly,  a.  that  may  be  liked ;  pleasing. 

Lim — Limb  ;  a  Member. 

Limb,  n.  a  branch ;  a  member.  |  Limb 'less,  a.  wanting  limba. 

Limp,  v.  to  walk  lamely. 

Note. — Limb,  a  border,  comes  from  the  Latin  {Umbus). 


Lime — Lime. 

Lime'kiln,  n.  a  furnace  for  lime. 
Lime'stone,  n.  the  stone  of  which 
lime  is  made. 


Lime,  n.  a  calcareous  earth ;  the  lin- 
den tree. 

Lime'burner,  n.  one  who  bums 
stones  to  lime. 

Note. — ^Lime,  a  species  of  lemon,  comes  from  the  French  (lime) 

List,  from  lesan,  lysan — to  Collect  or  Assemble. 
List,  n.  a  roll ;  a  catalogue ;  a  limit ;  a  strip  of  cloth. 

Hlystan — to  Listen. 
Lis'ten,  t>.  to  hearken,  J  Lis'tener,  n.  one  who  listens. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


131 


Lif — Life.    Lijian — to  Live. 


Live,  v.  to  be  in  life ;  to  exist. 
Live,  a.  not  dead ;  active. 
Live'ly,  a.  brisk ;  vigorous. 
Live'lihood,  n.  means  of  living. 
Live'liness,  n.  vivacity. 


Live'long,  a.  long  in  passing. 
Life,  n.  vitality ;  existence. 
Life'less,  a.  void  of  life. 
Life'like,  a.  like  a  living  person. 
Life'time,  n.  continuance  of  life. 


Loathe,  id.  to  feel  disgust  at. 
Loath,  a.  unwilling. 
Loath'ful,  a.  abhorring, 


Lathian — ^to  Hate  ;  to  Detest. 

Loath'some,  a.  disgusting. 
Loath'someness,  n.  quality  of  raising 
disgust. 


Loath'ing,  n.  disgust. 

Loc — an  Enclosure  ;  Lock. 

Lock,  n.  an  instrument  to  fasten  a  I  Lock'et,  n.  a  small  lock, 
door ;  a  tuft  of  hair.  I 

Logian — to  Place  ;  to  Put  ;  to  Lodge. 

Lodge,  v.  to  place ;  to  reside.  I  Lodge'ment,  n.  the  act  of  lodging. 

Lodge,  n.  a  small  house  at  a  gate.       |  Dislodge',  v.  to  remove  from  a  place. 

lAggan — to  Lie  ;  because  it  lies  unmoved  or  inert. 
Log,  n.  a  bulky  piece  of  wood.  |  Log'gerhead,  n.  a  blockhead. 

Locian— to  Look. 
Look,  v.  to  direct  the  eye.  |  Look,  n.  air  of  the  face ;  aspect. 

Loma — Utensils;  Loom. 
Loom,  n.  a  weaver's  machine.  |  Lum'ber,  n.  anything  useless ;  timber. 


JLeoman — to  Shine  ;  to  Loom. 

Loom,  v.  to  appear  larger  than  the  I  Loom'ing,  p.  a.  appearing  indistinctly 
real  dimensions.  I      large. 


Leasan,  lysan — to  Loose  ;  to  Put  or  Take  Away. 

Loose 'ness,  n.  state  of  being  loose. 


Loose,  t).  to  free  from  any  fastening. 
Loose'ly,  ad.  not  firmly. 
Loos'en,  «.  to  relax ;  to  free, 


Less,  a.  smaller;  not  so  large. 
Less'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  less. 


Lest,  con.  that  not ;  for  fear  that. 
Note. — Lesson,  a  task,  an  exercise,  is  from  the  Greek  (Aeyw,  to  gather,  to  read). 


^         Hlaford — Lord.    Hla^—a  Loaf  ;  and  forcl — to  Supply 

Lord,  n.  a  ruler ;  a  nobleman. 
Laird,  n.  the  lord  of  a  manor. 
Lord'like,  a.  befitting  a  lord. 


Lq4f,  n,  a  mass  of  bread,  as  baked. 


Lord'ly,  a.  proud ;  haughty. 
Lord'ship,  n.  the  address  of  a  lord. 
Lord'liness,  n.  dignity  ;  pride. 


132 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Lose,  v.  to  forfeit;  not  to  win 

mislay. 
Lost,  pp.  mislaid  ;  destroyed. 


Losian — to  Run  Away  ;  to  Be  Lost 

to 


Loss,  n.  damage  ;  waste. 
Los'ing,  a.  that  incurs  loss. 
Lorn,  a.  lost :  forsaken. 


Forlorn',  a.  forsaken ;  helpless. 


Love,  v.  to  regard  with  affection. 
Lov'able,  a.  worthy  of  love. 
Lovely,  a.  exciting  love. 
Love'liness,  n.  amiableness. 


Lufian — to  Love. 

Lov'er,  n.  one  who  is  in  love. 
Lov'iNG,  p.  a.  kind ;  affectionate. 
Love'lorn,  a.  forsaken  by  one's  love. 
Love'lock,  n.  a  lock  of  hair. 


Hlowan — to  Low ;  a  Humming  Noise. 
Low,  V.  to  bsllow  as  a  cow.  |  Low'ing,  n.  the  cry  of  cattle. 

Note. — Low,  not  high,  humble,  is  from  the  Dutch  (laag). 


Gelugglan — to  Drag  by  the  Hair. 


Lug,  v.  to  drag ;  to  pull. 


Lug'gage,  n.  anything  cumbrous  to 
be  carried. 


Lust,  n.  eagerness  to  possess  or  enjoy 
Lust'ful,  a.  having  evil  desires. 
Lus'ty,  a.  stout ;  vigorous. 
Lus'tily,  ad.  stoutly  ;  with  vigor. 


Lust — Desire;  Will;  Power. 

Lus'tiness,   n.    stoutness;    vigor  of 


body. 

List,  v.  to  desire ;  to  wish ;  to  choose. 
List'less,  a.  indifferent ;  heedless. 


Gemced — Troubled  in  Mind  ;  Mad. 


Mad,  a.  disordered  in  the  mind ;  en- 
raged. 
Mad'den,  v.  to  make  or  become  mad. 
Mad'dish,  a.  somewhat  mad. 


Mad'ness,  n.  distraction ;  fury. 
Mad'cap,  n.  a  rash,  hot-headed  per- 
son. 
Mad 'man,  n.  a  man  void  of  i^ason. 


Mceden — Maid. 

Maid,  n.  an  unmarried  woman.  [  Maid'en,  n.  a  young  woman. 

Maid'enly,  a.  like  a  maid. 

Macian — to  Make. 
Note.— The  primary  sense  is,  to  cause,  to  act  or  do,  to  press,  drive,  strain  or  compel. 


Make,  d.  to  create ;  to  form. 
Make,  n.  form ;  structure. 


Mak'er,  n.  one  who  makes, 
Mak'ing,  ppr.  forming ;  causing. 

-Man. 


Man,  n.  a  human  being ;  a  male 
Man,  v.  to  furnish  with  men. 
Man'ful,  a.  bold  ;  courageous. 
Man 'hood,  n.  the  state  of  a  man 
Man'ikin,  71,  a  little  man. 


Man  or  mori- 

Mankind',   n.    the    race  of  human 

beings. 
Man'like,  a.  like  a  man. 
Man'ly,  a.  like  a  man, 
Man'liness,  n.  dignity ;  bravery. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  133 


Mentel — ^Mantle;  Cloak. 

Man'tle,  n.  a  kind  of  cloak ;  work 

before  a  chimney. 
IMantelet',  n.  a  small  cloak. 


Man'tle,  v.  to  cover ;  to  spread ;  to 

rush  to  the  face. 
Disman'tle,  v.  to  strip  ;  to  divest. 


Manig — Many;  Much. 

Man't,  a.  numerous ;  a  great  number.  I  Man'ifold,  a.  {feald,  fold,  double), 
Man'ttimes,  ad.  often.  I      many  in  number. 

Mearc — a  Boundary  ;  a  ^Mark  ;  a  Sign  ;  March. 

March,  «.  to  border ;  to  join.  |  Mark,  n.  a  token  by  which  any  thing 

March'es,  n.  borders,  limits,  or  fron-        is  known. 


tiers  of  a  country. 
Demarca'tion,  n.  separation  of  terri- 
tory. 


Mark,  v.  to  impress ;  to  brand. 
Marked,  p.  a.  noted ;  prominent ;  con- 
spicuous. 


Marks'man,  n.  one  skillful  to  hit  a  mark. 

Note. — March,  the  name  of  a  month,  comes  from  the  Latin  {Mars\  and  March, 
to  move  by  steps,  from  the  French  (marcTier). 

Market — Market. 

Mar'ket,  n.  a  public  place  for  buying  I  Mar'ketable,  a.  that  may  be  sold, 
and  selling.  |  Mart,  n,  a  place  of  public  traffic. 

Mearh — Marrow. 

Mar'row,  n.  a  soft,  oily  substance  in  1  Mar'rowy,  a.  full  of  marrow ;  pithy, 
bones ;  the  best  part  of  a  thing.       |  Mar'rowfat,  n.  a  kind  of  pea. 

Mersc — Marsh. 

Marsh,  n.  a  watery  tract  of  land.        |  Marsh'y,  a.  swampy ;  boggy. 
Morass',  n.  a  marsh ;  a  bog. 


Maca — an  Equal;  Fellow  or  Companion. 

Mate,  n.  one  of  a  pair. 
Match,  n.  an  equal ;  a  contest. 
Match'less,  a.  having  no  equal. 
Comate',  n.  a  companion. 
Immatch'able,   a.    that    cannot    be 

matched. 
Mismatch',  v.  to  match  unsuitably. 


In'mate,  n.  one  who  dwells  in  the 

same  house. 
Overmatch',  v.  to  conquer. 
Unmatched',  a.  having  no  match  or 

equal. 
Unmatch'able,   a.    that   cannot  be 

matched. 


Note. — Match,  a  combustible  substance  for  lighting  fires,  comes  from  the  French 
(rneche),  and  Mate,  a  term  in  chess,  from  the  Spanish  {mate — mater,  to  kill). 


Magan — to  Be  Strong  or  Able  ;  May 

May,  v.  to  be  able ;  to  be  possible. 
UliGHT,  pret.  had  power  or  liberl^. 
Dismay',  n.  terror ;  fear. 


Dismay',  v.  to  deprive  of  strength  of 
mmd. 


Undismayed',  a.  not  discouraged. 


Ter'magant,  n.  a  brawling  woman. 
Note. — Mat,  the  fifth  month,  comes  from  the  Latin  {Maius). 


134  SMITHES    HAKD-BOOK:   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Mcedewe — a  Meadow.     Meed — What  Is  Mown  ;  eive — "WAtER. 

Mead'owy,  a.  resembling  meadows. 


Mead'owlark,  n.  a  bird. 


Mead'ow,  n.  moist  grass  land. 
Mead,  n,   moist  land  covered  with 
grass. 

Mceger — Meager. 

Mea'ger,  a,  lean ;  tbin.  |  Mea'gerly,  ad.  thinly ;  poorly. 

Mea'gerness,  n.  leanness ;  scantiness. 

Mcel — a  Part  or  Portion. 

Meal,  n.  a  portion  of  food  taken  at  I  Meal 'time,  n.  the  time  for  eating  a 
one  time.  1      meal. 

Piece'meal,  ad.  in  or  by  pieces  or  fragments. 

Melu,  melo — Meal;  Flour. 

Note. — The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  soft,  smooth. 

Meal,  n.  the  edible  part  of  grain.        }  Meal'y-mouthed,  a.  using  soft  words. 
Meal'y,  a.  of  the  softness  of  meal.       |  Mel'low,  a.  soft  with  ripeness. 
Mel'lowness,  n.  softness ;  ripeness. 

Mcene — False;  Bad. 

Mean,  a.  of  low  rank  ;  base ;  coarse.  |  Mean'lt,  ad.  basely ;  poorly. 
Mean'ness,  n.  want  of  excellence ;  rudeness. 

Mcenarif  manian — to  Have  in  the  Mind. 

Mean,  v.  to  intend ;  to  purpose.  |  Mean'ing,  n.  intention ;  signification. 

Note. — Mean,  the  middle,  comes  from  the  Latin  (medius). 

Metan — to  Meet  ;  to  Find  ;  to  Measure  ;  to  Compare. 

Meet'ness,  n.  fitness ;  propriety. 
Mete,  v.  to  measure;  to  reduce  to 
measure. 


Meet,  v.  to  come  together. 
Meet'ing,  n.  a  coming  together. 
Meet,  a.  fit ;  proper ;  suitable. 


Me'ter,  n.  a  measurer. 

Meltan — to  Melt  ;  to  Dissolve  ;  to  Cook. 

Melt,  t?.  to  make  or  become  liquid.    I  Molt'en,  a.  made  of  melted  metal. 
Melt'ing,  n.  the  act  of  softening.        1  Smelt,  d.  to  melt  or  fuse  ore. 

Mere — the  Sea,  and  mceden — Maid  ; — Mermaid. 
Mer'maid,  n.  a  fabulous  sea  woman.    |  Mer/man,  n.  the  male  of  the  mermaid. 


Mer^ry,  a.  gay  of  heart ;  jovial. 
Mer'rily,  ad.  gaily ;  with  mirth. 
Mer'riment,  n.  mirth  ;  gaiety. 
Mer'rythought,  n.  a  forked  bone  in 
the  breast  of  a  fowl. 


Mirig — Merry;  Pleasant. 

Mirth,  n.  merriment ;  hilarity. 
Mirth'ful,  a.  merry ;  gay. 
Mirth'fully,  ad.  in  a  merry  manner. 
Mlrth'less,  a.  joyless ;  cheerless. 


ANGLO-SAXON    BOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  136 

Mcew — Mew. 

Mew,  n.  a  sea  fowl. 

Note.— Mew,  to  confine,  to  cage,  comes  from  the  French  {mue)y  and  Msw,  to  cry  as 
a  cat,  from  the  Icelandic  (miaua). 

Miht — Might. 

Might,  n.  strength ;  power.  I  Might'ily,  ad.  powerfully ;  strongly. 

Might'y,  a.  strong;  powerful.  I  Might'iness,  n.  power;  greatness. 

Note. — Might,  had  power  or  liberty,  is  the  preterit  of  the  verb  may. 

Meolc — Milk. 

Milk,  n.  a  white  fluid  with  which    Milk'iness,  n.  resemblance  of  milk. 

animals  feed  their  young  from  the    Milk'sop,  n.  a  soft,  effeminate  person. 

breast.  Milk'y-way,  n.  the  galaxy ;  a  lumin- 

Milk'y,  a.  like  milk.  i      ous  zone  in  the  sky. 

Milch,  a.  giving  milk. 

Mild — Mild. 

Mild,  a.  kind ;  tender ;  soft.  |  Mild'ly,  ad.  kindly ;  gently. 

Mild'ness,  n.  gentleness ;  softness. 

Mylen — Mill. 

Note. — From  the  ancient  Gaelic  word  meil.,  dust. 

Mill,  n.  a  machine  for  grinding.  |  Mill 'race,  n.  the  channel  in  which 

Mill'er,  n.  one  who  attends  a  mill.     I      the  water  of  a  mill-pond  is  con- 
Mill'dam,  n.  a  dam  by  which  water  '      veyed  to  the  wheel. 

is  collected  for  turning  a  mill.  |  Mill'stone,  n.  a  stone  for  grinding 

Milled,  p.  a.  stamped  on  the  edge,      i      com. 

Note.— Mill,  the  tenth  part  of  a  cent,  or  thousandth  part  of  a  dollar,  comes  from 

the  Latin  {mille,  a  thousand). 

Minsian — to  Diminish  ;  to  Lessen. 

Mince,  v.  to  chop  into  very  small  I  Mince,  «).  to  half  pronounce ;  to  act 
pieces.  I      with  affected  delicacy. 

Mince'-pie,  n.  a  pie  made  of  minced  meat. 

Getnytidf  getnunan — to  Remember. 

Mind,  n.  the  intelligent  power  in  man.  |  Mind'ful,  a.  attentive;  heedful. 
Remind',  v.  to  put  in  mind. 


JTengan — to  Mingle. 


Min'gle,  v.  to  mix ;  to  blend. 


Min'gler,  71.  one  who  mingles. 
Commin'gle,  v.  to  mix  into  one  mass 


Immin'gle,  v.  to  unite  with  numbers. 
Intermin'gle,  v.  to  mingle  together^ 
Mon'grel,  a.  of  a  mixed  breed. 
Unmin'gleb^  a.  not  mixed ;  pure. 


3Iistcecan — to  Misteach  ;  to  Misinform. 
Mistake',  v.  to  take  wr^ng ;  to  err.     '  Mistake',  n.  an  error. 


136  smith's  hakd-book  o^  etymology. 

Jkfist — Mist. 

Mist,  n.  a  thick  vapor.  I  Mist'ily,  ad.  not  plainly. 

Mist'y,  a.  overspread  with  mist.  |  Mistiness,  n.  the  state  of  being  misty. 

Mcenan — to  Lament  ;  to  Complain. 
Moan,  v.  to  deplore  audibly.  |  Moan'ful,  a.  expressing  sorrow. 

Mai— a  Spot,  Mark,  or  Blot. 

Mole,  n.  a  natural  spot  on  the  skin. 

Note. — Mole,  a  mound,  a  dyke,  comes  from  the  Latin  (moles),  and  Mole,  a  small 
animal,  from  the  Dutch  {mol). 

Mod — Mind;  Disposition;  Passion. 

Mood,  n.  temper  of  mind ;  humor,       |  Mood'y,  a.  angry ;  out  of  humor. 
Mood'iness,  n.  peevishness. 

Note. — Mood,  the  variation  of  a  verb  to  express  manner  of  action  or  being,  comes 
from  the  Latin  {modus). 

3Iona — Moon. 

Moon,  n.   the  heavenly  body  which 

revolves  round  the  earth, 
Moon'less,  a.  not  enlightened  by  the 

moon. 
Moon'beam,  n.  a  ray  of  light  from 

the  moon, 
Moon'liqht,  n.  the  light  given  by 

the  moon. 


Moon'shine,  n.  the  light  of  the  moon. 

Moon'struck,  a.  lunatic. 

Mon'day,  n.  the  second  day  of  the 

week. 
Month,  n.  one  of  the  twelve  divisions 

of  the  year. 
Month'ly,  a.  happening  every  month. 


Mor — Waste  Land. 

Moor,  n.  a  tract  of  poor  land  overrun  I  Moor'land,  n.  watery  ground, 
with  heath.  | 

Note. — Moor,  to  secure  by  two  anchors,  comes  from  the  Spanish  (amarrar),  and 
Moor,  a  native  of  northern  Africa,  from  the  Latin  (Maurus). 

Motian — to  Meet  for  Conversation  ;  to  Discuss. 

Moot,  v.  to  argue  or  plead  on  a  sup-  I  Moot'ing,  n.  the  exercise  of  disput- 
posed  cause.  I      ing. 

Morgen — Dispersed. 

Morn,  n.  the  first  part  of  the  day.       |  Morn'ing,  n.  the  first  part  of  the  day 
Mor'row,  n.  morning ;  the  day  after  the  present  day. 

Note. — Morrow  and  Morn  have  the  same  meaning,  viz. ;  dissipated,  dispersed,  as 
clouds  or  darkness,  whose  dispersion,  or  the  time  when  they  are  dispersed,  these 
words  express. 


Most,  a.  greatest  in  quantity  or  num- 
ber. 

Most'ly,  ad.  for  the  greatest  part; 
chiefly. 


Mcest,  super  of  mycel — Greatest. 

Much,  a.  large  in  quantity. 
More,  a.  greater  in  quantity. 
Moreover,  ad.   besides;    over  and 
above. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  137 


Modor — Mother. 

Moth'er,  n.  a  female  parent. 
Moth'erless,  a.  having  lost  a  mother. 
Moth'erly,  a.   in  the  manner  of  a 
mother;  tenderly. 

Note. — Mother,  a  thick,  slimy  substance  in  liquors,  comes  from  the  German  (mo- 
der,  mud). 

Molde—EAB,TK ;  Powder;  Dust. 


a  language  to 
which  another  language  owes  its 
origin ;  one's  native  language. 


Mould,  n.  fine,  soft  earth  ;  a  substance 

like  down  on  damp  bodies. 
Mould'er,  v.  to  turn  into  dust. 


Mould't,  a.  overgrown  with  mould. 
Mould 'iness,  n.   the  state  of  being 
mouldy. 


Note.— Mould,  that  in  which  anything  is  cast  or  receives  its  shape,  and  Moulder, 
one  who  casts  or  shapes,  comes  from  the  Spanish  (rndde,  a  matrix). 

Murnan — to  Mourn 

Mourn,  v.  to  grieve ;  to  be  sorrowful.  I  Mourn'ful,  a.  causing  sorrow. 
Mourn'er,  n.  one  who  mourns.  |  Mourn'fully,  ad.  sorrowfully. 

Mourn'ino,  ?i.  sorrow ;  the  dress  of  sorrow. 

Mus,  plural  inys — Mouse. 
Mouse,  n.  a  small  animal.  |  Mice,  n.  the  plural  of  mouse. 

3Tu  th — Mouth. 


Mouth,  n.  the  cavity  between  the 
jaws;  an  opening  by  which  any- 
thing can  be  filled  or  emptied. 

Mouth,  v.  to  utter  with  a  loud,  af- 
fected voice. 


Mouth'ful,  a.  as  much  as  the  moutl 

can  hold. 
Mouth'piece,  n.  one  who  speaks  foi 

others. 


Mawan — to  Cut  Down  ;  Mow ;  n.  a  Little  Heap. 

Mow,  ®.  inOf  to  cut  with  a  scythe.      I  Mown,  p.  a.  cut  with  a  scythe. 
Mow,  n.  nioiv,  a  loft  in  a  bam.  |  Mow'ing,  n.  cutting  with  a  scythe, 

Milescian — to  Become  Soft  ;  Mulch. 

Mulch,  «.  to  cover  with  half-rotten  I  Mulch,  n.  half-rotten  straw, 
straw 

Morther,  inorth — Death. 

Mur'der,  n.  the  act  of  killing  a  hu-  I  Mur'derous,  a.  guilty  of  murder, 
man  being  unlawfully.  | 

Must,  v.  inot,  to  be  obliged. 

Note. — Must,  new  wine,  comes  from  the  Latin  (irmstum)^  and  Must,  to  mak< 
mouldy,  from  tlie  French  (moisir). 


Wmgel — :N^ail. 

Nail,  n.  a  horny  substance  on  the 
human  fingers  and  toes ;  a  piece  of 
metal  for  fastening.. 


Nail'er,  n.  one  who  makes  nails. 
Nail'ery,  n.  a  manu&ctory  of  nailft 


138  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Nacod — Naked. 
Ka'ked,  a.  not  covered.  |  Na'keidness,  n.  want  of  covering. 

Nama — Name. 


Name,  n.  that  by  which  a  person  or 

thing  is  called. 
Name'less,  a.  without  a  name. 


Name'ly,  ad.  by  name ;  particularly. 
Name'sake,  n.  one  who  has  the  same 
name. 


Nick'name,  n.  a  name  given  in  contempt. 

Hnoppa — Nap. 
Nap,  n.  the  down  on  cloth.  |  Nap'less,  a.  threadbare. 

NearoWf  nearwian — to  Make  Narrow. 

Nar'row,  a.  not  broad  or  wide.  ]  Nar'rowly,  ad.  closely ;  nearly. 

Nar'rowness,  n.  want  of  breadth. 

Naht — Nafght.     Ne — Not  ;  and  wuht — a  Whit  ;  Anything. 

Naught,  Nought,  n.  nothing.  I  Naught'y,  a.  wicked ;  sinful. 

Naught,  a.  worthless ;  bad.  |  Naught 'ily,  ad.  wickedly. 

Naught'iness,  n.  wickedness. 

Nafu — the  Middle  ;  Centre  ;  Nave. 

Nave,  n.  the  piece  of  timber  in  the  I  Nave,  n.  the  middle  or  body  of  a 
centre  of  a  wheel.  |      church. 

NaVel,  n.  nafelf  the  point  in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 

Note. — Naval,  of  or  pertaining  to  ships,  comes  from  the  L.  navU  (Gr.  vavg\  a  ship, 


Neah — Near. 


Near,  a.  not  far  distant ;  nigh. 
Near'ly,  ad.  at  no  great  distance. 
Near'ness,  11.  closeness. 
Nigh,  a.  near ;  not  distant. 


Nigh'ly,  ad.  nearly. 

Nigh'ness,  n.  nearness. 

Next,  a.  nearest  in  place,  time,  &c 

Well-nigh',  ad.  almost. 


Neigh'bor,  n.  neahbur,  one  who  lives  near. 


Neat,  nyten — Cattle. 

Neat,  n.  cattle ;  oxen. 
Neat'herd,  n.  one  who  takes  care  of 
cattle. 


Neat's-poot,  n.  the  foot  of  an  ox, 
cow,  &c. 


Neat,  very  clean,  pure,  elegant,  comes  from  the  Latin  {niteo). 

Neh — Neb. 

Neb,  n.  the  nose ;  the  beak. 
Nib,  n.  the  bill  of  a  bird ;  the  point 
of  anything. 


Nib'ble,  v.  to  bite  by  little  at  a  time. 
Nib'bler,  n.  one  that  nibbles. 


Hnecca — Neck. 

Neck,  n.  the  part  between  the  head  1  Neck'lace,  n.  an  ornament  for  the 
and  the  body.  |      neck. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  139 


Nead — Need  ;  from  ne — Not,  and  ead — Happiness  ;  Prosperity. 

Need,  n.  want ;  necessity. 
Need'ful,  a.  necessary. 
Need'less,  a.  unnecessary. 


Needs,  ad.  necessarily. 
Need't,  a.  poor ;  necessitous. 
Need'ily,  ad.  in  want. 


Need'iness,  n.  want ;  poverty. 

^TcecW— Needle. 

Nee'dle,  n.  a  small,  pointed  instru- 1  Nee'dle-work,  n.    work    executed 
ment  for  sewing.  I      with  a  needle. 

Hncegan — Neigh. 
Neigh,  n.  the  voice  of  a  horse.  |  Neigh'ing,  n.  the  voice  of  a  horse. 


Nest,  n.   the  place  in  which  birds 

hatch  and  rear  their  young. 
Nes'tle,  v.  to  lie  close. 


Nest — Nest. 

Nest'ling,  n.  a  young  bird  in  the 

nest. 
Nest'egg,  n.  an  egg  left  in  the  nest. 


Net — Net. 

Net,  n.    a  texture  of  twine   with  I  Net'work,  n.  work  in  the  form  of  a 
meshes.  I      net. 

Note. — Net,  clear  after  all  deductions,  comes  from  the  French  (ne<,  entirely). 

Neother,  neothan — Beneath;  Downwards. 

Neth'er,  a.  lower ;  being  in  a  lower  I  Beneath',   prep,    under ;    lower   in 
place.  I      place,  rank,  or  dignity. 

^OB/re— Never.     Ne — Not;  and  cefre — Ever. 

Nev'er,  ad.  not  ever ;  at  no  time.        I  Nevertheless',  ad.  notwithstanding 

I      that. 

Niwe—NBW. 


New,  a.   lately  made,  produced  or 

discovered. 
New'ly,  ad.  freshly. 
New'ness,  n.  freshness. 


News,  n.  recent  account. 
Renew',  v.  to  make  anew  or  again. 
Renew'al,  n.  the  act  of  renewing. 
Anew',  ad.  over  again. 


Hnesc — Soft;  Tender. 

Nice,  a.  delicate ;  fine.  I  Nice'ness,  n.  delicacy.  [ties. 

Nice'ly,  ad,  delicately ;  exactly.  |  Ni'cety,  n.  minute  accuracy ;  pi.  dain- 


NiGHT,  n.  the  time  of  darkness. 
-  Night'ly,  ad.  done  every  nigh^ 
Night'ingale,  n.  a  bird  which  sings 

at  night. 
Night'fall,  n.  the  close  of  the  day.    i      of  two  weeks. 
Bbnight'ed,  v.  involved  in  darkness 


Niht — Night. 

Night'mare,  n.  a  sensation  of  dis- 
tressing weight  on  the  chest  during 
sleep. 

Fort'night,  n.  {fourteen)^  the  space 


140  SMITH*S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Na — No;  Not, 

No,  ad.  a  word  of  denial  or  refusal. 
Nay,  ad.  not  only  so,  but  more. 
None,  a.  (nan;  ne,  not,  and  an, 
one),  not  one ;  not  any. 


Not,  ad.  {naht ;  ne,  not,  and  auht, 
ought),  a  particle  of  denial. 

Noth'ing,  n.  (na,  no,  and  thing), 
not  any  thing. 


Kon — Noon. 

Noon,  n.  mid-day.  I  Noon 'day,  n.  mid-day. 

Noon'ing,  71.  repose  at  noon.  |  Noon'tide,  71.  mid-day. 

Foee'noon,  n.  the  time  from  morning  to  mid-day. 

North — North. 

Nobth,  n.  one  of  the  cardinal  points.  I  Nor'thern,  a.  being  in  the  north. 
Nor'therly,  a.  towards  the  north.      |  North Vard,  a.  towards  the  north. 
n.  the  wind  which  blows  from  the  north. 

Ncese — Nose. 

Nose,  n.  the  organ  of  smell.  I  Noz'zle,  n.  the  nose ;  the  snout ;  the 

Nos'tril,  n.  a  cavity  of  the  nose.         |      end. 

Nose 'gay,  n.  a  bunch  of  flowers. 

Note  — Nose  is  of  the  same  origin  with  A.-S.  wees,  a  naze,  or  ness ;  the  latter  so 
common  a  termination  to  the  names  of  projecting  headlands,  as  Dungewess,  Sheer/iess. 

Kiiynan — to  Take  Away  ;  Numb. 

Numb,  a.  deprived  of  sensation.  I  Num'skull,  n.  a  dunce. 

Numb'ness,  n.  torpor.  I  Benumb',  i>.  to  make  torpid. 


Nut,  n.  a  fruit  consisting  of  a  kernel 

covered  by  a  hard  shell. 
Nut'brown,  a.  brown  like  a  nut  long 

kept. 


JETnut — Nut. 

Nut'gall,  n.  an  excrescence  of  th« 

oak. 
Nut 'meg,  n.  a  kind  of  aromatic  nut 


Ata — Oat. 

Oat,  Oats,  n.  a  grain.  |  Oat'en,  a.  made  of  oats. 

Oat'meal,  n.  meal  made  of  oats. 


Of,  prep,  from,  or  out  of 
Off,  prep,  not  on ;  from. 
Off'ing,  n.  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  shore. 


O/— Of. 

Opf'scourtng,  n.  refuse. 
Off'set,  n.  a  sprout. 
Off'spring,  n.  children. 
Alocf',  ad.  (all,  off)^  at  a  distance. 


Oil— On. 

On,  prep,  being  in  contact  with  the  |  On'ward,  ad.  forward, 
upper  part  of  any  thing. 

On'slaught,  n.  an  attack. 


ANGLO-SAXOX    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  141 

An,  arte — One, 

One,  n.  a  single  person  or  thing.  |  Once,  ad.  one  time ;  formerly. 

On'lt,  a.  singly ;  one  alone. 

Was,  wees — Wetness;  Ooze. 
Ooze,  n.  earth  so  wet  as  to  flow  gently.  |  Oo'zy,  a.  miry ;  muddy. 

Openian — to  Open  ;  to  Be  Manifest. 


O'pen,  v.  to  unclose ;  to  unlock. 
O'pBNiNG,  n.  an  aperture. 
Openly,  ad.  publicly ;  plainly. 


Openness,  n.  plainness;  clearness. 
Open-mouthed,  a.  ravenous;  clam- 
orous. 


O'pEN-HEARTED,  a.  gcucrous ;  candid. 

Ort-geard,     Ort — an  Herb  ;  geard — Garden. 

Or'chard,  n.  an  assemblage  of  fruit  I  Or'chardist,  n.  one  who  cultivates 
trees.  I      orchards. 

Note. — Apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  cherries  are  the  fruits  principally  cultivated  in 
orchards. 

OrdaeL    From  or — Great,  and  duel — Judgment. 

Or'deal,  n.  any  severe  trial ;  test ;  experiment. 

Ut — Out.     UtfBrre — Outward;  Utter. 

Out,  ad.  on  the  outside ;  not  within  ;  I  Ut'ter,  a.  the  greatest  degree ;  com- 

V.  to  eject ;  to  expel.  i      plete. 
Out'er,  a.  being  on  the  outside.  Ut'most,  a.  extreme. 

Out'ward,  a.  external ;  visible.  |  Ut'terly,  ad.  fully ;  completely. 

Out'wardly,  ad.  externally.  !  Utterance,  n.  the  act  of  speaking. 

Ut'ter,  v.  to  speak ;  to  pronounce.  [  Ut'termost,  n.  the  most  that  can  be. 

Agan — Own. 

Note. — Owe  is  formed  from  the  A.-S.  agan^  by  softening  the  guttural  g'  into  w),  aw 
— owe. 

Own'er,  n.  one  to  whom  a  thing  be- 
longs. 

Own'ership,  n.  the  right  of  posses- 
sion. 


Owe,  «.  to  be  indebted. 
Ow'iNG,  ppi\  due ;  imputable  to. 
Ought,  v.  to  be  bound  in  duty. 
Own,  «.  to  possess ;  to  avow. 


Disown',  'g.  to  deny  ;  to  renounce. 


JPceth,    JPcethian— to  Go ;  to  Tread  Flat  ;  to  Flatten. 

Pad,  n.  a  soft  saddle  or  cushion. 
Path,  n.  a  way ;  a  road. 
Path'less,  a.  having  no  path. 
Path'way,  n.  a  narrow  way.      [gers. 
Foot'path,  n.  a  path  for  foot  passen- 

*  A  lock  for  a  pad-gate,  or  a  gate  opening  to  a  path. 


Pad,  n.  a  road  ;  an  easy-paced  horse. 
Pad,  v.  to  travel  gently. 
Pad 'lock,*  n.  a  lock  hung  on  a  staple. 
Foot  PAD,  n.  a  highwayman  who  robs 
on  foot. 


Panne — a  Pan. 
Pan,  n.  a  broad,  shall(fw  vessel.  |  Pan'cake,7i.  a  thin  cake  fried  in  a  pan, 


142  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

JPearroc — a  Pabk. 

Pad'dock,  n.  a  small  inclosure  in  a  I  Park,  n.  a  piece  of  inclosed  ground, 
pasture  for  a  sick  animal.  | 

Note. — Paddock,  originally  an  inclosure  in  a  park,  for  hounds  to  run  matches  in. 


Pin — Punishment;  Torture.    JPinan— to  Vms. 

Pains'taker,  n.  a  laborious  person. 
Pine,  v.  to  waste  away  with  pain  or 

distress  of  mind. 
Pin'ing,  n.  a  wasting  away. 
Repine',  v.  to  fret ;  to  be  discontented. 
Repin'ing,  n.  the  act  of  murmuring. 


Pain,  n,  an  uneasy  sensation 
•Pain,  v.  to  make  uneasy. 
Pain'ful,  a.  full  of  pain. 
Pain'fully,  ad.  with  pain. 
Pain'less,  a.  free  from  pain. 
Pains,  n.  careful  toil ;  trouble. 


Pang,  n.  a  eharp  and  sudden  pain. 

Pceccan — to  Deceive  by  False  Appearance. 

Note. — They  who  ^utpatcJies  on  a  little  breach,  to  hide  it,  are  careful  that  the  color 
shall  nearly  as  possible  resemble  that  upon  which  they  put  it. 

Patch,  n.  a  piece  sewed  on  to  cover  I  Patch'work,  n.  work  composed  of 
a  hole.  I      pieces. 

JPcerl — Pearl. 

Pearl,  n.   a  white  body  found  in  I  Pearl'y,  a.  like  pearls, 
oysters.  I 

Pahoh — Pebble. 
Peb'ble,  n.  a  small,  roundish  stone.    |  Peb'bly,  a.  full  of  pebbles. 

Pocca — a  Bag  :  Poke. 


Poke,  n.  a  bag ;  a  sack. 
Pock'et,  n.  a  small  bag  in  a  garment. 
Pock'etbook,  n.  a  small  book  for  the 
pocket. 


Peck,  n.  the  fourth  part  of  a  bushel. 
Poach,  ti.  to  steal  game. 
Puck'er,  v.  to  gather  into  plaits  oi 
folds. 


Pouch,  n.  a  small  bag. 

Note. — Poke,  to  thrust,  comes  from  the  Swedish  (poka),  and  Poach,  to  boil 
slightly,  from  the  French  {pocher). 

Pyndan — to  Shut  In  ;  to  Pen. 
Pen,  n.  an  inclosure  for  cattle ;  t).  to  I  Pin,  v.  to  inclose ;  to  confine. 


inclose. 
Pound,   n.    an  inclosure   for   cattle 
which  have  been  taken  in  trespass- 
ing. 

Note. — Pen,  an  instrument  for  writing,  comes  from  the  Latin  {penna),  and  Pin,  an 
instrument  for  fastening,  from  the  Welsh  {pin). 


Pin'fold,  n.  an  inclosure  for  cattle- 
PoND,  n.  a  small  lake. 
Impound',  v.  to  put  in  a  pound. 


Penig — Penny. 

Pen'ny,  n.  a  coin.  |  Pen'niless,  a.  wanting  money. 

Note. — The  penny  was  formerly  a  silver  coin,  first  struck  in  England  by  the  Sax- 
ons. It  was  struck  with  a  cross  so  deeply  sunk  in  it,  that  it  might  be  easily  parted 
into  halves,  thence  called  half-pennies.,  or  into  four  parts,  thence  "called  fourthings  or 
farthings.  ^ 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


143 


Pycan — to  Pick  ;  to  Peck 

Pick,  «.  to  strike  with  a  pointed  in- 
strument. 

Pick,  v.  to  pull  of  with  the  fingers ; 
to  choose.  [point. 

Pickaxe,  n.   an  axe  with  a  sharp 

Pick'pocket,  n.  one  who  steals  from 
another's  pocket. 


Peak,  n.  (peac,  a  point),  the  top  of 

a  hill. 
Peck,  v.  to  pick  up  food ;  to  strike 

with  the  beak. 
Wood 'pecker,  n.  a  bird. 
Beak,  n.  the  bill  of  a  bird ;  anything 

ending  in  a  point. 


JPyle — a  Pillow  ;  a  Cushion. 

Pil'low,  n.  a  cushion  to  support  the  I  Pill'ion,  n.  a  cushion  for  a  woman 
head  in  bed.  I      to  ride  on. 

Pinntreow — Pin-Tree.* 

Pine,  n.  a  forest  tree.  I  Pine'apple,  n.  a  fruit  resembling  the 

Pi'ny,  a.  abounding  with  pines.  |      cone  of  the  pine  tree. 

*  From  the  leaves  of  the  pine  which  resemble  pins. 


Pyt— Pit 

Pit,  n.  a  hole  in  the  earth. 
Pit 'fall,  n.  a  pit  dug  and  covered 
over. 


Pit'coal,  n.  coal  dug  from  the  earth. 
Pit'saw,  n.  a  large  saw  used  by  two 
men. 


Pitha — Kernel;  Pith. 

Pith,  n.  the  soft  spongy  substance 
in  the  centre  of  plants  and  trees ; 
strength;  force 


Pith'iness,  n.  strength  ;  force. 
JPlegan — to  Joke  ;  to  Play. 


Pith'less,  a.  without  pith. 
Pith'y,  a.  containing  pith  ;  forcible. 
Pith'ily,  ad.  with  force. 


Play,  v.  to  sport ;  to  toy. 
Play,  n.  sport ;  game. 
Playful,  a.  spoi-tive. 


Play'fully,  ad.  in  a  sportive  manner. 
Play'mate,  n.  a  companion  in  amuse- 
ment. 


Play'thing,  n.  a  toy. 


Plihtan — to  Expose  to  Danger  ;  to  Pledge  ;  Plight. 


Com'plot,  n.  a  confederacy  in  crime. 
Coun'terplot,  n.  a  plot  opposed  to 

a  plot. 
Un'derplot,  n.  a  clandestine  scheme. 


Plight,  v.  to  pledge ;  to  give  as  secu- 
rity. 
Plight,  n.  condition ;  state. 
Plot,  n.  a  conspiracy  ;  a  scheme. 

Note. — Plight,  to  pledge,  is  never  applied  to  property  or  goods. 

JPluccian — to  Pluck  ;  to  Pull  Off. 

Pluck,  v.  to  pull  with  quick  motion.  |  Pluck'ed,  a.  stripped  off. 
Pluck,  n.  courage ;  spirit. 

•Pol— a  Pool. 

Pool,  n.  a  small  collection  of  water.    |  Pud'dle,  n.  a  small  pool  of  dirty  water. 

Note.— Pool,  the  stakes  played  for  in  certain  games,  comes  from  the  French  (poule, 
A  chicken).  • 


144  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Gepose — Heaviness  ;  Stuffing  of  the  Head  ;  Pose. 

Pose,  v.  to  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  I  Fos'er,  n.  something  that  puzzles  or 
by  asking  difficult  questions.  |      silences. 

Note.— Pose'  {po-za\  posture,  attitude,  comes  from  the  French 

Prmte — Pretty. 

Pret'ty,  a.  neat ;  beautiful  without  I  Pret'tiness,  n.  beauty  without  dig- 
dignity.  I      nity. 

Pret'tily,  ad.  neatly ;  pleasingly. 

Priccian— to  Prick. 

Prick,  v.  to  pierce  with  a  small  punc-  I  Prick'le,  n.  a  small,  sharp  point, 
ture.  I  Prick'ly,  a.  full  of  sharp  points. 

JPryt — Pride. 


Pride,  n.  unreasonable  self-esteem. 
Pride'pul,  a.  full  of  pride ;  insolent. 
Pride'less,  a.  without  pride. 


Prid'ingly,  ad.  with  pride. 
Proud,   a.    having    inordinate   self- 
esteem. 


Proud'ly,  ad.  arrogantly ;  haughtily. 

Preost — Priest. 

Priest,  n.  one  who  officiates  in  sacred  I  Priest'ess,  n.  a  female  priest. 

offices.  I  Priest'hood,  n.  the  office  of  a  priest. 

Priest'like,  a.  resembling  a  priest. 

JPreon — a  Bodkin  ;  Prong. 
Prong,  n.  a  pointed  projection  ;  the  tine  of  a  fork. 

JProfian — to  Prove  ;  to  Try  ;  to  Judge. 

Prove,  v.  to  show  by  testimony  or  I  Proof,  n.  evidence;  test;  trial, 
argument.  |  Proof'less,  a.  wanting  evidence. 

Pullian — to  Pull. 
Pull,  v.  to  draw  forcibly ;  to  pluck.    |  Pull'back,  n.  that  which  keeps  back. 

Cwacian — to  Quake. 

Quake,  n.  to  shake;  to  tremble.  I  Quag'mire,  ?i.  (^-w?^,  mire),  a  shaking 

Quak'ing,  n.  shaking.  |      bog  or  marsh. 

Civealm — Contagion;  Pestilence;  Qualm. 

Qualm,  n.  a  sudden  fit  of  sickness.      |  Qualm'ish,  a.  sick  at  the  stomach. 
Squeam'ish,  a.  having  a  taste  difficult  to  please. 

Cwen — a  Woman  ;  Queen. 
Queen,  n.  the  wife  of  a  king,  |  Quean,  n.  a  worthless  woman. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  145 


Quick,  a.  living ;  swift ;  speedy. 
Quick'en,  x>.  to  make  alive ;  to  hasten. 
Quick'ly,  ad.  soon ;  speedily. 
Quick'ness,  n.  speed. 


€wic — Alive;  Living;  Quick. 

Quick'lime,  n.  lime  unslacked. 
Quick'sand,  n.  moving  sand. 
Quick'silver,  n.  a  fluid  metal. 
Quick'witted,  a.  having  ready  wit. 


lieaf—fjk  Robe  ;  a  Garment.    Meafian — to  Reeve  or  Sew. 
Raft,  n.  a  float  made  by  fastening  I  Rafts'man,  n.   one  who  manages  a 
pieces  of  timber  together.  |      raft. 

Raf'ter,  n.  rcefteVf  a  roof-timber. 

Note.— A  raft  is  made  by  lashing  logs  together  by  withes. 

Hracod — Naked;  Ragged. 

Rag,  n.  a  torn  piece  of  cloth.  |  Ragged,  a.  rent  in  tatters ;  uneven. 

Rag'amuffin,  n.  a  paltry,  mean  fellow. 

Rmgel,  from  wrigan— to  Put  On  or  Cover  ;  to  Clothe. 


Rail,  n.  a  bar  of  wood  or  iron  extend- 
ing from  one  support  to  another. 
Rail,  n.  a  woman's  upper  garment. 


Rail'ing,  n.  a  fence  or  barrier. 

Rig,  v.  to  dress ;  to  fit  out.      [a  ship. 

Rig'ging,  n.  the  sails  and  tackling  of 


Note.— Rail,  to  use  insolent  language,  comes  from  the  Dutch  {raUen,  to  chatter), 
and  Rail,  a  bird,  from  the  French  {rale). 

Minan — to  Rain. 


Rain,  v.   to  fall  in  drops  from  the 

clouds. 
Rain  BOW,  n.  a  bow  formed  by  the 

reflection  of  light  by  the  clouds. 


Rain'water,  n.  water  fallen  from  the 

clouds. 
Rain'y,  a.  abounding  in  rain. 


Ranc — Proud  ;  Haughty  ;  Rebellious. 

Rank,  a.  luxuriant ;  gross ;  coarse.      I  Rank'ness,    n.    exuberance;    strong 
Rank'ly,  ad.  luxuriantly ;  coarsely.    |      scent. 

Ran'kle,  v.  to  fester ;  to  be  inflamed. 

Note.— Rank,  a  line,  a  row,  class,  comes  from  the  French  {rang). 

Rendan— to  Rend  ;  to  Tear. 
Rant,  v.  to  rave  in  violent  language.  I  Rend,  v.  to  tear  with  violence. 


Rant'er,  n.  one  who  rants. 

Rent,  n.  a  break  ;  a  breach ;  a  tear. 

Note.— Render,  to  give  up,  to  give  back,  comes  from  the  Latin  {re,  do).  Rent,  a 
certain  profit  in  money  issuing  out  of  lands,  &c.,  in  return  for  use,  comes  from  the 
French  {rente). 

Hrepan— to  Touch  ;  to  Rap. 
Rap,  v.  to  strike  with  a  quick  blow.   |  Rap'per,  n.  one  that  raps. 
Note.- Rap,  to  affect  jrith  ecstasy,  comes  from  the  Latin  {rapio). 


146  SMITH'S    HAITO-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Hascal — a  Lean,  Worthless  Deer. 

RAs'cAii,  n.  a  mean  fellow ;  a  scoun-  I  Rascal 'itt,  n.  mean  dishonesty ; 
drel.  I      fraud 

Ras'cally,  a.  mean ;  vile ;  base. 

Hrethian — to  Find  Fault  ;  to  Scold  ;  to  Rate. 
Rate,  v.  to  chide  vehemently.  |  Rat'ing,  n.  a  chiding ;  a  scolding. 

Note. — Rate,  price,  value,  degree,  comes  from  the  Latin  (ratus,  to  reckon). 

Rcethe — Quick;  Hasty;  Rath. 

Rath,  a.  early ;  quick.  I  Rath'er,  ad.  more  willingly ;  in  pref- 

I      erence. 

Href  en,  from  reafian — to  Plunder  ;  to  Destroy. 

Rav'en,  v.  to  seize  by  violence ;  to 
devour. 


Rav'enous,  a.  furiously  voracious. 
Rav'in,  n.  prey;  plunder. 
Rav'ening,  a.  preying  with  rapacity. 


HreoWf  hrere—UAw,  Rear;  Cruel;  Fierce. 

Raw'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  raw. 
Raw'boned,  a.  having  little  flesh. 
Rare,   a.    nearly   raw ;    imperfectly 


Raw,  a.   not  cooked;    not  covered 

with  skin. 
Raw'ish,  a.  somewhat  raw ;  cold  and 

damp.  cooked 

Note. — Rare,  thin,  not  dense,  uncommon,  comes  from  the  Latin  (rams) 


Mwcan — to  Reach  ,  to  Extend. 

Reach,  v.  to  extend ;  to  reach.  |  Reach'er,  n.  one  who  reaches. 

Retch,  v.  to  make  an  effort  to  vomit. 


Mcedan — to  Appoint  ,  to  Advise  ;  to  Read  ,  to  Guess. 

Readying,  n.  perusal  of  books. 
Rid'dle,  n.  rcedelse,  something  to 

be  solved  by  conjecture. 
Unrid'dle,  ®.  to  solve. 


Read,  v.  to  peruse ;  to  understand  by 

characters. 
Read,  p.  or  a.  learned. 
Read' ABLE,  a.  that  may  be  read. 


Mecan — to  Say  ;  to  Number  ;  to  Regard. 


Reck,  v.  to  care ;  to  heed. 
Reck'less,  a.  careless ;  heedless. 
Reck'lessness,  n.  carelessness. 


Reck'on,  v.  to  number ;  to  calculate. 

Reck'oning,  n.  calculation. 

Rack,  n.  an  engine  of  torture ;  a  frame. 


Rack,  v.  to  stretch  or  torture ;  to  draw  off. 
Headf  reod,  rud — Red. 


Red,  n.  a  color  resembling  blood. 
Red'den,  V,  to  make  or  grow  red. 
Red'dish,  a.  somewhat  red. 
Red'ness,  71.  the  quality  of  being  red. 


Red'hot,  a.  heated  to  redness. 
Red'lead,  n.  lead  calcined. 
Rud'dy,  a.  of  a  red  color. 
Rud'diness,  n.  state  of  being  ruddy 


Heocan — to  Smoke  ;  to  Fume. 
Reek,  n.  smoke ;  steam ;  vapor.  |  Reek,  v.  to  smoke ;  to  steam. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  147 


Mest — a  Quiet,  or  a  Lying  Down  ;  Repose. 

Rest,  n.  cessation  of  motion  or  labor ; 

quiet. 
Rest,  v.  to  cease  from  motion  or  labor. 
Rest'ful,  a.  quiet. 


Rest'less,  a.  unsettled. 
Rest'lessness,  n.    want  of  rest  or 

quiet. 
Rest'ing-place,  n.  a  place  of  rest. 


Note. — Rest,  that  which  is  left,  the  remainder,  comes  from  the  Latin  (re,  sto). 

Kim,  geriin — a  Number  ;  Reckoning. 

Rhyme,  n.  correspondence  of  sounds  |  Rhyme'less,  a.  destitute  of  rhymes, 
at  the  ends  of  verses. 

Mic — Great;  Noble;  Powerful;  Rich. 

Rich,  a.  wealthy ;  opulent.  I  Rich'ly,  ad.  abundantly. 

Rich'es,  n.  wealth.  |  Rich'ness,  n.  wealth ;  abundance. 

Enrich',  v.  to  make  rich. 

Note. — ^Ric  as  a  termination  denotes  jurisdiction  i  as,  bishopric,  as  a  termination 
of  names,  rich  or  powerful,  as  AlfriCy  Frederick. 

Hriddelf  hreadan — to  Rid;  to  Deliver. 

Rid,  v.  to  free ;  to  deliver.  I  Rid'dle,  v.  to  separate  by  a  sieve ;  to 

Rid'dance,  n.  deliverance.  I      make  many  holes  in. 

Rid'dle,  n.  a  coarse  sieve. 

Note.— Riddle,  something  to  be  solved  by  guessing,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (rcedaii, 
to  read,  to  guess). 

Hidan — to  Srr  or  Rest  Upon. 

Ride,  v.  to  travel  on  horseback  or  in  I  Ride,  n.  an  excursion  on  horseback 
a  vehicle ;  to  be  carried.  '      or  in  a  vehicle. 

^rcac— a  Rick.     Hric — the  Back;  a  Ridge. 

Ridge,  n.  the  top  of  the  back ;  the  I  Rid'gy,  a.  having  ridges, 
top  of  a  roof  or  slope.  I  Rick,  n.  a  pile  of  corn  or  hay. 

^y/— Rife. 

Ripe,  a.  prevalent ;  abounding.  |  Rife'ly,  ad.  prevalently ;  frequently. 

Rife'ness,  n.  prevalence ;  abundance. 


Riff'raff,  n.  refuse ;  sweepings ;  the 

rabble. 
Ri'fle,  v.  to  rob ;  to  plunder. 
Rive,  v.  to  split ;  to  cleanse ;  to  rend. 
Rift,  n.  a  cleft :  a  fissure. 


JReafian — to  Seize  or  Take  Away. 

Rob,  v.  to  take  by  force  without  right. 
Rob'ber,  n.  a  thief. 
Rob'bery,  n.  theft  by  force. 


Rov'er,  n.  a  wanderer ;  a  robber. 
Note. — Rifle,  a  kind  of  gun,  comes  from  the  German  {reifeln,  to  groove). 

Hri/mpMle — a  Rumple  ;  a  Fold. 

Rim'plb;  n.  a  wrinkle;  a  fold.  I  Rip'ple,^.  the  surface  of  water  slightly 

Rim'pling,  n.  uneven  motion,  I      agitated. 

.Rip'pLiNG,  n.  the  noise  of  ripples. 


14S  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Hiht — Right. 


Right,  a.  just ;  proper ;  straight. 
Right'eous,  a.  just ;  virtuous. 
Right'ful,  a.  just;  lawful. 
Right'fully,  ad.  according  to  right. 
Right'ly,  ad.  just;  properly. 


Up'rightness,  n.  honesty ;  integrity. 
Hring — Ring, 


Right'ness,  n.  correctness ;  straight- 

ness. 
Up'mght,  a.    straight  up ;    honest ; 

just. 
Up'rightly,  ad.  honestly. 


Ring,  n.   a  circle;   a  round  line  or 

course. 
Ring'let,  n.  a  curl. 


Ring'leader,  n.  the  leader  of  a  riot- 
ous body, 
Ring'worm,  n.  a  disease. 


Hringan— to  Ring. 

Ring,  «.  to  cause  to  sound.  I  Rung,  pp.  did  ring. 

Ring,  n.  the  sound  of  metals.  I  Ring'ing,  ppr.  causing  to  sound. 

Note.— Rung,  a  step  of  a  ladder,  a  heavy  staff,  comes  from  the  Gaelic  (rong,  a  spar). 

Iti2> — a  Harvest.     Ripjxin — to  Take  what  is  Ripe. 

Ripe,   a.    brought  to  perfection  in  j  Ripe'ness,7z.  state  of  being  ripe. 

growth ;  mature.  Rip,  v.  to  tear ;  to  separate. 

Ripe'ly,  ad.  maturely.  Reap,  v.  to  cut  grain  with  a  sickle ; 

Ri'pEN,  V.  to  grow  npe.  I      to  gather ;  to  obtain. 

Reap'er,  n.  one  who  reaps. 

Note.— Ripe  is  related  to  the  A.-S.  rippan^  to  reap,  and  the  English  rip,  to  separate, 
to  tear ;  for  the  fruits,  at  the  time  of  their  maturity,  split,  and  are  torn  or  plucked 
from  the  place  where  they  were  brought  to  perfection, — Bosworth. 

Had — a  Riding  ,  a  Way  ;  a  Road. 

Road,   n.    an   open   way ;    a  public  I  Road'stead,  n.  a  place  where  ships 
passage.  I      can  anchor. 


Hrof—RooF ;  the  Top ;  a  Raised  Part  ;  to  Wrinkle. 

Ruff,  v.  to  ruffle ;  to  disorder. 
Ruf'fle,  v.  to  put  out  of  form ;  to 
disorder.  [ornament. 

Ruf'fle,  n.  plaited  linen,  &c.,  for 


Roof,  n.  the  cover  of  a  building. 
Roof'less,  a.  wanting  a  roof. 
Ruff,  n.   a  plaited  ornament  worn 
about  the  neck. 


Hroc — Rook;  Crow. 
Rook,  n.  a  species  of  crow.  |  Rook'ery,  n.  a  nursery  of  rooks. 

Note. — Rook,  a  castle  in  the  game  of  chess,  is  from  the  Italian  (rocco). 

Mum— UooM. ;  Space,     Myman — to  Make  Way  ;  to  Enlarge. 

Room,  n.  space ;  extent.  |  Room'y,  a.  spacious ;  wide ;  large. 

Roam,  v.  to  wander  about ;  to  stroll. 

Map — Rope. 
Hope,  n.  a  large  cord,  |  Ro'pY,  a.  tenacious ;  glutinous, 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


149 


Itotian — to  Rot. 
Rot,  v.  to  putrefy ;  to  decay.  |  Rot'ten,  a.  putrid ;  unsound. 

JEfreo/— Rough  ;  Scabby. 


Rough,  a.  having  inequalities  on  the 
surface. 

Rough'en,  v.  to  make  rough. 

Rough'ly,  ad.  harshly. 

Rough'ness,  n.  unevenness;  harsh- 
ness. 

Rough'cast,  v.  to  form  rudely. 


Rough'draught,  n.  a  sketch. 
Rough'hewn,  p.  a.  unpolished ;  rude. 
Rough'work,  v.  to  work  coarsely. 
Rug'ged,  a.  rough  ;  uneven. 
Rug'gedness,  n.  state  of  being  rug- 
ged. 
Rug,  n.  a  coarse  coverlet  for  a  bed. 


Mother — an  Oar  ;  Rudder. 

Rud'der,  n.  the  instrument  for  steer-  I  Rud'der,  71.  anything  that  guides  ol 
ing  a  vessel.  I      governs. 


Hreowan — to  Repent  ;  to  Lament. 

Rue,  «.  to  be  sorry  for ;  to  regret. 
Rue'ful,  a.  sorrowful. 
Rue'fully,  ad.  mournfully. 
Rue'fulness,  n.  moumfulness. 

Ruth'lessness,  n.  want  of  pity. 

Note. — Eue,  a  bitter  herb,  comes  from  the  Greek  (/iuvr/). 


Ruth,  n.  mercy ;  pity ;  sorrow. 
Ruth'ful,  a.  merciful. 
Ruth'fully,  ad.  sadly ;  sorrowfully. 
Ruth'less,  a.  cruel ;  pitiless. 


Run,  v.  to  move  swiftly ;  to  flee. 
Run'ner,  n.  one  who  runs.  [ly. 

Run'ning,  n.  the  act  of  moving  swift 


Rennan — to  Run  ;  to  Flow. 

Run'away,  n.  one  who  deserts. 
Forerun'ner,  n.   a  messenger 
before. 


Overrun',  v.  to  run  or  spread  over. 

Mies — Rush. 

Rush,  n.  a  plant.  I  Rush'candle,  n. 

Rush'y,  a.  abounding  with  rushes.       |      rush. 

Rush'like,  a.  like  a  rush ;  weak. 


a  taper  made  of 


Rash,  a.  acting  without  caution. 

Rash'ly,  ad.  hastily. 

Rash'ness,  n.  inconsiderate  haste. 


Hreosan— to  Rush  ;  Shake  ;  Water,  or  Fall. 

Rush,  v.  to  move  forward  with  vio- 
lence. 
Rush'ing,  n.  a  violent  course. 

Rash'er,*  n.  a  thin  slice  of  bacon  for  frying. 

*  Probably  from  the  rashness  or  haste  with  which  the  cookery  is  despatched. 

Note. — Rash,  to  slice,  comes  from  the  Italian  (raschiare) ;  Rash,  an  eruption,  trova 
the  Italian  {rascia,  the  itch). 

Rust — Rust. 


Rust,  n.  a  crust  which  forms  ^n  the 

surface  of  metals. 
Rust'y,  a.  covered  with  rust. 


Rust'iness,  n.  the  state  of  being  rusty. 

Rust,  v.  to  gather  rust ;  to  become 

dull  from  want  of  action  or  exertion. 

Note. — Rustic,  a.  relating  to  the  country ;  n.  an  inhabitant  of  the  country,  comes 
from  the  Latin  {rusticus^  rus^  the  country). 


150  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOOY. 

Hristlan — to  Rustle. 

Rustle,  ti.  to  make  a  noise  like  the  I  Rust'ling,  n.  the  noise  of  that  which 
rubbing  of  dry  leaves.  |      rustles. 

JRige — Rye. 

Rye,  n.  a  kind  of  grain.  |  Rye'grass,  n.  a  kind  of  strong  grass. 

Rye'bbead,  n.  bread  made  of  rye. 

Sacc — Sack. 

Sack,  n.  a  large  bag.  1  Satch'el,  n.  a  small  sack  or  bag. 

Sack'ful,  n.  as  much  as  a  sack  can  contain. 

Note.— Sack,  to  plunder  a  town,  comes  from  the  Spanish  {sacar),  and  Sack,  a  kind 
of  wine,  from  the  French  {sec),  the  kind  of  wine  now  called  sherry. 

Sadel — Saddle. 

Sad'dle,  n.  a  seat  placed  on  a  horse's  1  Sad'dler,  n.  one  who  makes  saddles, 
back.  I 

Sigan — to  Fall  ;  to  Sink. 
Sag,  v.  to  sink  in  the  middle  when  supported  at  both  ends. 

Segel — Sail. 


Sail,  n.thQ  sheet  by  which  the  wind 
impels  a  ship. 

Sail,  v.  to  be  carried  along  by  press- 
ure of  wind  upon  sails. 


Sail'er,  n.  a  vessel  which  sails. 
Sail  OR,  n.  a  seaman. 
Sail'-loft,  n.  a  place  where  sails  ai'e 
made. 


Syllan — to  Sell. 

Sell,  «.  to  give  for  a  price.  I  Sale'able,  a.  fit  for  sale. 

Sale,  n.  the  act  of  selling.  I  Sales'man,  7}.  one  that  sells. 

Salowig,  salwig — Swarthy;  Dark. 
Sal'low,  a.  yellow ;  pale.  |  Sal'lowness,  n.  sickly  paleness. 

Sealt — Salt. 


Salt,  n.  a  substance  used  for  season- 
ing and  for  preserving  from  cor- 
ruption. 

Salt'er,  n.  one  who  salts. 

Salt'ish,  a.  somewhat  salt. 

Salt'less,  a.  not  tasting  of  salt. 


Salt'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  salt. 
Salt'cellar,  11.  a  vessel  for  holding 

salt. 
Saltpe'ter,  n.  a  mineral  salt ;  niter. 
Salt'work,  n.  a  place  where  salt  is 

made. 


Note. — Salt,  a  leap,  a  jump,  comes  from  the  Latin  (saltum). 


Sand — Earth  ;  the  Shore. 

Sand,  n.  small  particles  of  stone. 
S^nd'ed,  a.  covered  with  sand. 
Band'y,  a.  full  of  sand. 


Sand'iness,  n.  the  state  of  being  sandy. 
Sand'stone,  n.  a  loose,  friable  kind 
of  stone. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  151 

Same — Alike  ;  As  Well. 
Same,  a.  not  different.  |  Same'ness,  n.  the  state  being  the  same. 

Seep — Sap;  Juice. 

Sap,  n.  the  vital  juice  of  plants.  I  Sap'ling,  n.  a  young  plant  or  tree* 

Sap'less,  a.  wanting  sap  ;  dry ;  old.    |  Sap'py,  a.  abounding  with  sap. 

Note. — Sap,  to  undermine,  comes  from  the  French  {saper). 

Sceter-dceg — Saturn's  Day. 
Sat'urday,  n.  the  last  day  of  the  week. 

Saga—%A.-?T. 

Saw,  n.  a  cutting  instrument  with  a  I  Saw'yer,  n.  one  who  saws, 
toothed  edge.  I  Saw'dust,  n.  dust  made  by  aawing. 

Saw'pit,  n.  a  pit  where  wood  is  sawed. 

Secgan,  segan — to  Say. 

Say,  v.  to  speak ;  to  utter  in  words.    |  Say'ing,  n.  an  expression ;  a  maxim. 
Saw,  n.  a  saying ;  a  maxim. 

Note. — Saw,  the  preterit  of  the  verb  s«e,  is  from  the  A.-S.  .scow,  to  see,  to  belu)ld. 
Saw,  a  cutting  instrument,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  saga^  a  saw. 

Sceahh — Scab. 


Scab,  n.  a  crust  formed  over  a  sore. 
Scab'by,  a.  diseased  with  scabs. 
Shab'by,  a.  mean ;  palfry. 


Shab'biness,  n.   meanness;   ragged- 

ness. 
Shab'bily,  ad.  meanly. 


Scale,  n.  the  dish  of  a  balance. 
Scale,  n.  a  small  shell  or  crust 
Scalb'less,  a.  destitute  of  scales 


Scale — a  Shell  ;  a  Husk. 

Sca'ly,  a.  covered  with  scales. 
Shell,  n.  the  hard  covering  of  any- 
thing. 


Shel'ly,  a.  abounding  with  shells. 
Note.— Scale,  to  climb  as  by  a  ladder,  comes  from  the  Latin  {scala,  a  ladder). 

Scearfe—2.  Fragment. 

Scarp,  n.  a  piece  of  dress  that  hangs  j  Scarp'skin,  n.  the  outer  skin  of  the 
loose  upon  the  shoulders.  I      body. 

Scathian — to  Injure  ;  to  Damage. 

ScATH,  D.  to  damage ;  to  waste ;  to  I  Scathe,  v.  to  damage ;  to  destroy, 
destroy.  |  Scath'ful,  a.  injurious ;  destructive. 

Scath'less,  a.  without  harm  or  damage. 

Scateran — lb  Pour  Out  ;  to  Disperse. 

Scat'ter,  v.  to  throw  loosely  about.    1  Shat'ter,  v.  to  break  at  once  into 
Scat'teredlYjO^. loosely; separately.  |      many  pieces. 

Scat'tering,  n.  the  act  of  dispersing. 


ISd  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


School,  n.  a  shoal  or  multitude  offish. 
Shoal,  n.  a  great  multitude  assem- 
bled ;  a  crowd. 


Sceol — Shoal;  Crowd;  School. 

Shoal,  n.  a  place  where  the  water  is 

of  little  depth. 
Shal'low,  a.  not  deep. 


Note. — School,  a  place  where  instruction  is  given,  comes  from  the  Latin  {schola). 

Scot,  from  sceran — to  Sheab  ;  to  Cut  ;  Score. 

Score,  n.  a  notch,  or  mark  cut  on  a  stick ;  twenty ;  reason  or  motive. 

Note. — Score,  when  used  for  twenty,  has  been  well  and  rationally  accounted  foi 
by  supposing  that  our  unlearned  ancestors,  to  avoid  the  embarrassments  of  large 
numbers,  when  they  had  made  twice  ten  notches,  cut  off  the  piece  or  tally  containing 
them,  and  afterwards  counted  the  scores  or  pieces  cut  oflf,  and  reclconed  by  the  num- 
ber of  separated  pieces,  or  by  scores. — Horne  Tookb. 

Scur — a  Scouring  ;  Scour. 

Scour,  «.  to  rub  hard  with  something  I  Scour'ing,  n.  the  act  of  cleaning  by 
rough.  I      rubbing. 

Sculj  in  Scul-Edged,  Scowl-Eyed — Scowl. 

Scowl,  «.  to  contract  the  brows ;  to  I  Scowl,  n.  a  frowning  look  of  anger, 
look  angry  or  sullen.  I 

Screopan — to  Scrape. 

Scrape,  v.  to  rub  off  the  surface  by  I  Scrape,  n.  difficulty  or  trouble, 
an  edge.  I  Scrap,  n.  a  small  piece. 

Scrap'er,  n.  an  instrument  for  scraping. 

Hrceman — to  Cry  Aloud. 

Scream,  n.  a  shrill,  quick,  loud  cry  1  Scream,  i).  to  cry  out  shrilly, 
of  pain.  I 

Sceotan — to  Shoot,  Dart  or  Rush. 

Scud,  «.  to  flee ;  to  pass  over  quickly.  |  Shoot,  v.  to  make  fly  with  speed  or 
d       /  .  _!._.  .•_...  i../-  _.  1-        violence. 

Shot,  n.  the  act  of  shooting. 
Shout,  v.  to  utter  a  loud  cry. 
Shut'tle,  n.  a  weaver's  instrument. 
Shut'tlecock,  n.  cork,  a  cork  stuck 
with  feathers. 


Scud 'ding,  n.  a  driving  before  a  gale 
with  no  sail. 

Scud,  n.  loose,  vapory  clouds  driven 
swiftly  by  the  wind. 

Scut'tle,  n.  scud,  to  run  with  af- 
fected haste. 


Up'shot,  n.  conclusion ;  end. 

Note.— Scuttle,  a  hole  in  the  deck  or  side  of  a'ship,  comes  from  the  French  (ecou 
t%Ue\  and  Scuttle,  a  utensil  for  holding  coals,  from  the  Latin  (scutilla). 

Sceorfa — Scurf. 

Scurf,  n.  a  dry,  mealy  crust.  I  Scur'vy,  a,  vile ;  mean ;  n.  a  disease 

Scurf'y,  a.  like  scurf.  |  Scur'vily,  ad.  vilely ;  basely. 

Seafn — Seam. 

Seam,  n.  the  joining  of  two  edges.       1  Seam'stress,  n.  a  woman  who  sews. 
Seam'less,  a.  having  no  seam.  |  Seam'y,  a.  showing  the  seam. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


153 


S(B,  se,  slew — Sea. 


Sea,  n.  a  large  body  of  salt  water. 
Sea'coast,  n.  the  edge  of  the  sea. 
Sea'worthy,  a.  fit  to  go  to  sea. 
Sea'ward,  a.  towards  the  sea. 
Sea'breeze,  n.  wind  blowing  from 
the  sea. 


Sea'board,  n.  the  sea  coast. 
Sea'farer,  n.  a  seaman;  a  sailor. 
Sea'oirt,  a.  encircled  by  the  sea. 
Seal,  n.  seal,  a  marine  quadruped 
found  in  cold  latitudes. 


Note. — Seal,  a  stamp  for  makmg  unpressions,  comes  from  the  Latin  (sigUlum,  a 
it  tie  image  or  figure). 

Seon — to  See.     Gesiht — Sight. 


See,  v.  to  perceive  by  the  eye. 
See'ing,  n.  sight ;  vision. 
Seen,  pp.  beheld  ;  observed. 
Seer,  n.  a  prophet. 


Saw,  v.  sawofif  did  see. 
Sight,  n.  the  sense  of  seeing. 
Sight'less,  a.  wanting  sight. 
Sight'ly,  a.  pleasing  to  the  eye. 


Note. — The  preterit  perfect  of  see  was  anciently  written  sigh,  whence  sighed,  sighd, 
sight.    See,  a  diocese,  comes  from  the  Latin  sedes,  a  seat,  (from  sedeo,  to  sit). 

Seed— Seed;  Sowing. 


Seed,  n.  the  substance  from  which 

new  plants  spring. 
Seed'ling,  n.   a  plant  just  sprung 

from  the  seed. 


Seed'y,  a.   full  of  seed;   poor  and 

miserable  looking. 
Seed 'time,  n.  the  season  of  sowing. 


Seothan — to  Seethe  ;  Boil,  or  Cook. 

Seethe,  v.  to  boil ;  to  decoct  in  hot  |  Sod'den,  p.  soaked  and  softened  in 
liquor. 


water. 


Self,  n.  one's  own  person. 
Self'ish,  a.  regarding  only  one's  own 


interest. 


Sylf,  seo//— Self. 

Self'ishly,  ad.  in  a  selfish  manner. 
Selfishness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 


selfish. 


Self'samb,  a.  exactly  the  same. 
Settan — ^to  Set. 


Set,  v.  to  place ;  to  plant ;  to  regulate. 
Set,  p.  a.  regular ;  fixed ;  firm. 
Set,  n.  a  number  of  things  suited  to 

each  other. 
Set'tee,  n.  a  large  seat  with  a  back. 
Set'tle,  v.  to  fix  in  any  place  or  way 


of  life 


Shake,  v.  to  agitate 
ter  or  tremble. 


Sceacan- 

to  make  to  tot- 


Set'tlement,  n.  adjustment ;  a  col- 
ony. 

Set 'ter,  n.  a  kind  of  dog. 

Beset',  'd.  to  surround. 

Beset'ting,  p.  a.  habitually  attend- 
ing. 

Out'set,  n.  opening ;  beginning. 

-to  Shake. 

Shak'ing,  n.  a  vibratory  motion. 
Shock,  n.  a  violent  collision. 


«  Shock'ing,  a^that  shocks ;  offensive. 

Sceal — I  AM  Obliged  ;  I  Ought. 

Shall,  «.  an  auxiliary  verb  denoting  |  Should,  «.  the  preterit  of  Shall. 
duty  or  obligation.     * 


154 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymologt. 


Scead — Shade.     Sceadan — to  Diyide  ;  to  Shade  ;  to  Cover. 
Seed — a  Shade.    Scedan — to  Pour  Out  ;  to  Shed. 


Shade,  n.  interception  of  light. 
Shade,  ti.  to  shelter  or  screen  from 

light  or  the  rays  of  the  sun. 
Sha'dy,  a.  sheltered  from  light  and 

heat. 
Shad'ow,  n.  a  figure  formed  by  the 

interception  of  light. 
Overshade',  v.  to  cover  so  as  to  cause 

darkness. 

Shed,  n.  a  slight  covering  to  shade 

Note. — Shed  is  used  in  composition  in  the  sense  of  effusion 


Shad'owy,  a.  full  of  shade. 
Overshad'ow,  «.  to  throw  a  shadow 

over. 
Sheath,  n.  the  case  or  cover  of  any 

thing. 
Sheathe,  v.  to  put  into  a  sheath. 
Sheath'less,  a.  having  no  sheath. 
Shed,  v.  to  let  fall ;  to  pour  out. 
Shed'ding,  ppr.  flowing  out ;  casting. 


as  hloo^-shed. 


Scama—  Shame. 


Shame,  n.  the  emotion  excited  by  the 
consciousness  of  guilt,  or  by  the 
exposure  of  what  ought  to  be  con- 
cealed. 

Sham,  n.  a  false  pretence ;  a  fraud. 
Note. — Sham,  contracted  from  ashamed 


Shame'ful,  a.  disgraceful. 
Shame'less,  a.  destitute  of  shame. 
Shame'paced,  a.  modest;  bashful. 
Ashamed',  p.  a.  touched  with  shame. 


Seyppan — to  Form  ;  to  Create  ;  to  Shape. 

Shape,  v.  to  form ;  to  mould ;  to  make.  I  Shape'less,  a.   destitute  of  regular 
Shape,  n.  form  or  figure.  I      form. 

Shape'ly,  a.  well-formed. 


Sceran — to  Shear  ;  to  Shave  ;  to  Divide  ;  from  scer- 

a  Shire. 
Note. — Also  the  superintendence  of  a  share. 


-a  Share  ; 


Shear,  v.  to  clip  or  cut  from  the  sur- 
face. 
Shear'er,  n.  one  who  shears. 
Shears,  n.  large  scissors. 
Share,  v.  to  part  among  two  or  more. 
Share,  n.  the  part  allotted. 
Shore,  n.  land  bordering  on  water. 


very 


Sheer,  a.  pure  and  unmixed 
thin. 

Sheer,  i).  to  deviate  or  turn  aside. 

Shire,  n.  a  county. 

Sher'ifp,  n.  {seir-gerefii,  shire- 
reeve),  the  chief  civil  ofl[icer  of  a 
county. 


Shirt,  n.  the  under-garment  worn  by  men. 

Note. — Shore,  a  piece  of  timber  to  prop  with,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (schoor). 
Shirt  comes  from  scirtan,  to  shorten,  (from  sceran,  to  shear). 


Seearp — Sharp 

Sharp,  a.  having  a  keen  edge  or  fine 

point. 
Sharp'en,  'V.  to  make  sharp. 
Sharp'er,  n.  a  tricky  fellow. 


Sharp'ly,  ad.  keenly ;  acutely. 
Sharp'ness,  n.  keenness  of  edge  or 

point. 
Sharp'set,  a.  hungry ;  eager. 


Seafan — to  Scrape  ;  to  Make  Smooth, 

Shave,  v.  to  make  smooth ;  to  cut  or  j  Scav'enger,  n.  a  person  employed  to 
pare  close  to  the  surface,  |      clean  the  streets. 

Shav'ing,  n.  a  thin  slice  pared  oft'. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  155 

Sceaf—a  Sheaf  ;  a  Bundle  of  Cobn. 

Bheaf,  n.  a  bundle  of  stalks.  |  Sheaf,  v.  to  make  sheaves. 

Note. — Sheaf  (sometimes  called  Sheave),  the  wheel  in  the  block  of  a  pulley, 
comes  from  the  Dutch  (schij). 

Seep — Sheep. 


Sheep,  n.  an  animal. 

Sheep'ish,  a.  like  a  sheep  ;  bashful. 

Sheeps'  eye,  n.  a  modest,  diffident 

look. 
Shep'herd,  n.  hyrde,  one  who  tends 

sheep. 


Sheep'ishly,  ad.  bashfully. 

Shep'herdess,  n.  a  female  who  tends 
sheep. 

Shep'herd's-crook,  n.  an  implement 
to  secure  a  sheep  by  the  legs  with- 
out disturbing  the  flock. 


Scyte — Sheet. 

Sheet,  n.  a  broad  piece  of  linen  or  1  SHEET'mG,    n.     cloth    for    making 
cotton  cloth.  I      sheets. 

Note. — Sheet,  a  rope  listened  to  the  lower  comers  of  a  sail,  comes  from  the 
French  {eccnde). 

Scylfe — Shelf. 

Shelf,  n.  a  board  fixed  on  supporters  I  Shelve,  «.  to  place  on  shelves ;  to 
for  holding  anything.  I      slope. 

Shelv'ing,  p.  a.  sloping ;  inclining. 

Scyld — Shield.     Scyldan — to  Cover  ;  to  Protect. 

Shield,  n.  defence ;  shelter ;  protec-  I  Shel'ter,  n.  a  cover ;  a  protection, 
tion.  I  Shel'ter,  v.  to  cover ;  to  protect. 

Shel'terless,  a.  destitute  of  shelter. 

NoTB. — Shelter  is  formed  from  to  shield^  A.-S.  saildan,  to  cover,  to  protect,  prete- 
rit and  past  participle  shielt,  like  feel.,  felt;  build,  built. — Barclay. 

Seyftan — to  Divide  ;  to  Verge  ;  to  Decline. 

Shift,  v.  to  change  place ;  to  move.    |  Shift'ing,  n.  act  of  changing. 
Shipt'less,  a.  destitute  of  energy. 

Seinan — to  Shine.    Sceone — Beautiful. 

Shine,  v.  to  be  bright ;  to  glitter.        I  Shi'ny,  a.  bright ;  splendid. 
Shin'ing,  p.  a.  bright ;  splendid.  |  Sheen,  a.  bright ;  glittering. 

Sheen,  n.  brightness ;  splendor. 

Seip — Ship. 

Ship,  n.  a  large  vessel  for  sailing.         I  Ship'ment,  n.  the  act  of  loading  a 
Ship'ping,  n.  ships  collectively.  I      ship. 

Ship'wreck,  n.  the  destruction  of  a  ship. 

•  Note. — Ship,  as  a  termination,  d^iotes  state,  office,  or  dignity ;  as,  friendship. 

Sceoppa — a  Treasury  ;  a  Storehouse  ;  (But.  schap,  a  shelf) 
Shop,  n.  a  place  where  tjiings  are  sold,  j  Shop'ping,  ppr.  visiting  shops  to  buy. 


156  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Sceo — Shoe. 

Shoe^  n.  a  covering  for  the  foot.  I  Shod,  pp.   having  the  feet   covered 

Shoe'less,  a.  destitute  of  shoes.  |      with  shoes. 

Shoe'maker,  n.  one  who  makes  shoes. 

Scort — Short. 

Shoht,  a.  not  long  in  time  or  space.    I  Short'nesb,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
Short'en,  v.  to  make  short.  |      short. 

Short'ly,  cid.  quickly;  soon. 

Scufafif  sceofan— to  Shove  ;  Thrust  ;  Cast  ;  Put. 


Shove,  v.  to  push  or  press  along. 
Shov'el,   n.   an  instrument   with   a 
handle  and  broad  scoop. 


Shup'fle,  v.  to  throw  into  disorder. 
Shaft,  n.  anything  straight. 


Sceawian — to  Look  or  See  ;  to  View. 

Show,  v.  to  present  to  view.  I  Show'y,  a.  splendid ;  gay. 

Show,  n.  a  spectacle.  I  Show'ily,  ad.  in  a  showy  manner. 

Scur — Shower  op  Rain  ;  a  Storm. 

Show'er,  n.  a  fall  of  rain  of  short  I  Show'ery,  a.  raining  in  showers, 
duration.  I 

Screadian — to  Cut  Off. 

Shred,  v.  to  cut  into  pieces  narrow  I  Shred,  n.  a  fragment ;  a  strip, 
and  long.  I 

Syrwan — to  Ensnare  ;  to  Entrap. 


Shrew,  n.  a  peevish,  brawling  wo- 
man. 
Shrewd,  a.  sly ;  cunning ;  artful, 
Shrewd'ness,  n.  sly  cunning. 


Shrewd'ly,  ad.  cunningly ;  mischiev- 
ously. 
Shrew'ish,  a.  peevish  ;  petulant. 
Shrew'ishness,  n.  petulance. 


Serin — Casket;  Chest. 

Shrine,  n.  a  case  in  which  something  I  Enshrine',  v.  to  preserve  as  sacred, 
sacred  is  deposited.  I 

Scrincan — Shrink  ;  to  Wither  ;  to  Contract. 


Shrink,  'v.  to  contract  itself 
Shrink'age,  n.  contraction  into  a  less 
compass. 

Note. — Shrimps,  when  boiled,  contract  or  draw  together  in  a  roundish  shape. 


Shrimp,  n.  a  small  crustaceous  animal. 
Shrimp'net,  n.   a  net  for  catching 
shrimps. 


Scrtid — Clothing  ;  Shroud. 

Shroud,  n.  a  cover ;  the  dress  of  the  I  Shrouds,  n.  ropes  extending  from  the 
dead.  I      masts  to  the  sides  of  a  ship. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  157 

Scroh — Shrub. 

Shrub,  n.  a  bush  ;  a  small  tree.  |  Shrub'bery,?i.  a  plantation  of  shrubs. 

Note. — Shrub,  a  liquor  composed  of  spirits,  acid,  and  sugar,  comes  from  the  Ara- 
bic (sharab). 

Seoc — Sick. 


Sick,  a.  afficted  with  disease. 
Sick'en,  v.  to  make,  or  become  sick. 
Sick'ish,  a.  somewhat  sick. 


Sick'ly,  a.  not  healthy. 
Sick'liness,  n.  the  state  of   being 
sickly. 


Sick'ness,  n.  disease. 

Side — Side. 

Side,  n.  the  broad  and  long  part  of  a  I  Si'dle,  v.  to  go  side  foremost, 
thing.  I  Side'long,  ad.  on  the  side. 

Side'ways,  ad.  on  one  side. 

Sife,  Siftan— to  Sift. 

Sieve,  n.  a  vessel  with  a  bottom  of  I  Sift,  v.  to  separate  by  a  sieve, 
net  work.  I 

Siccet—a  Sigh  ;  a  Groan.     Sican — to  Sigh. 

Sigh,  v.  to  inhale  and  expire  a  long  I  Sigh'ing,    n.    audible    emission    of 
breath  audibly.  -  I      breath. 

Seolc—BiLK. 

Silk,  n.  a  fine,  soft  thread  spun  by  I  Silk'en,  a.  made  of  silk, 
the  silk-worm.  I  Silk'y,  a.  soft ;  tender. 

Silk'iness,  n.  softness ;  smoothness. 

Scelif/ — Happy. 

Sel'ly,  a.  weak  in  intellect ;  foolish.   I  Sil'liness,    n.    weakness;    harmless 

I      folly. 

Seolfer,  sylfor — Silver. 
Sil'ver,  n.  a  precious  metal.  |  Sil'very,  a.  like  silver. 

Syn — Sin. 

Sin,  n.  a  violation  of  the  Divine  law.  I  Sin'less,  a.  free  from  sin. 
Sin'ful,  a.  guilty  of  sin ;  wicked.       |  Sin'ner,  n.  one  guilty  of  sin. 

SitJithan,    SitJi — After  ;  and  thcenne — Then. 

Since,  conj.  because  that.  •        |  Since,  ad.  from  the  time  that. 

Sinu — Sinew. 
Sin'ew,  n.  a  tendon  ;  stt-ength.  |  Sin'ewy,  a.  strong ;  powerful. 


158  •  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Sifigan — to  Seng. 

Sing,  v.  to  modulate  the  voice  to 
melody. 

Singling,  n.  the  utterance  of  melo- 
dious sounds. 


Sing'er,  n.  one  who  sings. 
Sing'song,  a.  bad  intonation. 
Song,  n.  that  which  is  sung. 
Song'ster,  n.  one  that  sings. 


Song'stress,  n.  a  female  smger. 

Sincan — to  Sink. 

Sink,  id.  to  fall  down  through  any  I  Sink,  n.  a  drain, 
substance.  I  Sink'ing,  j9;?r.  a.  falling;  declining. 

Sipan — to  Sip. 
Sip,  v.  to  drink  in  small  quantities.      |  Sip'pet,  n.  a  small  sop. 

Swuster — Sister. 

Sis'ter,  n.  a  female  bom  of  the  same  I  Sis'terhood,  n.  a  society  of  females, 
parents.  I  SisVerly,  a.  like  a  sister. 

Sittan — to  Sit. 

Sit,  v.  to  rest  on  the  lower  part  of  I  Sit'ting,  n.  the  act  of  resting  on  a 
the  body.  I      seat. 

Skate,  n.  sceadda,  a  flat  fish. 
Note. — Skate,  a  shoe  for  sliding  on  the  ice,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (schaats.) 

Scylan — ^to  Distinguish  ;  to  Separate  ;  to  Scale. 

Skill,  n.  familiar  knowledge  of  any     Skilled,  a.  knowing ;  dexterous, 
art  or  science.  Slate,  n.  a  kind  of  stone  which  read- 


Skill'ful,  a.  knowing;  dexterous. 
Skill'fully,  ad.  with  skill. 


ily  splits  into  plates. 
Slaty,  a.  resembling  slate 


Scin — Skin. 

Skin,  n.  the  natural  covering  of  the  I  Skin'ner,  n.  one  who  skins, 
flesh.  I  Skin'ny,  a.  wanting  flesh. 

Skin'deep,  a.  slight ;  superficial. 

Scitan — to  Throw  Out  ;  Skittish. 
Skit'tish,  a.  easily  frightened ;  timid.  ]  Skit'tishly,  ad.  shyly. 


Sleac,  slaw — Slow  ;  Idle  ;  Lazy  ;  Remiss. 

Slow'ness,  n.  want  of  speed. 
Sloth,  n.  slowness ;  laziness. 
Sloth'ful,  a.  lazy ;  sluggish. 
Slug,  n.  a  piece  of  metal  shot  from 

a  gun. 
Slug,  n.  a  slow,  lazy,  sleepy  fellow. 
Slug'gard,  n.  a  slow,  lazy  person. 
Slug'gish,  a.  lazy  ;  dull ;  slow. 
Slug'gishly,  ad.  lazily ;  slowly. 


Slack,  a.  loose ;  not  hard  drawn. 
Slack'en,  «.  to  loosen ;  to  relax. 
Slack'ly,  ad.  loosely ;  remissly. 
Slack'ness,  n.  looseness. 
Slouch,  n.  a  lazy,  idle  fellow. 
Slouch,  v.  to  have  a  downcast  clown 

ish  look. 
Slow,  a.  not  swift ;  not  ready. 
Slow'ly,  ad.  not  speedily. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  «     159 

Slaughter,  from  slaught,  past  part,  of  slean— to  Slat  ;  to  Beat. 

Slaugh'ter,  n.  destruction  of  life  by  Slay'er,  n.  one  who  slays. 

violence.  Sledge,  n.  a  large,  heavy  hammer. 

Slaugh'terous,  a.  destructive ;  mur-  Sleet,  n.  sliht,  a  fall  of  hail  or  snow 

derous.  with  rain. 

Slay,  v.  to  put  to  death  ;  to  kill.  Sleet'y,  a.  consisting  of  sleet. 

Note. — Sledge,  a  vehicle  with  low  wheels  for  conveying  loads,  is  from  the  Dutch 
{slede.)    Sliht,  past  participle  of  A.-S.  slean. 

Slith—SMOOTU ;  Slippery. 

Sleek,  a.  smooth ;  glassy.  I  Sleight,  n.  an  artful  or  adroit  trick. 
Sleek'ly,  ad.  smoothly  ;  softly.  Sly,  a.  meanly ;  artful ;  crafty. 

Sleek'ness,  n.  smoothness.  Sly'ly,  ad.  with  secret  artifice. 

Slick,  a.  smooth ;  slippery ;  glossy.  I  Sly'ness,  n.  artful  secrecy. 


Sleep,  v.  to  take  rest  by  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  bodily  and  mental 
powers. 

Sleep'er,  n.  one  who  sleeps, 


Slapan — to  Sleep. 

Sleep'lng,  n.  the  state  of  being  at  rest. 
Sleep'less,  a.  having  no  sleep. 
Sleep'y,  a.  disposed  to  sleep. 
Sleep'ily,  ad.  drowsily  ;  lazily. 


Sleep'iness,  n.  inclination  to  sleep. 

Slyf—a  Sleeve.    Slefan — to  Clothe  ;  to  Cover. 

Sleeve,  n.  the  part  of  a  garment  |  Sleeve'less,  a.  having  no  sleeves, 
which  covers  the  arm. 

Slitan — to  Slit  ;  to  Slice. 

Slice,  v.  to  cut  into    broad,    thin  I  Slic'er,  n.  one  who  slices, 
pieces.  |  Slit,  v.  to  cut  lengthwise. 

Slidan — to  Slide. 


Sled,  n.  a  carriage  with  runners  used 

on  snow. 
Sleigh,  n.  a  carriage  with  runners 

used  on  snow. 


Slide,    v.   to   move   along   without 

stepping. 
Slid'ing,  p.  a.  gliding. 


Slim — Slime. 
Slime,  n.  moist,  adhesive  earth.  |  Slim'y,  a.  consisting  of  slime. 

Slingan— to  Sling. 

Sling,  n.  an  instrument  for  throwing  1  Sling,  v.  to  throw ;  to  hurL 
stones.  I 

Slipan — to  Slip. 

Slip,  v.  to  slide;  to  glide.  I  Slip'pery,  a.  smooth,  like  ice.  ^ 

#Lip'pER,  n.  a  loose  kind  of  sho*        I  Slip'knot,  n.  a  knot  easily  untied. 
Slab,  n.  a  plane  or  table  of  stone. 

Slumerian — to  Slumber. 
Slum'ber,  v.  to  sleep  ifghtly.  |  Slum'bering,  n.  state  of  repose. 


1^0        ,  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Slog — Slough. 

Slough,  n.  a  place  of  deep  mud.         I  Sludge,  n.  mire ;  mud. 
Slough'y,  a.  miry ;  muddy.  |  Sludg'y,  a.  miry. 

Sniceccan — to  Taste. 


Smack,  v.  to  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise ; 

to  have  a  taste. 
Smack,  n.  a  loud  kiss  ;  a  quick,  smart 

blow. 


Smat'ter,  v.  to  talk  with  but  little 
knowledge  of  the  subject. 

Smattering,  n.  suj^erficial  knowl- 
edcje. 


Note. — Smack,  a  fishing-vessel,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (smak  schip.) 

/S»wt<TB?— Small ;  Thin;  Slender. 

Small,  a.  little ;  minute ;  petty.  |  Small'ish,  a.  somewhat  small. 

Small 'ness,  n.  state  of  being  small. 

Smeortan — to  Smart. 

Smart,  v.  to  feel  sharp  pain.  |  Smart'ly,  ad.  sharply ;  briskly. 

Smart'ness,  n.  quickness ;  briskness. 

Smyrian,  smere — Fat;  Grease. 

Smear,  «.  to  overspread  with  any-  |  Besmear',  «).  to  bedaub ;  to  soil, 
thing  unctuous.  I 

Smitan — to  Strike  ;  to  Smite  ;  to  Dash. 

Smite,  v.  to  give  a  blow  to.  I  Smith,   n.   any  one   who  strikes  or 

Smi'ter,  n.  one  who  smites.  I      smites  with  a  hammer. 

Smith'craft,  n.  {crceft,)  the  art  of  a  smith. 

Sfneoc — Smoke. 

Smoke,  n.  the  visible  matter  which  is  I  Smok'er,  n.  one  who  smokes. 
emitted  by  burning  substances.         |  Smoke'less,  a.  having  no  smoke. 
Smok'y,  a.  emitting  smoke. 

Smethe — Smooth. 

Smooth,  a.  even  on  the  surface.  1  Smooth'ly,  ad.  not  roughly. 

Smooth'er,  n.  one  who  smooths.  (  Smooth'ness,  n.  evenness  of  surface. 

Smoran — to  Suffocate. 

Smoth'br,  v.  to  suffocate  by  exclud-  I  Smoul'der,  v.  to  bum  and  smoke 
ing  air.  |      without  flame  or  vent. 

Smoul'dering,  a.  burning  and  smoking  without  vent. 

Smugan — to  Creep. 

Smug'glb,  v.  to  import  or  export  un-  I  Smug'gler,  n.  one  who  smuggles, 
lawfully.  I 

Sncegel — Snail. 
Snail,  n.  a  slimy,  slow  creeping  reptile.  |  Snail'like,  ad.  as  a  snail ;  very  slow. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  161 


Smut,  n.  a  spot  made  with  soot  or 

coal. 
Smut,  n.  obscene  language. 


Smitta — Smut. 

Smut'ty,  a.  black  with  smoke;   ob- 
scene. 
Besmut,  v.  to  soil  with  soot  or  smoke. 


Smutch,  v.  to  blacken  with  smoke. 
Snican — to  Move  Softly  ;  to  Sneak  ;  to  Creep. 


Sneak,   v.   to  creep    or  steal   away 

privately. 
Sneak'ing,  a.  servile  ;  mean. 
Snug'ness,  n.  state  of  being  snug. 


Snug,  «.  to  lie  close,  as  in  bed. 
Snug'gle,  v.  to  lie  close  and  warm. 
Snug'ly,  ad.  closely. 
Snake,  n.  a  kind  of  serpent. 


Snak'y,  a.  like  a  snake ; 

Snora — a  Snoring. 

Snore,  v.  to  breathe  audibly  through  I  Snort,  v.  to  blow  through  the  noae 
the  nose  in  sleep.  I      so  as  to  utter  a  strong  sound. 

Snort'ing,  n.  the  act  of  blowing  through  the  nose. 

Note. — Snore,  a  string  or  cord  with  which  a  boy  spins  a  top  comes  from  the  Dutch 
{snoer,  a  string  or  cord.) 

Snaw — Snow. 

Snow,  n.  frozen  vapor  which  falls  in  I  Snow'y,  a.  white  like  snow, 
white  flakes.  I  Snow'ball,  n.  a  round  lump  of  snow. 

Snow'drop,  71.  an  early  flower. 

Seohgend — Complaining. 

Sob,  t).  to  sigh  with  convulsion.  I  Sob'bing,  p.  a.  sighing  with  a  heav- 

I      ing  of  the  breast. 

Seft — Soft;  Meld;  Quiet. 


Soft,  a.  easily  yielding  to  pressure. 
Soft'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  soft. 
Soft'ly,  ad.  gently ;  mildly. 


Soft'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
soft;  mildness. 


Selan — to  Soil  ;  Smear  or  Stain. 
Soil,  v.  to  make  dirty ;  to  stain.  |  Soll'ing,  n.  the  act  of  one  who  soila 

Note. — Soil,  the  ground,  earth,  land,  comes  from  the  Latin  {solunu) 

Sol — a  Sole  or  Sandal. 
Sole,  n.  the  bottom  of  the  foot.  |  Sole,  n.  a  flat  fish. 

Note.— Sole,  single ;  only ;  comes  from  the  Latin  (solus.) 

Sum — Some. 


Some,  a.  noting  a  quantity  of  §  thing 

but  indeterminate. 
Some'body,  n.  a  person  unknown. 
Some'how,  ad.  in  some  way  not  yet 

known. 


Some'thing,  n.  a  portion  more  or  less. 
Some'time,  ad.  at  one  time  or  other. 
Some'what,  ad.  more  or  less. 
Some'where,  ad,  in  some  place  or 
other. 


162  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Soth—SooTB.;  Teuth. 

Sooth,  n.  truth  •,  reality.  |  Sooth'say,  v.  to  foretell. 

Sooth'sayer,  n.  a  foreteller. 

Gesothian — to  Flatter  ;  to  Assert  ;  to  Soothe. 

Soothe,  v.  to  calm ;  to  mollify ;  to  |  Sooth'ingly,  ad.  with  flattery, 
flatter. 


Sore,  n.  a  tender  and  painful  place. 
Sore'ly,  ad.  with  great  pain. 
Sore'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  sore. 
Sor'row,  n.  pain  of  mind  ;  grief. 


Sar,  sorg — Pain  ;  Care. 

Sor'rowful,  a.  mournful ;  sad. 
Sor'ey,  a.  grieved  for  the  loss  of 

some  good;  mean;  worthless. 
Sor'rily,  ad.  meanly  ;  wretchedly. 


Sot—SoT. 
Sot,  n.  a  habitual  drunkard.  |  Sot'tish,  a.  drunken ;  stupid ;  dull. 

Sawl — Life;  Soul. 
Soul,  n.  the  immortal  spirit  of  man.   1  Soul 'less,  a.  without  soul ;  mean. 

Sund — Healthy. 

Sound,  a.  whole ;  healthy.  |  Sound'ly,  ad.  heartily ;  rightly. 

Sound'ness,  n.  health ;  truth. 

Sund— Si  Swimming  ;  a  Shallow  Sea. 

Sound,  n.  a  strait,  or  a  part  of  the  I  Sound'less,  a.  that  cannot  be  fath- 
sea  between  two  headlands.  I      omed. 

Note.— Sound,  anything  audible  ;  a  noise ;  comes  from  the  Latin  (sono.) 
Sur — Sour.    Surelice — Surly. 


Sour,  a.  acid;  tart;  harsh. 
Sour'ish,  a.  somewhat  sour. 
Sour'ly,  ad.  with  acidity. 
Sour'ness,  n.  acidity;  harshness  of 
temper. 

Sur'liness,  n.  moroseness. 

Note. — Sobbel,  a  yellowish  brown  color,  comes  from  the  French  (saure.) 


Sor'rel,  n.  a  plant,  so  named  from 
its  acid  taste. 

Sur'ly,  a.  gloomily ;  morose ;  un- 
civil. 

Sur'lily,  ad.  in  a  surly  manner. 


Suth—SovTH. 

SoFTH,  n.  the  point  in  which  the  sun  j  South'erly,   a.   lying  towards   the 
is  at  noon  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  i      south. 

northern  parts  of  the  earth.  I  South'ern,  a.  belonging  to  the  south. 

South'ward,  ad.  towards  the  south. 


Span,  spannan — to  Measure  ;  to  Clasp  ;  to  Join. 

Span,  v.  to  measure  by  the  hand  ex- 
tended. 
Span'ner,  n.  that  which  spans. 


Span,  n.  the  space  from  the  end  of 
the  thumb  to  the  end  of  the  little 
.finger  extended;   nine  inches;    a 
brief  period. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  163 

Sparran — to  Bar  ;  to  Stop  ;  to  Hinder. 

Spar,  v.  to  dispute  ;  to  fight  with  prelusive  strokes ;  to  box. 

Note. — Spar,  a  mast,  boom,  etc.,  comes  from  the  Dutch  {spar,  a  rafter,)  and  Spar, 
a  crystallized  mineral,  from  the  Dutch  (spaath.) 

Spartan— to  Spare. 

Spare,  v.  to  use    frugally ;    to  do  I  Spare 'ly,  ad.  frugally, 
without.  I  Spare'ness,  n.  leanness. 

Sparing'ly,  ad.  frugally. 

Spearca — Spark. 

Spark,  n.  a  small  particle  of  fire.        i  Spark'ling,  a.  glittering ;  lively. 
Spar'kle,  n.  a  particle  of  fire.  I  Spark'lingly,   ad.   with    twinkling 

Spar'kle,  v.  to  emit  sparks ;  to  shine.  I      lustre. 
Spark'lbr,  n.  one  that  sparkles.  1 

Sprcecan — to  Speak. 

Speak,  v.   to   express   thoughts    by 

words. 
Speak'able,  a.  that  may  be  spoken. 
Speak'er,  n.  one  who  speaks. 
Speak'ing>  n.  the  act  of  expressing 

in  words. 
Bespeak',  v.  to  speak  for  beforehand 


Speech,  n.  the  power  of  expressing 

thoughts  by  words. 
Speech'less,  a.  deprived  of  speech ; 

dumb. 
Spoke,  v.  did  speak. 
Spokesman,  n.  one  who  speaks  for 

another. 


Spo'ken,  ppr.  expressed  thoughts. 

Note.— Spoke,  one  of  the  bars  of  a  wheel  which  extend  from  the  hub  to  the  rim, 
comes  from  the  A.-S.  (spaca.) 

Specca — Speck. 

Speck,  n.  a  small  spot ;  v.  to  spot.       |  Spec'kle,  v.  to  mark  with  small  spots. 

Spedan — to  Speed  ;  to  Prosper. 

Speed,  v.  to  make  haste;  n.  quick 
ness. 


Speed 'iLY,  ad.  quickly. 
Speed 'iNESS,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
speedy. 


Speed'y,  a.  quick ;  swift. 

Spell — History:  Speech;  Tidings. 

Spell,   n.  a    charm    consisting    of  I  Spell 'bound,  a.  under  magic  influ- 
words.  1      ence. 

Spell'-land,  n.  enchanted  land. 

Spelian —  to  Take  Another's  Place. 

Spell,  n.  a  turn  of  work ;  a  short  I  Spell,  t>.  to  relieve  by  taking  a  turn 
turn  or  time ;  season.  I      at  a  piece  of  work. 

Spcetan — to  Throw  Out. 


Spit,  v.  to  eject  from  the  mou^. 
Spit,  n.   what  is  ejected  from  the 
mouth. 


Spit'tle,  n.  moisture  of  the  mouth ; 

saliva. 
Spat'ter,  v.  to  sprinkle  with  dirt. 


Bespat'ter,  v.  to  spot  over  with  dirt. 
Note.— Spit,  a  long  frou  prong  on  which  meat  is  roasted,  comes  from  A,-S.  (xpiter.' 


164  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Spellian — to  Nark  ate. 

Spell,  id.  to  form  words  with  their  I  Spell 'ing-book,  7i.  a  book  for  teach- 
proper  letters.  |      ing  orthography. 

Spendan — to  Consume. 

Spend,  v.  to  lay  out ;  to  waste.  [  Spend'ing,  n.  the  act  of  laying  out. 

Spend'thrift,  n.  a  prodigal ;  a  lavisher. 


Sjyinnan — to  Spin. 

Spin,  v.  to  draw  out  and  twist  into 
threads ;  to  protract ;  to  move  rap- 
idly round. 

Spin'ner,  n,  one  who  spins. 

Spin'ster,  n.  a  woman  who  spins ;  an 
unmarried  woman.  i  Spi'der,*  n.  an  insect 

*  From  Spin,  n  being  dropped,  so  named,  from  spinning  his  web. 


Spin'dle,  n.  the  pin  on  which  the 
thread  is  formed ;  a  long,  slender 
stalk, 

Spin'dle-legged,  a.  having  long, 
slender  legs. 


Spoil — a  Chip. 

Spoon,  n.  a  utensil  with  a  concave  I  Spoon'ful,  n.  as  much  as  a  spoon  can 
part  for  dipping  liquids.  I      hold. 

Sprcedan — to  Spread. 
Spread,  v.  to  extend  in  all  directions.  |  Spread'ing,  n.  the  act  of  extending. 


Spring,  v.  to  rise  out  of  the  ground ; 

to  leap  ;  to  jump. 
Spring'y,  a.  elastic. 


Spring  an — to  Spring. 

Spring,  n.  the  season  when  plants  be- 
gin to  grow ;  a  fountain. 
Spring'iness,  n.  elasticity. 


Sprengan — to  Sprinkle. 

Sprin'kle,  «.  to  scatter  in  drops.         I  Sprink'ling,  n.  a  small  quantity  SCat- 

I      tered. 

Spreof — a  Spear;  Sprit. 

Sprit,  n.  a  small  boom  used  with  I  Sprit '-sail,  n.   a  sail  extended  by 
some  sails.  I      means  of  a  sprit. 

Gyllan — to  Yell. 

Squall,  «.  to  scream  violently.  I  Wail,  ti.  #d  grieve  audibly  for. 

Squajul,  n.  a  short,  violent  storm.        |  Wail'ing,  n.  audible  sorrow. 
Bewail',  n.  to  lament. 


Staef—a  Stick, 

Staff,  n.  a  stick  used  in  walking. 
Stave,  re,,  a   thin,   narrow  piece  of 
wooa. 


Stave,  v.  to  break  in  pieces. 
Stove,  pp)\  broken  in  as  a  boat  or 
barrel. 


KoTE.— Stove,  an  iron  box  in  which  fire  is  made  for  beating  and  cooking,  comes 
fi-om  the  A.-d.  (stoja^  a  stove ;  a  bath.) 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


165 


StmgeVf  stiff  an — to  Go 

Stage,  n.  a  raised  floor ;  the  theatre ; 

a  degree  of  advance. 
Stage'-coach,  n.  a  public  coach. 
Stair,  n.  a  step  by  which  we  ascend. 


;  to  Ascend  ;  to  Mount. 

Stairs,  71.  a  series  or  flight  of  steps. 
Stile,  n.  (stU/elf)  a  set  of  steps  for 
passing  a  fence  or  wall. 


Stace,  stician — to  Stick. 
Stake,  n.  a  stick  fixed  in  the  ground.  |  Stake,  n.  that  which  is  put  at  hazard. 


Stalf  steal — a  Place  ;  a  Stand  ;  a  Stable. 

Stall,  n.  a  bench  or  frame  of  shelves 
in  the  open  air,  on  which  anything 
is  exposed  for  sale. 

Forestall',  v.  to  take  beforehand. 


Stale,  a.  old ;  long  kept. 
Stale'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  stale. 
Stall,  n.  a  crib  for  a  horse  or  an  ox. 
Stall'fed,  a.  fed  in  a  stall. 


Stwlcan — to  Stalk  ;  to  Go  Softly  or  Warily. 

Stalk,  v.  to  walk  with  lofty  and  I  Stalk'ing-horse,  n.  a  masK ,  a  pre- 
proud  steps.  I      tence. 


Stcelff- 

Stalk,  n.  the  stem  of  a  plant. 


-a  Column. 
I  Stalk'less,  a.  having  no  stem. 


Standan — to  Stand. 


Stand,  v.  to  be  upon  the  feet  in  an 

erect  position. 
Stand,  n.  a  station ;  a  halt. 


Stand'ard,  n.  an  ensign  of  war ;  a 

rule  or  measure. 
Stand 'iNG,  a.  settled;  lasting. 


Stapel — a  Prop  ;  a  Stake  Set  in  the  Ground. 

Sta'ple,  n.  a  loop  of  metal ;  a  prin-  |  Sta  fle,  a.  chief;  principaL 
cipal  commodity. 

Stearc — Rigid;  Stiff. 

Starch,  n.  a  substance  used  to  stiffen  I  Starched,  a.  stiffened ;  precise. 
linen.  .      |  Stark,  ad.  completely  •  wholly. 

Styran — to  Stir  ;  to  Move  ;  to  Steer. 


Start,  v.  to  move  suddenly ;  to  alarm. 

Start,  n.  a  quick  spring. 

Start'ing,  n.  the  act  of  moving  sud- 
denly. 

Star'tle,  v.  to  alarm  ;  to  fright. 

Star,  n.  {stearra,)  a  luminous  body 
in  the  heavens. 

Star'less,  a.  having  no  light  of  stars. 

Star'ry,  a,  abounding  with  s|^rs. 


Star 'light,  a.  lighted  by  the  stars. 
Star'board,  n.  the  right  hand  side 

of  a  ship. 
Stfer,  v.  to  direct ;  to  guide. 
Steer'age,  n.  an  apartment  in  a  ship. 
Stern,  n.  the  hind  part  of  a  ship 

where  the  rudder  is  placed. 
Stir,  t?.  to  move  ;  to  agitate. 
Bestir',  v.  to  put  into  brisk  action. 


Note. — Steer,  a  young  bullock,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {steor ;)  and  Steer,  to  guide, 
to  direct,  from  the  A.-S.  {styran,  to  stir,  to  move). 

Stern,  severe  of  countenance,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {starian,  to  stare) ;  and  Stebk, 
the  hind  part  of  a  boat|,from  the  A.-S.  {styran^  to  stir,  to  steer). 


166  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Starian — to  Stabe. 

Stare,  v  to  look  with  fixed  eyes.        I  Stern,  {styrne,)  severe  of  counter 
Star'er,  n.  one  who  stares.  I      nance  ;  harsh. 

Stern'ly,  severely. 

Steorfan — to  Die  ;  to  Perish. 
Starve,  x.  to  kill  with  hunger  or  cold.  |  Starva'tion,  n.  the  act  of  starving. 

Steele — Place. 


Stead,  n.  place ;  room. 
Stead 'fast,  a.  fast  in  place ;  firm  ; 
constant. 


Stead'y,  a.  firm ;  fixed ;  constant. 
Stead 'iLY,  ad.  with  steadiness. 
Stead'iness,  n.  firmness;  constancy. 


Stelan — to  Steal. 

Steal,  «.  to  take  by  theft.  I  Stal 'worth,  a.  («fcei^-««?corf7A, worth 

Stealth,  n.  theft ;  secret  act.  |      stealing,)  stout ;  strong ;  robust. 


Steep — a  Step  ;  a  Going. 

Step,  v.  to  move  the  foot ;  to  walk 

gravely. 
Steep,  a.  rising  or  descending  with 

great  inclination. 

Note.— Steep,  to  soak,  to  imbue,  comes  from  the  German  (stippen.) 
Stikrup,  from  A.-S.  (stige  rapa,  from  stigan,  to  step  or  ascend,  and  rap,  a  rope.) 
The  first  stirrups  appear  to  have  been  ropes. 


Stir'rup,  n.  a  step  rope ;  a  kind  of 
hoop  in  which  a  horseman  rests 
his  foot. 


Steop  from  steopan — to  Deprive  ;  to  Bereave. 

Step 'daughter,  n.  a  daughter  by 
marriage. 

Step'mother,  n.  a  mother  by  mar- 
riage. 

Step 'son,  n.  a  son  by  marriage. 


Step,  is  a  prefix  denoting  relation- 
ship arising  out  of  orphanage, 

Step'child,  n.  a  child  by  marriage 
only. 

Step'father,  n.  a  father  by  marriage. 


Stitvard  from  Icel.     Stla—Won^ ;  and  weard—a  Guard  or  Keeper. 

Stew'ard,  n.  one  who  manages  the  I  Stew'ardship,  n.  the  office  of  a  stew- 
affairs  of  another.  ard. 


Sticca — a  Stick.     Sticce — a  Piece  ;  a  Part. 
Stick,  n.  a  long,  small  piece  of  wood. 
Stic'kle,  v.  to  contend  ;  to  contest. 
Stic'kler,  n.  an  obstinate  contender. 


Steak,  n.  a  slice  of  meat  for  broiling 
or  frying. 


Note.— Stickle,  from  the  practice  of  prize-fighters,  who  placed  seconds  with 
staves,  or  sticks,  to  interpose  occasionally. 

Stillan — to  Still. 

Still,  •».  to  make  silent ;  to  quiet.       I  Still'ness,  n.  calmness ;  silence. 
Still,  a.  silent ;  motionless.  | 

Note.— Still,  a  vessel  for  distillation,  comes  from  the  Latin  {stiUo.) 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS   AND   DEKIVATIVES.  i6T 

Stieian — to  Stick. 

^TiCK,  V.  to  pierce ;  to  stab.  |  Stick,  v.  to  cleave  or  adhere, 

Stick'y,  a.  adhesive  ;  glutinous. 

/Sfi/— Stiff. 

Stiff,  a.  not  easily  bent.  I  Stiff'ly,  ad.  rigidly ;  stubbornly. 

Stiff'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  stiff.       1  Stiff'ness,  n.  inflexibility. 

Stingan — to  Sting. 

Sting,  v.  to  pierce  or  wound  with  a  I  Steng,  n.  anything  which  gives  pain, 
sharp  point.  I  Sting'less,  a.  having  no  sting. 

Stincan — to  Stink. 
Stink,  v.  to  emit  an  oflFensive  smell.     |  Stench,  n.  a  bad  smell. 

Stintan — to  Stop. 

Stint,  v.  to  restrain  within  certain  I  Stunt,  v.  to  hinder  from  growth. 
limits.  I 

Stoc — a  Place  ;  the  Stem  of  a  Tree. 

Stock,  n.  the  body  of  a  plant ;  a  lin-  I  Stock,  «.  to  supply ;  to  fill, 
cage ;  shares  of  a  public  debt.  |  Stockade',  n.  an  inclosure. 


Stone,  n.  earthy  matter  condensed 

into  a  hard  state. 
Ston'iness,  71.  the  quality  of  being 

stony. 


Stan — Stone. 

Ston'y,  a.  full  of  stones. 
Stone'work,  n.  work  consisting  of 

stone. 
Stone'blind,  a.  perfectly  blind. 


Stupian — to  Stoop. 

Stoop,  v.  to  bend  or  lean  forward ;  to  I  Stoop,  n.  an  inclination  forward, 
descend.  | 

Note.— Stoop,  the  steps  of  a  door,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (sto^,  a  step,;  and  Sroor, 
a  drinkiug-vessel,  from  the  A.-S.  (stoppa.) 

Stor — Great  ;  Vast. 
Store,  n.  a  large  quantity ;  plenty,     j  Store,  v.  to  lay  up. 

Storm — Storm.     Styrman — to  Assail  ;  to  Rage. 

Storm,  n.  a  violent  commotion  of  the  I  Storm'y,  a.  tempestuous, 
aliiiosphere.  I 

StraCf  strcec — Straight  ;  Rigid.     From  Streccan — to  Stretch. 

Straight,  a.  not  crooked ;  direct.       1  Straightaway,  ad.  immediately. 
Straight'en,  v.  to  make  stra^ht.        i  Stretch,  v.  to  extend;  to  draw  out; 


Straight'ly,  ad.  in  a  right  line. 
Straight'ness,    71.    state    of    being 

straight. 
Straight 'forth,  ad»  directly. 


to  stram. 

Street,  w.  (strfPt^)  a  way  between 
two  rows  of  houses ;  a  public  road 
or  place. 


168 


SMiril'8    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Streow — Straw. 
Straw,  n.  the  stalk  or  stem  of  grain.  |  Straw 'y,  a.  like  straw. 

Straegan — to  Spread;  to  Disperse. 


Strag'gle,  v.  to  wander ;  to  rove ;  to 

be  dispersed. 
Strag'gler,  n.  one  that  straggles. 


Stray,  v.  to  wander  away. 
Astray',  ad.  out  of  the  right  way. 
Stroll,  u.  to  stray  about. 


Strica — a  Line  ;  Direction  ;  Course. 

Streak,  n.  a  line  or  mark  of  a  dif-  I  Streak'y,  a.  striped, 
ferent  color ;  a  stripe.  I 

Stream — Stream. 
Stream,  n.   a  current  of  w^ater   or  I  Stream'er,  n.  an  ensign ;  a  pennon. 


other  fluid. 


Stream 'let,  n.  a  small  stream. 
Stream'y,  a.  like  a  stream. 


Astrican — to  Strike. 


Strike,  v.  to  hit  with  force ;  to  im- 
press. 
Strik'er,  n.  one  that  strikes. 
Strik'ing,  a.  surprising ;  strong. 
Stroke,  n.  a  blow ;  a  sound. 


Stroke,^,  to  rub  gently  with  the  hand. 
Stroke,  n.  sudden  efiect  of  fdcible 

contact. 
Strok'ing,  n.   the    act    of   rubbing 

gently. 


Streng — String;  Sinew;  Cord;  Line. 

Strong 'ly,  ad.  with  strength;  firmly. 
STR^NviTH,  n.  force;  firmness. 
Strbngth'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow 

strong. 
Strung,  pp.  placed  on  a  string. 


String,  n.  a  small  rope  or  cord. 
Stringed,  a.  having  strings. 
String'less,  a.  having  no  strings. 
String'y,  a.  consisting  of  threads. 
Strong,  a.  vigo .ous;  poweriul ;  firm 


Strength'less,  a.  wanting  strength. 

Note. — Strung  is  the  past  participle  of  the  verb  to  string. — "  A  strong  man  is  a  man 
well  strung.^^ 


Strip,  v.  to  pull  or  tear  ofi". 
Stripe,  n.  a  line,  band,  or  mark  of 
color. 


Bestrypan — to  Strip. 

Strip,  n.  a  long,  narrow  piece. 
Stri'ped,  a.  having  stripes. 
Strip'ling,  n.  a  youth ;  a  lad. 


Stub,  n.  the  stump  of  a  tree. 

Stub,  v.  to  force  up ;  to  strike  the 

toes  against. 
Stijb'by,  a.,  short  and  strong, 


Styh  or  steh — Stub. 

Stub'ble,  n.  the  stumps  of  wheat 
etc.,  left  in  the  ground. 

Stub'born,  a.  hard  to  be  moved ;  ob- 
stinate. 


Stub'bornly,  ad.  obstinately. 
Sucan — to  Suck. 


Suck,  v.  to  draw  with  the  mouth. 
Suck'er,  n.  any  thing  that  sucks. 
Suck'le,  v.  to  nurse  at  the  breast. 


Suck'ling,  n.  a  young  child  or  ani 

mal. 
Suc'tion,  n.  the  act  of  sucking. 


anglo-saxon  roots  and  derivatives.  169 

aSo^cw— Sudden. 


Sud'den,  a.  happening  without  pre- 
vious notice. 
Sud'denly,  ad.  without  notice. 


Sud'denness,  n,  the  state  of  being 
sudden. 


Solcen — Sulky;  Slothful. 
Sul'ky,  a.  sullen ;  sour ;  morose.  |  Sulk'iness,  n.  silent  sullenness. 

Swolath,  swole — Heat. 

Sul'tky,  a.  hot  and  close ;  warm  and  I  Sul'triness,  n.  the  state  of  being 
damp.  I      sultry. 

Sunne — Sun. 


Sun,  n.  the  luminary  which  gives 
light  and  heat  to  the  planets. 

Sun'less,  a.  wanting  sun. 

Sun'ny,  a.  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Sun'beam,  n.  a  ray  of  the  sun. 

Sun'burn,  '0.  to  discolor  by  the  sun. 

Sun'burnt,  a.  discolored  by  the  sun. 

Sun  DAY,  n.  the  first  day  of  the  week ; 
the  Sabbath. 


Sun'dial,  n.  an  instrament  which 
shows  the  hour  by  a  shadow  on  a 
plate. 

Sun'dried,  a.  dried  in  the  rays  of  the 
sun, 

Sun'light,  n.  the  light  of  the  sun. 

Sun'rise,  n.  morning. 

Sun 'set,  n,  close  of  the  day;  even- 
ing. 


Sun'shine,  n.  the  light  and  heat  of  the  sun. 

Sundrian,  syndrian — to  Sunder. 

Sun'der,  ®.  to  part ;  to  sever ;  to  di-  I  Sun'dry,  a.  several ;  more  than  one. 
vide.  I  Sun'dries,  n.  several  things. 

Asun'der,  ad.  apart ;  separately. 

Supafi — to  Sup. 

Sup,  v.  to  take  or  drink  by  mouthfuls.  I  Sup'per,  n.  the  evening  meal. 
Sup,  v.  to  eat  the  evening  meal.  |  Sup'perlebs,  a.  without  supper. 

Swethel — to  Swaddle. 


Swad'dle,  v.   to    bind    tight    with 

clothes. 
Swathe,  n.  a  band  ;  a  fillet. 


Swad'dling,  ppr.   binding  in  tight 

clothes. 
Swathe,  v.  to  bind ;  to  confine. 


Swef/an — to  Sound  or  Rattle. 
Swaq'qer,  v.  to  bluster ;  to  bully.       |  Swag'gerer,  n.  a  turbulent  fellow. 

Swam — a  Fungus  or  Mushroom.  . 
Swamp,  n.   spongy  land ;    soft,  wet  I  Swamp,  v.  to  fill  with  water  as  a  boa! 


ground.  «         I  Swamp'y,  a.  low,  wet  and  spongy. 

Sweart — Swart.     Sivmthe — a  Track  ;  a  Path. 

Swart,  a.  moderately  ^lack.  I  Swath,  n.  a  line  of  grass  or  grain  cut 

Swarth'y,  a.  dark  of  complexion.      |      down  by  a  mower. 


170  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Wcege — a  Pair  op  Scales.     Wceg — a  Wave. 

Swat,  ^.  to  wave  in  the  hand ;    to  I  Swat,  >i.  power ;  rule, 
govern.  I 

Swerian — to  Swear. 
Swear,  v.  to  utter  an  oath.  |  Forswear',  v.  to  swear  falsely. 

Swat — Sweat. 

Sweat,  n.  the  moisture  which  issues  I  Sweat't,  a.  covered  with  sweat, 
from  the  skin. 


Sweep,  d.  to  brush  with  a  broom  ;  to 
carry  off  with  a  long  stroke. 

Sweep'stakes,  n.  the  whole  money 
staked. 


Swapan — to  Sweep. 

SwEEp'iNGS,  n.  things  swept  away. 
Swab,  n.  a  kind  of  mop. 
Swab'bing,   ppr.    cleaning    with    a 
mop. 


Swoop,  v.  to  fall  on  at  once  and  seize. 


Swet — Sweet. 

Sweet'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 

sweet. 
Sweet'brier,  n.  a  fragrant  shrub. 


Sweet,  a.  agreeable  to  the  taste  or 

smell ;  pleasing  to  any  sense. 
Sweet'en,  1).  to  make  or  grow  sweet. 
Sweet'ish,  a.  somewhat  sweet. 
Sweet'lt,  ad.  in  a  sweet  manner.  tress. 

Sweet'meat,  n.  fruit  preserved  with  sugar. 

Swellan — to  Swell. 

Swell,  v.  to  grow  larger.  |  Swell,  n.  increase ;  a  billow. 

Swell'ing,  n.  a  morbid  tumor. 

Sweltan — to  Swelt.     Gothic,  swiltan — to  Die  ;  to  Perish. 
Swelt,  v.  to  swoon ;  to  swelter.  |  Swel'ter,  «?.  to  sweat  profusely. 

Hweorfan — to  Turn  ;  to  Warp. 

Swerve,  v.  to  turn  aside ;  to  devi-  I  Swerv'ing,  n.  deviation  from  rule  oi 
ate.  I      duty. 

Swift f  from  swifan — ^to  Turn  ;  to  Whirl  Round. 

Swiv'el,  n.  a  ring  which  turns  upot< 
a  staple. 


Swift,  n.  moving  rapidly ;  quick. 
Swipt'lt,  ad.  rapidly  ;  quickly. 
Swift'ness,  n.  speed;  quickness. 


Swimman — to  Swim. 

Swnf ,  V.  to  float ;  to  be  dizzy.  |  Swim'ming,  n.  act  of  floating. 

Swim'minglt,  ad.  smoothly ;  with  great  success. 

Swin—SwmB. 
Swine,  n.  a  hog;  a  pig.  |  Swin'ish,  a.  like  swine ;  gross ;  brutal. 


AKGL0-8AX0N   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  Il\ 

Swelgan,  swylgan — to  SwAiiLow ;  to  Swill. 

Swill,  v.  to  drink  grossly  or  greedily.  |  Swill,  n.  liquid  food  for  swine. 
Swal'low,  v.  to  take  down  the  throat. 

NoTB.-^wALLOw,  a  bird,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (swalewe^) 

Swengan^-to  Swing. 

Swing,  v.  to  move  backward  and  for-  I  Swing'ing,  a.  moving  to  and  fro. 
ward.  I 

Aswafian — to  Languish  ;  to  Perish  ;  to  Swoon. 
Swoon,  v.  to  faint ;  n.  a  fainting  fit.     |  Swoon'ing,  n.  the  act  of  fainting. 

Swurd — Sword. 

Sword,  n.  a  warlike  weapon.  I  Swords'man,  n.  one  who  fights  with 

I      a  sword. 

To-eacan — to  Add  To. 
Tack,  v.  to  fasten  ;  to  join.  |  Tack,  v.  to  change  the  course  of  a  ship. 

Note.— Tack,  a  small  nail,  comes  from  the  Danish  (takke.) 

Tcecan — to  Teach.     Tacan — to  Take. 

Take,  v.  to  receive  what  is  offered. 
Tak'ing,  a.  pleasing ;  engaging. 
Tak'ingness,  n.  quality  of  pleasing. 


Teach 'er,  n.  one  who  teaches. 


Teach,  v.  to  impart  knowledge. 
TeaCh'able,  a.  that  may  be  taught. 


Tale — Reproach  ;  a  Reckoning.     Tellan — to  Tell. 

Tell,  v.  to  utter ;  to  express  in  words. 
Talk,  «j.  to  speak ;  to  converse. 
Talkative,  a.  given  to  talk. 
Talk'er,  n.  one  who  talks. 
Talk'ing,  n.  oral  conversation. 
Tattle,  «.  to  use  many  words  with 
little  meaning. 


Tale,  n.  a  story ;  a  narrative ;  ac- 
count ;  number  reckoned. 

Tale'bearer,  n.  one  who  officiously 
tells  tales. 

Tale'teller,  n.  one  who  tells  tales. 

Tell'tale,  n.  one  who  officiously 
gives  information 


I 


Tat'tler,  n.  an  idle  talker. 

Tatn — Tame. 

Tame,  a.  not  wild ;  subdued.  I  Tame'less,  a.  wild ;  untamable. 

Tame'able,  a.  that  may  be  tamed.       |  Tame'ly,  ad.  not  wildly ;  meanly. 
Tame'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being  tame. 

Twppan — ^to  Broach,  as  a  Cask. 

Tap,  v.  to  pierce  a  cask.  |  Tap'ster,  n.  one  who  draws  liquor. 

Tap'root,  n.  the  principal  stem  of  a  root. 

Note. — Tap,  to  strike  a  very  gentle  blow,  comes  from  the  French  (taper,  to  strike.) 

Taper — Taper. 

Ta'ppr,  «^  a  small  wax  candle.  |  Ta'per,  v.  to  grow  smaller  towards 

the  end. 


172  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

TarSf  tyr— Tab.. 

Tab,  n.  a  thick  substance  obtained  I  Tar'ry,  a.  covered  with  tar. 
from  pine  trees  by  heat.  I  Tar'paulin,  n.  tarred  canvas. 

Teraii — to  Tear  ;  to  Rend. 


Tare,*  n.  a  weed  growing   among 

grain. 
Tat'ter,  n.  a  fluttering  rag 


Tar 'get,  n.  (targ,  a  shield,)  a  mark 

set  up  to  be  shot  at. 
Tat'tered,  a.  being  in  tatters. 


Tear,  «.  to  separate  by  violence. 

*  Tare,  because  the  weed  destroys  the  grain. 

Note  — Tare,  an  allowance  for  weight  of  cask,  etc.,  comes  from  the  French  (tor«, 
loss,  waste.) 

Teart  from  tar — to  Provoke. 

Tart,  a.  sour ;  sharp  of  taste.  I  Tart'ly,  ad.  sourly ;  sharply. 

Tart,  n.  a  kind  of  open  pie.  I  Tart'ness,  n.  sourness ;  sharpness. 

Team — a  Race;  Offspring. 

Team,  n.  a  number  of  things  in  a  I  Team,  n,  two  or  more  horses  or  oxeo 
line.  I      yoked  together. 

Tear — Tear. 

Tear,  n.  water  from  the  eyes.  |  Tear'ful,  a.  full  of  tears. 

Tear'less,  a.  without  tears. 

Tcesan — to  Pluck  or  Pum.. 

Tease,  v.  to  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  I  Tease,  v.  to  irritate  with  petty  an- 
flax.  I      noyances. 

Teon,  tugon— to  Tug  ;  Tow ;  Pull  or  Draw  To. 


Touse,  v.  to  pull ;  to  tear  ;  to  haul. 
Tow'zER,  n.  a  name  given  to  a  dog. 
Tow,  n.  the  refuse  of  flax  or  hemp. 
Tow,  2J.  to  draw  through  the  water. 


Tow'-LiNE,  n.  a  rope  used  for  towing. 
Tug,  d.  to  pull  with  great  effort. 
Tug,  n  a  boat  for  drawing  others. 
Tug,  n.  a  long,  hard  pull ;  a  great  effort. 


Tyman — to  Bring  Forth. 

Teem,  v.  to  produce ;  to  be  full.  |  Teem'ful,  a.  prolific ;  brimful. 

Teem'less,  a.  unfruitful. 


Thanne — Than. 

Than,  con.  a  particle  used  in  com 

parison. 
Then,  ad.  at  that  time ;  afterward. 


Thence,  ad.  from  that  place ;   from 

that  time. 
Thence'forth,  ad.  from  that  time. 


Thcer — There. 

There,  ad.  in  that  place.  I  There-ap'ter,  ad.  after  that, 

There-abouts,  ad.  near  that  place.     |  Therefore,  ad.  for  that. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  173 

T7*ic— Thick. 


Thick,  a.  dense ;  not  thin. 
Thick'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  thick. 
Thick'et,  n.  a  close  wood  or  copse. 
Thick'ness,   n.   the   state   of  being 
thick. 


Thick'ly,  ad.  densely ;  closely. 
Thick'set,  a.  closely  planted. 
Thigh,  n.  {theoli,  thick,)  the  part  of 

the  limb  between  the   knee   and 

body. 


Thigh'-bone,  n.  {thich-l)one,)  the  bone  of  the  thigh. 

Theof—TmEF. 

Thief,  n.  one  who  steals.  I  Thieve,  v.  to  steal. 

Theft,  n.  the  act  of  stealing.  |  Thiev'ish,  a.  given  to  stealing. 

Hiil — a  Stake  ;  a  Plank. 
Thill,  n.  the  shafts  of  a  wagon.  |  Thill'-horse,  n.  a  shaft-horse. 

Thyn— Tars. 

Thin,  a.  having  but  little  extent  be-  I  Thtn'ly,  ad.  not  thickly, 
tween  two  surfaces.  I  Thin'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  thin. 

Ti'ny,  a.  little  ;  small ;  puny. 

Thencan — ^to  Think  ;  to  Remember  ;  to  Thank. 

Thank,  v.  to  express  gratitude.  j  Think'er,  n.  one  who  thinks. 

"  .  .         -     -      ,  Think'ing,  n.  having  thought. 

Bethink',  v.  to  call  to  mind. 
Thought,  n.  {theaht,  from   then" 
can,)  the  act  of  thinking ;  the  im- 
age formed  in  the  mind. 
Thought'ful,  a.  attentive ;  careful. 


Thanks,  n.  expressions  of  gratitude. 
Thank'ful,  a.  full  of  gratitude. 
Thank 'less,  a.  ungrateful. 
Thanks'giving,  n.  the  act  of  giving 

thanks. 
Think,  «.  to  employ  the  mind. 


Thought'less,  a.  heedless  ;  careless. 


Tliurst — Thirst. 

Thirst,  n.  a  desire  to  drink. 
Thirst 'y,  a.  suffering  for  want  of 
drink. 


Thirst'iness,  n.  the  state  of  being 
thirsty. 


Theah — Though;  Yet;  Still;  However. 
Though,  con.  however ;  yet.  (  Although,  con.  notwithstanding. 

Threscwald,     Therscan — to  Beat  ;  to  Thresh  ;  and  wald — Wood. 


Thresh'hold,  n.  the  plank  or  step 
under  the  door. 


Thrash,  v.  to  beat  grain  out  of  the 

husk. 
Thrash'er,  n.  one  who  thrashes. 

Note.— This  word  is  written  thrash  or  thresh  indiflferently,  thrash  being  preferred. 

Tiirctd — Thread. 

Thread,  n.  a  small  line  or  twist  of  I  Thread'en,  a.  made  of  thread, 
any  fibrous  substance.  |  Thread 'y,  a.  like  thread. 

Thki*».d'j3^re,  a.  worn  to  the  bare  threads. 


174 


Thrcel — Thrall. 


Thrall,  n.  a  slave ;  bondage.  |  Thral'dom,  n.  slavery ;  bondage, 

Inthrall',  v.  to  reduce  to  servitude. 

Threatian — to  Urge  ;  to  Reprove  ;  to  Threaten. 

Threat'en,   v.   to   menace ;    to   de-  I  Threat,  n.  a  menace, 
nounce  evil.  |  Threat'enlng,  n.  foreboding  evi* 

Threat'ful,  a.  full  of  threats. 

T/i^o^e— Throat. 

Throat,  n.  the  fore  part  of  the  neck.  |  Throt'tle,  n.  the  windpipe. 
Throt'tle,  v.  to  choke ;  to  suffocate ;  to  strangle. 


Tfiurh  — Through.     Duru — a  Door  ;  a  Gate  ;  a  Passage, 

Through,  prep,  from  side  to  side,  or 
from  end  to  end. 

Through'out,  ad.  in  every  part. 

Thor'ough,  a.  complete ;  perfect. 

Thoroughbred,  a.  completely  edu- 
cated. 


Thor'oughly,  ad.  completely. 
Thor'oughf ARE,  71.  a  passage  through 
Door,  n.  the  entrance  into  a  house. 
Win'dow,  n.  door ;  an  opening  to  le<; 
light  and  wind  through. 


Thrawan — to  Throw. 

Throw,  v.  to  fling ;  to  cast.  I  Throw'er,  n.  one  who  throws. 

Throw,  n.  a  cast.  I  Overthrow',  x.  to  turn  upside  down 

Thurna — Thumb. 

Thumb,  n.  the  short,  thick  finger  of  I  Thumb'ed,  pp.    handled    awkward- 
the  hand.  I      ly. 


Thuner — Thunder.     Thor — the  God  of  Thunder 

Thun'der,  n.  the  sound  which  fol- 
lows a  flash  of  lightning. 

Thun'dering,  n.  the  emission  of  thun- 
der. 

Thun'derbolt,  n.  a  shaft  of  light- 
ning 


Thun'derclap,  n.  a  burst  of  thun- 
der. 

Thun'dershower,  n.  a  shower  with 
thunder, 

Thun'derstruck,  pp.  or  a.  astonish- 
ed; amazed. 


Thurs'day,  {Thors-dceg ,)  n.  the  fifth  day  of  the  week. 

Tinclan — to  Tickle. 

Tic'kle,  v.  to  touch  lightly  and  cause  I  Tick'ling,  n,   the   act  of  one  whn 
to  laugh.  I      tickles. 

Tick'lish,  a.  easily  tickled ;  tottering ;  easy  to  be  overthrown :  critical. 


Ti(Z— Time  ;  Season.     Tidan — ^to  Happen. 

Ti'dy,  a.  clean  and  neat. 
Ti'dings,  n.  news;  intelligence. 
Betide',  ti.  to  happen  ;  to  befall. 
Ti'dilt,  ad.  neatly ;  readily. 


Tide,  n.  time :  season ;  the  flux  and 

reflux  of  the  sea. 
Tide'mill,  n.  a  mill  put  in  motion 

bv  the  tide. 


ANGLO-SAXON   BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.       '  176 

Tian— to  Tie.     Tied,  ti'd—Tmwr. 

Tight,  a.  close  ;  not  loose.  I  Tight'ly,  ad.  closely. 

Tight'en,  v.  to  make  tight.  |  Tight 'ness,  n.  closeness. 

Tie,  v.  to  fasten  with  a  cord  or  string. 

Tilian — to  Tell. 


Till,  «.  to  cultivate. 
Till'able,  a.  that  may  be  cultivated. 
Till'age,  n.  the  act  of  cultivating. 
Till'er,  n.  one  who  tills. 


Tilth,  n.  culture. 
Toil,  v.  {tiolan,)  to  work  hard. 
Toil'some,  a.  laborious. 
Tool,  n.  any  instrument. 


Note.— Till,  to  the  time  of,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (<i7,)  and  Till,  a  money  drawer, 
is  of  uncertain  etymology. 
Toil,  a  net,  a  snare,  comes  from  the  Latin  {tela.) 

Timber— Timber.     Thnbrian— to  Build  ;  Timber. 
Tim'beb,  71.  wood  fit  for  building.       |  Tim'bered,  a.  furnished  with  timber. 

Thna — Time. 

Time,  n.  the  measure  of  duration.        I  Time'lt,  a.  seasonable. 
Time'less,  a.  endless.  I  Betimes',  ad.  soon  ;  early. 

2^n—Tm. 


Tin,  n.  a  soft,  white  metal. 
Tin'ner,  n.  one  who  works  in  a  tin 
mine. 


Tin'foil,  n.  (L.  folium,  a  leaf,)  tin 

reduced  to  a  thin  leaf 
Tin'man,  n.  a  manufacturer  of  tin. 


Tendan,  tynan — to  Kindle. 

TiND,  V.  to  set  on  fire.  I  Tin'der,  n.  any  thing  very  inflamma- 

I      ble. 

Teorian,  tirian — ^to  Rub  Away  ;  to  Fail  ;  to  Vex. 

Tire,  n.  an  iron  band  used  to  bind  I  Tire,  u.  to  fatigue ;  to  weary, 
and  protect  the  fellies  of  a  wheel.    |  Tired,  a.  fatigued  ;  weary. 
Tire'some,  a.  wearisome ;  tedious. 

Note. — Tire,  the  outside  band  of  a  wheel,  is  so  named  because  it  is  put  there  to 
protect  the  wheel,  by  receiving  the  wear  and  tear  consequent  to  rolling  on  the  ground. 

Teotha — a  Tenth. 

Tithe,  n.  the  tenth  part.  I  Tith'able,  a.  that  may  be  tithed. 

Tithe,  «.  to  take  the  tenth  part  of      |  Tith'er,  n.  one  who  gathers  tithes. 

Toll — a  Tribute. 
Toll,  n.  a  tax  imposed  for  some  service  conferred. 
Note. — Toll,  to  sound  a  bell  slowly,  comes  from  the  Welsh  {tol.) 

Vunye — Tongue. 
Tongue,  n.  the  organ  of  speech  and  I  Tongue,  v.  to  chide ;  to  scold. 


taste.  I  Tongue'less,  a.  speechless. 

T^ngue'tied,  a.  unable  to  speak  freelj. 


176  SMITU'6    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Totli— Tooth. 

Tooth,  n.  a  bony  substance  growing  I  Tooth'less,  a.  wanting  teeth, 
out  of  the  jaw.  I  Tooth 'some,  a.  pleasing  to  the  taste. 

Tooth'ache,  n.  pain  in  the  teeth. 

Top — Top. 


Top,  n.  the  highest  part  of  anything. 

Top'most,  a.  highest. 

Top'pLE,  V.  to  fall  forward ;  to  tum- 
ble down. 

Top'heavy,  a.  having  the  top  too 
heavy. 


Top'knot,  n.  a  knot  worn  on  the  top 
of  the  head. 

Top'sAiL,  n.  the  highest  sail. 

Topsy-tur'vy,  ad.  (fop:^,  or  heads 
in  the  turf,)  with  the  bottom  up- 
ward. 


Tot'ter,  v.  to  shake  so  as  to  threaten 

a  fall. 
Tot'tering,  p.  a.  shaking  as  if  ready 

to  fall. 


Tealtian — to  Totter  ;  to  Tilt. 

Tilt,    «.    to    incline ;    to    raise    one 

end. 
Tilt,   v.   to   raise    and   point,   as  a 

weapon. 


To/i— Tough. 


Tough,   a.    flexible    without    being 

brittle;  strong. 
Tough'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  tough. 


Tough'ly,  ad.  in  a  tough  manner. 
Tough'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
tough. 


Tor — a  KocK ;  a  Peak  ;  a  Tower. 
Tow'er,  n.  a  lofty,  narrow  building.    |  Tow'er,  v.  to  rise  or  fly  high. 

Tun — a  Place  Fenced  Round.   From  Tynan — to  Hedge  In  ;  to  Inclose. 

Town,  n.  a  large  collection  of  houses.  I  Town'ship,  n.  the  district  belonging 
TowNs'MAN,7i.  an  inhabitant  of  a  town.  |      to  a  town. 


Treppe — Trap, 

Trap,  n.  an  instrument  for  catching 

vermin  or  game  ;  an  ambush. 
Trap'door,  n.  a  door  in  a  floor. 


Trap'stick,  n.  a  stick  for  playing  at 

trap. 
Entrap',  «.  to  catch  in  a  trap. 


Trahtian — to  Treat. 

Treat,  v.  to  behave  to ;  to  use.  I  Treat'ise,  n.  a  discourse. 

Treat,  n.  an  entertainment.  I  Treat'ment,  n.  management. 

Treat'y,  n.  negotiation  ;  usage. 

L.  Tres,  Three,  and  A.-S.  steal.  Stall,  Trestle. 
Tres'tle,  n.  the  frame  of  a  table ;  a  three-legged  stool. 

Trifelan — to  Reduce  to  Minute  Parts. 

Tri'ple,  v.  to  act  or  talk  with  levity.  I  Tri'fle,  n.  any  thing  of  very  little 
Tri'fler,  n.  one  who  trifles.  I      importance. 

Tri'fling,  a.  being  of  little  value. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


i  i 


Tbead,  v.  to  set  the  foot. 
Tee  AD,  n.  a  step. 


Tredan-^to  Tread. 

I  Tread'le,  n.  the  part  of  a  machine 
I      which  is  moved  by  the  foot. 


Trum—FmM\  Sound.     Trymiatv— to  Prepare;  to  Make  Strong. 


Trim'ly,  ad.  neatly ;  nicely. 
Trim'minq,   n.   ornamental    append- 


Trim,  a.  of  orderly  form  or  shape ; 

neat. 
Trim,  w.  dress;  condition"  of  a  vessel. 
Trim,  v.  to  set  or  put  in  order. 


Treoive,  treowian — ^to  Trust  ;  to  Confide  In  ;  True. 


True,  a.  conformable  to  fact. 
True'ness,  n,  sincerely ;  reality. 
True'ism,  n.  a  self-evident  truth. 
Tru'ly,  ad.  according  to  truth. 
Truth,  n.  true  state  of  facts  or  things. 
Truth'ful,  a.  full  of  truth. 
Truth'less,  a.  wanting  truth. 
True'born,  a.  of  genuine  birth. 
True'hearted,  a.  honest ;  faithful. 
Troth,  n.  truth  ;  belief;  fidelity. 
Trow,  v.  to  think ;  to  believe. 
Truce,  n.  a  temporary  peace. 
Trust,  n.  confidence ;  reliance  on  an- 
other. 


!  True'penny,  n.  an  honest  fellow, 
s  Trust,  v.  to  rely  on ;  to  commit  to 
the  care  of. 
Trustee',  n.  one  intrusted  with  any- 
thing. 
Trust'less,  a.  not  worthy  of  trust. 
Trust'y,   a.   that  may   be    trusted; 

honest. 
Trust'iness,  n.  honesty. 
Mistrust',  v.  to  suspect ;  to  doubt. 
Mistrust',  n.  want  of  confidence. 
''  Mistrust'fui.,  a.  doubting. 
.  Mistrust'less,  a.  unsuspecting. 
1  Tryst,  n.  an  appointment  to  meet. 


Treudel — a  Sphere  ;  a  Circle  ;  A.nything  Turned. 


Trend,  v.  to  turn ;  to  diverge. 
Trend'ing,  71.  a  particular  direction. 
Trun'dle,  v.  to  roll  along,  as  a  bowl 
or  hoop. 


Trun'dle,  n.  any  round  rolling  thing. 
Trun'dle  BED,  n.   a   low   bed  that 

runs    on  wheels    under  a  higher 

bed. 


Tiwes-dceg,  from  tig  or  tiiisco — the  Saxon  Mars,  or  God  of  War,  and 

dceg — a  Day. 

Tues'day,  n.  the  third  day  of  the  week. 

Tuntbian — to  Tumble  ;  to  Dance  ;  Tumble. 

Tum'ble,  v.  to  fall ;  to  roll  about.        |  Tum'bler,  n.  a  drinking  glass. 

Note. — Tumbler,  so  called  because  originally  it  had  a  pointed  base,  and  could  not 
be  set  down  with  any  liquor  in  it. 


Tun,  n.  a  large  cask. 

Tun'nel,  n.  a  conical  vessel  with  a 

tube    for    conveying   liquids  into 

casks,  bottles,  etc. 


Tunne — a  Butt  ;  a  Tub  ;  a  Vat. 

Tun'nel,  n.   an   arched  way  under 

ground. 
Ton,  n.  a  weight  of  20  cwt. 
Ton'nage,  n.  weight ;  duty  by  the  ton. 


Turf— Bod. 


Turf,  n.  a  thin  layer  of  soil  held  to- 
gether by  the  roots  of  grass. 


Turf,  n.  a  race  course. 
Turf'Yj  a.  like  turf. 


178  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Tyrnan,  turnan — to  Tubn. 


Turn,  v.  to  move  round ;  to  revolve. 
Turn'er,  n.  one  who  turns. 
Turn'pike,  n.  a  gate  across  a  road. 


Turn'stile,  n.  a  turnpike  in  &  foot' 

path. 
Overturn',  v.  to  throw  down. 


Tux — a  Tooth. 
Tusk,  n.  a  long  pointed  tooth.  |  Tush,  n.  a  tooth  of  a  horse. 

T«^oBf^<Zmf/— a  Flattering  ;  Twaddle. 

Twad'dlb,  n.  unmeaning  talk  ;  non-  I  Twad'dle,  v.  to  talk  idly, 
sense.  I 

Tic^e^/— Twelve. 

Twelve,  a.  ten  and  two.  I  Twelfth'tide,  n.  twelfth  day  after 

I      Christmas. 

Twentig,  from  twend,  Two,  and  tig.  Ten— Twenty. 
Twen'ty,  a.  twice  ten.  |  Twentieth,  a.  the  ordinal  of  twenty. 

Tweon-leoht,     Tweon — Doubt,  and  leoht — Light  ;  Doubtful  Light. 
Twi'light,  n.  the  faint  light  before  sunrise  and  after  sunset. 

Tivin — Thread.     Twinan — to  Twine,  from  Two. 

Twine,  v.  to  twist  so  as  to  form  one  I  Entwine,    v.    to    twist    or    wreath 
body  out  of  two  or  more.  |      round. 

Twin,  n.  one  of  two  produced  at  a  birth. 

Note. — ThxIEAd  or  Twine  has  two  or  more  fibers  or  strands  twisted  round  each  other. 

Twiccian — to  Twitch  ;  to  Pull  ;  to  Catch. 

Twinge,  t).  to  torment  with  sudden  I  Twitch,  «.  to  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk, 
sharp  pain.  I  Twitch,  n.  a  sudden  pull. 

TwincUan — to  Twilkle  ;  to  Glitter. 

Twin'kle,  v.  to  shine  with  a  quiver-  I  Twink'ling,  n.   a  moment ;   an  ki« 
ing  light,  I      stant. 

Getwysan — to  Twist. 

Twist,  v.  to  unite  by   winding  one  I  Entwist',  v.  to  wreath  round, 
thing  round  another.  | 

♦do- 
Edtvitan.    Ed — Again,  and  witan — ^to  Blame ;  to  Twit. 
Twit,  v.  to  tease  by  telling  faults.       |  Twit'tingly,  ad.  so  as  to  upbraid. 

Twa,  twi — Two. 

Two,  a.  one  and  one.  |  Twice,  ad.  two  times. 

Two'fold,  a,  double. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  _  179 

Oga — Great  Fear  ;  Dread. 
Ue'Li  ^  a.  ofFensive  to  the  sight.  |  Ug'liness,  n.  total  want  of  beauty. 

Uncut h,     Un — Not,  and  cuth — Known. 

Uncouth',  a.  not  known ;  awkward ;  I  Uncouth'ly,  ad.  awkwardly, 
clumsy.  I 

Under — Under. 

Un'dbr,  prep,  beneath  ;  below.  |  Un'derling,  n.  an  inferior  agent. 

Un'dermost,  a.  lowest  in  place. 

Under,  standan — Understand. 

Understand',  x.  to  know  the  mean-  I  Understand 'ing,  n.  the  capacity  of 
ing  of.  I      knowing. 


Up,  ad.  aloft ;  on  high. 

Up,  jyr^P-  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 

place. 

Up  per,  a.  higher  in  place. 
Up' ward,  a.  directed  to  a  higher  place. 


Up—JJT. 

Up'braid,  v.   {gebrcedan,   to    en- 
large,) to  charge  contemptuously 


with  something  disgraceful. 
Upbraid'ing,  n.  the  act  of  reproach- 
ing. 


Wadan — to  Wade. 

Wade,  v.  to  walk  through  water.        I  Wad'dle,  i).  to  move  from  side  to 

I      side  in  walking. 

Wcegan — to  Deceive  ;  to  Falsify  ;  to  Cheat. 

Wag,  n.  one  who  plays  merry,  frolic-  I  Wag'gery,w.  mischievous  merriment, 
some  tricks.  1  Wag'gish,  a.  frolicsome. 

Note. — Wag,  to  move  from  side  to  side,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {wagian,  to  move  to 
and  fro.) 

Wcegen — Wagon. 

Wag'on,    n.    a    vehicle    with    four  I  Wag'oner,   n.    one    who    drives    a 
wheels.  I      wagon. 

Wealcan  ;    p.  weolc — to  Roll  ;  to  Tumble. 
WALK,i;.to  move  with  moderate  steps.  |  Walk'er,  n.  one  who  walks. 

Wan  it — Pale  ;  Livid.    From  Wanian — to  Decrease  ;  to  Wane. 


Wan,  a.  pale ;  having  a  sickly  hue. 

Wan'ness,  n.  paleness. 

Wane,  v.  to  decrease ;  to  decline. 

Want'less,  a.  abundant ;  fruitful. 
Note.— Waned,  Wan'd,  Wakt,  past  participle  of  Wane, 


Want,  v.  not  to  have ;  to  lack. 
Want,  n.  need ;  necessity. 
Want'ing,  a.  deficient;  lacking. 


Weardf  weardes — Towards. 
Ward,  a.  suffix  signifying  direction  I  Fro'ward,  a.  perverse ;  peevish, 
to  or  from. .  .  |  Fro'wardness,  n.  perverseness. 


180  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Weall — a  Shore  ;  a  Bank. 

Wall,  n.  a  work  of  stone  or  brick  I  Wall'fruit,  n.  fruit  raised  against 
erected  as  a  division  or  defence.       |      a  wall. 

Wall'eyed,  a.  having  white  eyes. 

Wandrian — to  Wandeb. 

Wan'deb,  v.  to  ramble  here  and  there.  |  Wan'derer,  n.  one  who  wanders. 
Wan'dering,  n.  the  act  of  roving. 


War,  71.  a  public  contest  carried  on 

by  force. 
War'fare,  n.  state  of  war ;  military 

service. 


Uuervef  tvuer — War. 

War 'like,  a.  relating  to  war ;  martial. 
WAR'RioR,  n.  a  soldier. 
War'proof,  a.  able  to  resist  a  war- 
like attack. 


War'worn,  a.  worn  with  war. 


Weard — a  Guard  ;  Watch  ;  Yigilance. 

Ward,  v.  to  guard;    to  watch;   to 

defend. 
Ward,  n.  a  division  of  a  town ;  one 

under  a  guardian. 


War'den,  n.  a  keeper. 
Ward'er,  71,  a  keeper ;  a  guard. 
Ward 'robe,  n.  a  place  where  clothes 
are  kept. 


Ward'ship,  n.  guardianship. 

Ware,  from  waru — Merchandise. 

Ware,  pi.  Wares,  n.  goods;    mer-  I  Ware'house,   n.   a    store-house  for 
chandise.  I      merchandise. 

Ware'housing,  n.  the  act  of  depositing  goods  in  a  warehouse. 

War,  from  tvcer — Wary;    Cautious;    Provident.     Warlaji — to   Be- 
ware; to  Guard.     TFa»'/<iai/— to  Defend. 

Ware,  a.  cautious ;  v.  to  take  heed. 
Ware'less,  a.  incautious. 
Ware'ly,  ad.  cautiously. 
Wa'ry,  a.  cautious ;  prudent. 
War'ily,  ad.  cautiously ;  prudently. 
War'iness,  n.  caution  ;  prudence. 
Beware',  «.  to  regard  with  caution. 
Aware',  a.  apprised  ;  conscious 


Warn,  v.  to  inform  previously. 
Warning,  n.  previous  notice. 
War'rant,  v.  to  authorize ;  to  justify. 
War'rant,  n.  authority ;  commission. 
War'rant  ABLE,  a.  justifiable. 
War'ranty,  n.  promise ;  security. 
War'ren,  n.  (ivarian,)  a  park,  or 
inclosure  for  rabbits. 


War'rener,  n.  the  keeper  of  a  warren. 
Note. — At  present  Ware  is  used  only  in  composition. 

^  Wearm — Warm. 

Warm,  a.  heated  in  a  moderate  degree.  I  Wabm'ly,  ad.  with  moderate  heat. 
Wabmth,  n.  moderate  or  gentle  heat.  |  Wabm'ness,  n.  moderate  heat. 

Waescan,  wacsan — to  Wash. 

Wash,  v.  to  cleanse  with  water.  |  Wash'er,  one  who  washes. 

Swash,  n,  impulse  of  water  flowing  with  violence. 


ANGLO-SAXON    KOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


181 


Weorpan,  wurpan — to  Throw  ;  to  Cast  ;  to  "Warp. 

Warp,  v.  to  move  a  vessel  by  means 
of  a  rope  made  fast  to  some  fixed 
object. 

Warp'ing,  n.  the  act  of  turning  aside. 


Warp,  «.  to  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape 
Warp,  n.  tlie  threads  which  are  ex 
tended  lengthwise  in  anything  wo- 
ven. 


Wasp,  n.  a  stinging  insect. 
Wasp'ish,  a.  peevish  ;  petulant ;  hav 
ing  a  slender  shape. 


f  wesp — a  Wasp. 

Wasp'ishly, 
pishly. 


ad.    peevishly ;    snap< 


Westan — to  Waste  ;  to  Lay  Waste  ;  to  Ravage. 
Waste,  n.  to  diminish  ;  to  squander.  |  Waste'fully,  ad.  in  a  lavish  manner. 


Waste'pul,  a.  destructive ;  prodigal.  |  Waste'thrift,  n.  a  spendthrift 


Wacian— to  Wake  ;  to  Arouse. 


Wake,  v.  to  rouse  from  sleep. 
Wake'ful,  a,  not  sleeping  ;  v,  alchful. 
Wak'en,  11.  to  rouse  from  sleep. 
Wak'ing,  ppr.  being  awake ;  rousing 

from  sleep. 
Awake,  v.  to  rouse  from  sleep. 
Awake,  a.  not  sleeping. 
Watch,  v.  to  be  awake;   to   keep 

guard. 


Watch'er,  n.  one  who  watches. 
Watch'ful,  a.  vigilant ;  attentive. 
Watch'ing,  ppr.  carefully  observing. 
Watch'house,  n.   a  house   where  a 

guard  is  placed. 
Watch'man,  n.   a  man   who  keeps 

watch. 
Watch'word,  n.  the  word  given  to 

sentinels  to  know  their  friends. 


Wceter — Water. 

Wa'ter,  n.  a  well  known  fluid. 
ppr.    supplying 


with 
a.    resembling    water ; 


Wa'tering 

water. 
Wa'terish 

moist. 
Wa'tery,  a.  like  water. 

Whet'stone,  n.  a  stone  for  sharpening. 

*  Whet,  because  while  rubbing  the  stone  is  kept  wet 


Wcetf  hwet — Wet. 

Wet,  a.  containing  water ;  moist. 
Wet'ness,  n.  the  slate  of  being  wet. 
Whet,  v.  to  stimulate;  to  incite;  to 

excite. 
Whet,*  v.  to  rub  for  the  purpose  of 

sharpening. 


Wmg—B.  Wave.     Wagian — to  Wag  ;  to  Move  to  and  Fro. 


Wave,  n.  a  moving  swell  of  water. 
Wave,  v.  to  undulate  ;  to  brandish  ; 

to  put  off. 
'Wave'less,«.  without  waves;  smooth. 
WaVer,  v.  to  fluctuate. 
AVa'ving,  ppr.  moving  to  and  fro. 
Wa'vy,  a.  rising  in  waves. 
Way,  n.  a  road ;  a  passage.- 


Waft,  «.  to  convey  through  the  water 

or  air. 
Way'less,  a.  having  no  road. 
Way'farer,  n.  a  traveler. 
Way'lay,  XI.  to  beset  by  ambush. 
WayVard,  a.  liking  his  own  way. 
Way'wardness,  n.  perverseness. 
Wag,  «.  to  move  from  side  to  side. 


Wag'gle,  «.  to  move  from  side  to  side. 

Wodnesdceg,     Wodnes,  of  Woden— the  God  of  War,  and  cicBfir— Dat. 

Wednes'day,  n.  the  fourth  day  of  the  week. 


182 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Wac — Tnfikm;  Weak. 
not  strong ;  infirm.  I  Weak'ly,  ad.  feebly ;  faintly. 


Weak,  a.  feeble 

Weak'en,  v.  to  make  weak.  |  Weak'ness,  n.  want  of  strength. 

Weak'side,  n.  a  foible ;  a  failiQg. 


WeaXy  from  wac — Pliable. 

Wax'work,  n.  a  figure  made  of  wax. 


Wax,  v.  iweaxan,)  to  grow  ;  to  in- 
crease. 


Wax,  n.  {iveaoc,)  a  tenacious  sub- 
stance formed  by  bees. 
Wax'en,  a.  made  of  wax. 
Wax'y,  a.  resembling  wax. 

Note. — Wax,  to  grow,  to  increase,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {weaz,  the  substance  of 
which  honeycomb  is  formed.)  Bees  are  constantly  adding  to  their  store  of  honey- 
comb, thereby  causing  it  to  grow,  to  increase. 


Werian — to  Wear.    From  wer — a  Guard  ;  a  Protection. 

Wear,  v.  to  waste  by  use  or  time ;  to 
carry  on  the  body. 

Wear'ing,  ppr.  bearing  on  the  per- 
son. 


Wear'er,  n.  one  who  wears. 
Wear,  n,   {tvcer,)  an  enclosure ; 
fish  pond  ;  a  dam  to  raise  water. 


fVet'ig — Fatigued  ;   Depressed.      Werian- 

Harass. 


-to  Weart;  to  Tease;  to 


Wea'ry,  a.  tired  ;  fatigued. 
Wea'ried,  p.  a.  tired  ;  fatigued. 
Wea'risome,  a.   causing  weariness; 
tedious. 


Wea'riness,  n.  state  of  being  weary. 
Wea'risomeness,  n.  tediousness. 
Wor'ry,  v.  to  tease ;  to  trouble. 
Wor'ry,  n.  trouble ;  perplexity. 


Wefan — to  Weave.     Waeh — Web. 


Weave,  v.  to  unite  threads  so  as  to 
form  cloth. 

Weav'er,  n.  one  who  weaves. 

Web,  n.  any  thing  woven. 

Webbed,  a.  joined  by  a  membrane. 

Web'foot,  a.  having  the  toes  con- 
nected by  a  membrane. 


Woof,  n.  the  threads  which  cross  the 

warp. 
Weft,  n.  the  threads  which  cross  the 

warp. 
Warp,   n.    ( ivcarp, )   the    threads 

which  are  extended  lengthwise  in 

a  loom. 


Weddlan — to  Covenant  ;  to  Promise  ;  to  Pledge. 


Wed,  v.  to  marry  ;  to  unite. 
Wed'ded,  a.  closely  attached. 


Wed'ding,  n.  marriage ;  nuptials. 
Wed'lock,  n.  marriage  ;  matrimony. 


Weod — Weed. 

Weed,  n.  any  useless  or  troublesome  I  Weed'er,  n.  one  who  weeds, 
plant.  I  Weed'less,  a.  free  from  weeds. 

Weed'y,  a.  abounding  with  weeds. 

Note. — Weeds,  a  widow's  mourning  dress,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {wced^  a  garment, 
clothing.) 

Weoc — Week. 

Week,  n.  the  space  of  seven  days.       |  Week'ly,  a.  done  once  a  week, 
Week'day,  n,  any  day  except  the  Sabbath. 


ANGLO-SAXON   KOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  183 


Wenan — to  Think,  Suppose  or  Hope  ;  to  Ween 

Ween,  v.  to  think;  to  imagine;  to 

fancy. 
Overween',  v.  to  think  too  highly. 


Overween'ing,  ppr.  a.  arrogant ;  con- 
ceited. 
OvEE,WEEN'iNGLY,a<Z.  with  aiTogance. 


Wepan — to  Cry  Out  ;  to  Weep. 

Weep,  v.  to  shed  or  drop  tears.  |  Weeper,  Uy  one  who  weeps. 

Weep'ingly,  ad.  in  tears. 

Wegan — to  Bear  ;  to  Carry  ;  to  Weigh.     Weg — a  Balance. 


Weigh,  i}.  to  examine  by  the  balance. 
Weigh'er,  n.  one  who  weighs. 
Weight,  n.  (^wUit,)  quantity  ascer- 
tained by  the  balance. 


Weight'iness,  n.  heaviness. 


TreZ— Well. 


Weight'less,  a.  having  no  weight; 

light. 
Weight'y,  a.  heavy ;  important. 
Weight'ily,  ad.  heavily  ;  with  force. 


Well,  a.  being  in  health. 
Well,  ad.  not  ill ;  properly. 
Well '-being,  n.  happiness. 
Well'bred,  a.  elegant  in  manners ; 
polite. 


Weal,  n.   {wela,)  happiness ;  pros- 
perity. 

Wealth,  n.  {welig,)  riches;   opu- 
lence. 
i  Wealth'ily,  ad.  richly. 


Welcome,  n.  {ivilcuma,  a  good  comer,)  kind  reception. 

-Well,  a  deep,  narrow  pit  dug  for  the  purpo 
from  the  A.-S.  (wyl,  a  spring ;  from  weauan^  to  boil  up.) 


Note. — Well,  a  deep,  narrow  pit  dug  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  water,  comes 

'    il       ' 


Welt,  n.  the  edge   of   a   garment 

turned  over  and  sewed  together. 
Welt,  v.  to  sew  on  a  border. 


Wceltan — to  Roll  ;  Welt. 

Wel'ter,  v.  to  roll  or  wallow  in  some 

foul  matter. 
Wel'tering, /?pn  rolling;  wallowing. 


Wend — a  Turn  ;  a  Change.     Wendcen — to  Go ;  to  Comb. 

Wend,  «.  to  go  ;  to  pass  ;  to  move,     j  Went,  pret.  of  go ;  did  go. 

Note. — It  will  be  observed  that  Went,  now  used  as  the  preterit  of  the  verb  Go,  has 
nothing  at  all  to  do  with  the  verb  Go,  but  belongs  to  the  verb  Wend. 

West — West. 

West,  n.  the  region  where  the  sun  i  West'erly,  a.  towards  the  west, 
sets.  I  West'ern,  a  being  in  the  west. 

West'ward,  ad.  towards  the  west. 

Hwcel — Whale. 

Whale,  n.  a  large  animal.  I  Whale'bone,  n.  an  elastic  substance 

^  I      from  the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale. 

Ahwylfan — ^to  Overwhelm. 
Whelm,  v.  to  cover  completely.  |  Overwhelm,  v.  to  crush  underneath 


184  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Swcer — Whekb. 


Where,  ad.  at  what  place. 
Where'abouts,  ad.   near    what  or 
which  place. 


Whereas',   ad.   when  on    the  con- 
trary. 
Where'fore,  ad.  for  which  reason. 


Wcefiafi — ^to  Babble  ;  to  Whiffle, 

Whip'fle,  v.  to  turn  or  change  with 

every  wind. 
Whiff,  n.  a  slight  blast ;  a  puff. 


Whif'fle-tree,  n.  a  short  bar  to 
which  the  traces  of  a  horse  are 
fastened. 


Note. — Whiffle-tree,  sometimes,  but  erroneously,  written  Whipple-tree,  gets 
its  name  from  its  constant  change  of  position  caused  by  the  onward  motion  of  the 
horse.    See  Whip 

Hwil — While. 

While,  n.  space  of  time.  |  While,  ad.  during  the  time  that. 

While,  «.  to  draw  out ;  to  spend,  as  time. 


Wanian — to  Deplore  ;  Lament  ;  Bewail 

Whine,  v.  to  lament  with  a  plaintive 

noise. 
Whine,  n.  a  drawling  cry. 


Whin'ing,  n.  complaining  in  drawl- 
ing, plaintive  tones. 


Hweopan — to  Whip. 

Whip,  v.  to  strike  with  a  lash.  I  Whip'hand,  n.  advantage  over. 

Whip'ping,  n.  correction  with  a  lash.  |  Whip 'stock,  n.  the  handle  of  a  whip. 

Hwyrfan — to  Whirl  ;  to  Turn. 


Whirl,  v.  to  turn  round  rapidly. 
Whirl'igig,  n.   a  toy  which   turns 
round. 


Whirl'pool,  n.  water  moving  circu- 

larly. 
Whirl'wind,  n.  a  revolving  column 

of  air. 


Hwisprian — to  Whisper. 

Whis'per,  «.  to  speak  with  the  breath  I  Whis'perer,  n.  one  who  whispers, 
not  made  vocal.  I 

Hwistlan — to  Whistle. 

Whis'tle,  v.  to  form  a  kind  of  mu-  I  Whis'tler,  n.  one  who  whistles, 
sical  sound  by  the  breath.  | 

Wiht — a  Creature  ;  a  Thing  ;  Whit. 

Whit,  n.  a  point ;   a  tittle ;  a  very  I  Wight,  n.  a  being ;  a  person, 
small  part.  I 

fliw^if— White.    Hwitel — to  Make  White. 

White,  a.  having  the  color  of  snow.    I  Whit'ish,  a.  somewhat  white. 
Whit'en,  «.  to  make  or  become  white.    Whit'tle,    n.    {hivitelf    to    make 
White'ness,  n.   the  state  of  being        white,)  a  knife ;  a  white  cloak, 
white.  1  Whit'tle,  t).  to  cut  with  a  knife. 

Note.— To  whittle  sticks,  to  cut  oflf  the  bark  with  a  knife,  to  make  them  white. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  185 

Hwa — Who. 

Who,  pro.  relating  to  persons.  I  Whom,  pro.  the  objective  case    of 

Whoev'eb,  pro.  any  person  whatever.  |      who. 

Wicca — an  Enchanter  ;  Wicked. 

Wick'ed,  a.  morally  bad  ;  vicious.      1  AVick'edness,  n.  vice ;  sin ;  guilt. 
Wick'edly,  ad.  viciously.  I 

Note.— WicciAN,  to  bewitch,  is  adopted  by  Tooke,  wlio  remarks  that "  all  atrocious 
crimes  were  attributed  by  our  ancestors  to  enchantment,  sorcery,  and  witckcrafV 

TTid— Wide. 

Wide,  a.  extended  far  each  way.  |  Wid'en,  v.  to  make  or  grow  wide. 

Wide'ly,  ad.  with  great  extent ;  far.  |  Wide'ness,  n.  breadth. 
Width,  n.  extent  from  side  to  side. 

Wealdan — to  Govern  ;  Wield. 

Wield,  v.  to  use  with  full  command  I  Wield'y,  a.  manageable, 
or  power.  I 

TTi/— Wife. 

Wife,  n.  a  woman  who  is  united  to  I  Wife'hood,  n.  the  state  of  a  wife, 
a  man  in  marriage.  I  Wife'less,  a.  without  a  wife. 

Wife'ly,  a.  becoming  a  wife. 


Wild,  a.  not  tame;    desert;   disor 

derly. 
Weld'ly,  ad.  mo.  wild  manner. 


Wild— Wild. 

Wild'ness,  n.  state  of  being  wild. 
Wil'der,  t).  to  lose  the  way ;  to  puzzle. 
Wil'dernes8,w.  an  uncultivated  tract 
Bewil'der,  «.  to  perplex ;  to  confound. 

Willa—WTLJ.. 

Will 'fully,  ad.  stubbornly. 
Will'ing,  a.  desirous ;  ready. 
Will'ingly,  ad.  with  free  will. 
Will'ingness,  n.  ready  compliance. 


Will,  n.  the  power  of  mind  by  which 

we  choose  to  do  or  forbear. 
Will,  v.  to  determine. 
Will'ful,  a.  stubborn ;  perverse. 


Wind'lass,  n.  {lace,  a  cord,)  a  ma- 
chine for  raising  weights. 


Winnan — to  Struggle  ;  to  Win. 
Win,  v.  to  gain  in  a  contest.  |  Win'ning,  p.  a.  attractive ;  charming: 

Windan — to  Wind. 

Wind,  v.  to  turn  romid ;  to  twist ;  to 

blow. 
Wind'ing,  n.  a  turning. 

Wincian — to  Bend  One's  Self  ;  to  Nod  ;  to  Wink. 

Wink,  ®.  to  close  and  open  Ij^e  eye-  I  Wink'ing,  n.  a  rapid  and  repeated 
lids.  I      movement  of  the  eyelids. 

Note. — It  is  probable  that  Wing  and  Wink  may  be  the  same  word  differently  ap* 
plied — as  wings  and  eyelids  have  somewhat  similar  motions. 


186 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Wind— WiNi). 


Wind,  n.  air  in  motion. 
Wind'y,  a.  consisting  of  wind. 
Wind'iness,  n.  state- of  being  windy. 
Wind'fall,  n.   fruiiv  blown  from  a 

tree ;  an  unexpected  benefit. 
Wind'mill,  n.  a  mill  turned  by  the 

wind. 
Wm'NOw,  v.  (windwiaUf  to  wind,) 

to  separate  grain  from  chaff  by  the 

wind. 


Wind 'pipe,  n.  the  passage  for  the 

breath. 
Wind'ward,  n,  the  point  from  which 

the  wind  blows. 
Win'dow,  n.  {door,)  an  aperture  for 

the  admission  of  light  and  wind. 
Win'ter,  n.  the  cold  season  of  the 

year.* 
Wind'row,  n.  grass  laid  in  rows  for 

drying. 


Note. — From  German  wehen^  to  blow;  part,  wehend,  blowing,  contracted  Wind 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  move,  flow,  rush  or  drive  along. 
*  Skinner  and  others  think  it  is  so  called  because  it  is  the  windy  season  of  the  year. 

Gehwinf/—a,  Side  ;  a  Corner. 

Wing,  n.  the  limb  of  a  bird  by  which  1  Wing'less,  a.  not  having  wings, 
it  flies. 


Witan — to  Wist  ;  to  Know. 


Wit,  •».  to  know,  or  to  be  known; 
To- Wit,  ad.  namely. 

Wit'tingly,  ad.  knowingly ;  by  de- 
sign. 

Wis,  t).  to  think ;  to  know  ;  to  wit. 

Wist,  pret.  of  wis.,  thought ;  knew. 

Wist'ful,  a.  full  of  thought ;  desi- 
rous; wishful. 

Wise,  a.  {tviSf)  having  knowledge  ; 
making  a  right  use  of  knowledge. 


Wist'fully,  ad.  attentively. 
Wis'dom,  n.  {ivis,  wise,  and  dom^ 

judgment,)  knowledge  rightly  used. 
Wise'ly,  ad.  judiciously. 
Wise'acre,  n.  (Ger.  aagen^  to  say,)  a 

simpleton ;  a  dunce. 
Wit'ness,  n.  one  who  sees  or  knows 

personally. 
Wiz'ard,  n.  a  conjurer ;  a  sorcerer. 
Wot,  xi.  to  know. 


Wit,  or  ge-wit — Wit. 


Wit,  n.  intellect ;  the  power  of  asso- 
ciating ideas  m  new  and  unexpect- 
ed relations. 

Wit'less,  n.  wanting  understanding. 

Wit'lessly,  ad.  without  judgment. 

Wit'ling,  n.  pretender  to  wit. 


Wit'ticism,  n.  an  attempt  at  wit. 
Wit'ty,  a.  full  of  wit ;  ingenious. 
Wit'tily,  ad.  with  wit ;  ingeniously. 
Wit'tiness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
witty. 


Withan — to  Join.     Wyrthan — to  Be. 


With,  prep,   by;    noting    cause  or 

means. 
Withal',  ad.  along  with  the  rest; 

likewise. 
Within',  prep,  in  the  inner  part. 
Without',  prep,  not  with  or  by. 


Withdraw',  v.  {dragati,)  to  take 
back  or  away. 

Withhold',  v.  (heuldan,)  to  hold 
back. 

Withstand',  v.  {standan^  to  op- 
pose ;  to  resist. 


"Withe,  n.  {withlg,)  a  twig  used  for  a  band,  or  to  tie  with. 

Note. — With  has  descended  to  us  from  two  diflFerent  A.-S.  verbs,  viz. :  {withan^  to 
join,  and  weorthan^  wyrthan,  to  be.)  From  the  latter  we  have  the  compounds  within 
and  without;  i.  e.,  be  in,  be  out. 


ANGLO-SAXON    ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  187 

WoB,  n.  grief;  sorrow;  misery.  |  Wo'fully,  ad.  sorrowfully. 

Wo'ful,  a.  sorrowful ;  wretched.         |  Wo'fulness,  n.  misery ;  calamity. 
Woe'begone,  a.  far  gone  in  woe. 

Wulf—Woi.F. 
Wolf,  n.  a  beast  of  prey.  |  Wolf'ish,  a.  like  a  wolf;  savage. 

Wifman — Woman. 

Wom'an,  n.  the  female  of  the  human  I  Wom'anish,  a.  suitable  to  a  woman. 

race.  I  Wom'anly,  a.  becoming  a  woman. 

Wom'ankind,  n.  the  female  sex. 

Note.— Man  is  a  general  term  to  include  both  sexes,  and  the  specific  name  Wif- 
man is  given  to  the  female,  from  her  employment  at  the  woof. 

Wunian — Won. 

Won,  t).  to  dwell ;  to  have  abode.        |  Wont,  n.  custom ;  habit ;  practice. 
Wont'ed,  a.  accustomed ;  usual. 


Won'dbr,  n.  the  emotion  excited  by 
anything  strange  and  inexplicable. 
Won'derful,  a.  astonishing. 


Wunder — Wonder. 

Won'derfully,  ad.  in  a  wonderful 

manner. 
Won'drous,  a.  marvellous. 


Wogan — to  Woo. 
Woo,  v.  to  solicit  in  love ;  to  court.     |  Woo'er,  n.  one  who  courts  a  woman. 

Wudu — a  Wood. 


Wood,  n.  a  large  collection  of  trees ; 

the  substance  of  trees. 
Wood'ed,  a.  covered  with  wood. 
Wood'en,  a.  made  of  wood. 
Wood'y,  a.  abounding  with  wood. 


Wood'land,  n.  ground  covered  with 

woods. 
Wood'man,  n.  one  who  cuts  down 

timber. 


Wull— Wool.. 

Wool,  n.  the  soft  hair  which  grows  I  Wool'len,  a.  made  of  wool, 
on  sheep.  I  Wool'ly,  a.  consisting  of  wool. 

Word — Word. 

Word,  n.  an  articulate  sound  which  I  Word'less,  a.  without  words ;  silent, 
conveys  an  idea.  |  Word'y,  a.  full  of  words. 

Word'ily,  ad.  with  many  words. 


Wmruld — World. 

a  of  ere-  I  Wqrld'l 
I      world. 
W.orld'ly,  a.  relating  to  this  world. 


World,  n.  the  whole  system  of  ere-  I  Wqrld'ling,  n.  one  devoted  to  this 
ated  things.  )      world. 


188  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Weorcan — to  Work;  to  Labor. 

Work,  v.  to  labor ;  to  act. 
Work,  n.  labor;  employment. 
Work'er,  n.  one  who  works. 
Work'man,  n.  a  laboier. 
Work'manlike,  a.  well  performod 


Wrought,  ^.  performed  by  work. 
Wyrm — Worm. 


Work'manly,  a.  skillful. 
Work'manship,  n.  manufacture. 
Work'shop,  n.  the  place  where  work 

is  done. 
Wright,  n.  {ivyrhta,)  an  artificer. 


Worm,  n.  a  reptile ;  anything  spiral. 
Worm,  «j.  to  worm  slowly  and  se- 
cretly. 


Worm'y,  a.  full  of  worms. 
AYorm'eaten,  a.  gnawed  by  worms. 
Worm'wood,  n.  a  plant. 


Wyrse — Worse. 
Worse,  a.  more  evil ;  more  hurtful.    |  Worst,  a.  bad  in  the  highest  degree. 

Weorth — Worth. 


Worth,  n.  value  ;  price. 
Worth'less,  a.  having  no  worth  or 

value. 
Wor'thy,  a.  deserving ;  valuable. 
Wor'thiness,  n.  merit ;  excellence. 


Wor'ship,  ti.  to  adore  ;  to  honor. 
Wor'shiper,  n.  one  who  worships. 
Wor'ship,  n.  (worth  and  ship^)  dig- 
nity; honor. 


Wund — Wound. 

Wound,  n.   a  hurt    given    by   vio-  I  Wound'less,  a.   free  from   hurt  or 
lence.  I      injury. 

Hweorfan — to  Turn. 

Wrap,  «.   to   roll  together ;   to  in-  I  Wrap'per,  n.  that  in  which  a  thing 
close.  I      is  wrapped. 

Wrath — Wrath. 

Wrath,  n.  violent  anger ;  rage.  I  Wrath'less,  a.  free  from  anger. 

Wrath'ful,  a.  very  angry ;  furious.   |  Wrath'y,  a,  extremely  angry. 
Wroth,  a.  very  angry. 

Wrecan — to  Wreak. 
Wreak,  v.  to  do  for  a  purpose  of  I  Wreak'ful,  a.  revengeful ;  angry. 


vengeance. 


Wrcec — an  Exile  ;  a  Wretch  ;  Wreck. 

Wretch,  n.  a  worthless  creature. 
Wretch'ed,  a.  miserable ;  worthless. 
Wretch 'edly,  ad.  miserably. 


Wreck,  n.  destruction  by  sea. 
Wreck,  v.  to  drive  against  the  shore 
and  destroy. 


Wretch'edness,  n.  misery  ;  meanness. 

Writan — to  Write.     Gothic,  writs^  a  letter. 

Write,  v.  to  express  by  letters.  I  Writ'er,  n.  one  who  writes. 

Writ,  n.  a  judicial  writiag.  |  Writ'ing,  n.  any  thing  written. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


189 


Wringan — to  Wring  ;  to  Twist.     Wrwstan — to  Writhe  ;  to  Twist. 


Wring,  v.  to  twist  or  turn  around 

with  violence. 
Wring'er,  n.  one  who  wrings. 
Wran'gle,  v.  to  dispute  peevishly. 
Wran'gle,  n.  a  peevish  dispute. 
Wrong,  n.  a  violation  of  right. 
Wrong'ful,  a.  injurious  ;  unjust. 
Wrong'ly,  ad.  unjustly;  amiss. 
Wrench,  v.  to  pull  with  a  twist. 
Wrung,  ppr.  twisted. 
Wrin'kle,  n.   {wrlncle,)   a   small 

ridge  or  furrow  on   any   smooth 

surface. 
Wreath,    n.    anything    twisted ;    a 

garland. 


Wreathe,  v.  to  interweave  ;  to  twist. 
Wreath'y,  a.  twisted  ;  curled. 
Writhe,  v.  to  twist ;  to  twist  with 

agony. 
Wry,  a.  twisted  ;  crooked. 
Wry'ness,  n.  the  state  of  being  wry. 
Wrest,  v.  to  twist  by  violence. 
Wres'tle,   v.   to    strive    who   shall 

throw  the  other  down. 
Wres'tler,  n.  one  who  wrestles. 
Wres'tling,  n.  contention. 
Wrist,  n.  (from  ivrwstan,)  the  joint 

which  unites  the  hand  to  the  arm. 
Wrist 'band,  n.  the  band  that  passes 

round  the  wrist. 


Gyard—a  Staff  ;  a  Rod  ;  Yard. 
Yard,  n.  a  measure  of  three  feet. 

Geard,  (from  gyrdan,  to  Gird)— Yard. 

Yard,  n.  a  small  piece  of  enclosed  ground. 

Gear — Year. 

Year,  n.  the  time  in  which  the  earth  I  Year'ling,  n.  an  animal  a  year  old. 

moves  round  the  sun.  I  Year'ly,  a.  happening  every  year. 

Yore,  ad.  in  time  past ;  long  ago. 


Gearn — Desirous  ;  Eager. 

Yearn,  v.  to  feel  a  strong  desire.         I  Yearn'ing,  n.  emotion  of  tenderness 

I      or  pity. 

Gelew — Yellow. 

Yel'low,«.  being  of  the  color  of  gold.  I  Yelk,  )  ^  ^.i,^  „^n^^^„w,.po«  ««« 
yEL'LOwisH,  a.  somewhat  yellol.        I  Yolk,'  \  ^-  *^^  ^^"^^  P*^  «^  ^°  ^^^' 


Gemtene — Common. 

yEo'MAN,  n.  a  man  of  small  estate  in  I  Yeo'manry,  n.  the  collective  body  of 
land.  I      yeoman. 


Cryrstan — Yester. 

Yes'ter,  a.  last ;  last  past.  I  Yes'terday,  n.  {dceg,)  the  day  last 

I      past. 

1^  Gyldan — to  !^y  ;  to  Restore  ;  to  Render. 

Yield,  v.  to  produce ;  to  afford  ;  to  I  Yield 'ance,  n.  concession. 

give  up.  I  Yield'ing,  n.  the  act  of  giving  up. 

Yield'ingly,  ad.  with  compliance. 


190  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Eow,  iu,  inch — You. 

You,  pro.  the  nominative  and  objec-  I  Your,  pro.  belonging  to  you. 
live  plural  of  thou.  I 

Geong — Young. 
Young,  a.  being  in  the  first  part  of  life.  |  Young'ish,  a.  somewhat  young. 

Geoffiith—YovTH. 


Youth,  n.  the  part  of  life  which  suc- 
ceeds childhood. 

Youth'ful,  a.  pertaining  to  early 
life. 


Youth'fulness,  n.   state    of   being 

youthful. 
Youth'ly,  a.  young ;  early  in  life. 
Yule,  n.  (geol)  Christmas. 


FEENCH   BOOTS   AMD   DERIVATIVES.  191 


FRENCH  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


Aboutir,    A — To,  and  bout — End. 

Abut',  v.  to  end  at.  Abut'ment,  n.   that  which  receives 

Butt,  n.  the  larger  and  blunt  end  of        the  end  of  a  thing. 

a  thing ;  one  who  is  the  object  of     Butt,  v.  to  strike  with  the  head  or 

jests.  horns. 

Butte,  n.  an  abrupt  hill. 

NoTB. — Butt,  a  large  vessel  or  cask,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (buUe.) 

Accoutrer — to  Dress.    From  coudre — to  Sew. 

Accou'tbb,  v.  to  dress ;  to  equip.        I  Accou'trement,   n.    military    dress 

I      and  arms. 

Ajourner.    A — To,  and  j'oi^r— Day. 

Adjourn',  v.  to  put  off  to  another  I  Adjourn'ment,  n.  a  putting  off  till 
day.  I      another  day. 

Avant — Before. 


Advance',  'd.  to  bring  or  put  forward. 
Advance'ment,  n.  progress. 
Advan'tage,  n.  benefit ;  gain. 
Advanta'geous,  a.  profitable. 


Avaunt',  intj.  hence  ;  begone. 
Vant'age,  n.  gain ;  profit. 
Van,  n.  the  front  of  an  army. 
Van'guard,  n.  the  first  line  of  an  army. 


Aviser — ^to  Advise  ;  to  Perceive  ;  to  See. 

Advise',  v.  to  counsel ;  to  consult.       I  Advis'able,  a.  prudent ;  expedient. 
Advice',  n.  counsel ;  instruction.         (  Advis'er,  n.  one  who  advises. 

Agreer — to  Concur.    From  a  gre — at  Will  ;  at  Concord. 

Agree',  v.  to  think  or  act  in  unison.    I  Agreed',  p.  a.  settled  by  consent. 
Agree'able,  a.  suitable  to  ;  pleasing.  |  Disagree',  v.  to  differ ;  to  vary. 

Alarme,  (Ital.  aWarmi,) — to  Arms. 


Alarm',  n.  a  cry  or  notice  of  danger. 
Alarm',  v.  to  call  to  arms ;  to  excite 
fear  in. 


Alarm'ing,  p.  a.  terrifying ;  giving 
alarm. 


Alerte — Alert. 

Alert',  a.  being  on    the  lookout ;  I  Alert'ness,  n.  sprightliness. 
nimble.  | 

Embuche,    From  en — In,  and  bois — a  Wood,  or  Bushes, 

Am'bush,  n.  the  place  or  act  of  lying  I  Ambuscade',  n,  a  station  in  which 
in  wait.  «  J      men  lie  to  surprise  others. 


192  SMITH'S    HAJSTD-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Piece — Piece. 

Piece,  n.  a  part ;  a  fragment.  I  Piece'meal,  ad.  in  or  by  pieces. 

Piece,  v.  to  mend;  to  patch.  |  Apiece,  a^.  to  the  part  or  share  of  each. 

Apprendre — to  Leabn. 

Apprise',  v.  to  inform ;  to  give  notice.  I  Apprehen'sion,  n.  seizure ;  intellect ; 
Apprehend',  v.  to  lay  hold  on.  |      fear. 

Apprehen'sive,  a.  quick  to  understand ;  fearful. 

Attacher — to  Attach. 
Attach',  v.  to  fasten ;  to  tie ;  to  join.  |  Attach'ment,  n.  fondness ;  love. 

Beffler — to  Befool  ;  to  Mock. 

Baf'fle,  v.  to  elude  by  deceit   or  I  Baf'fler,  n.  one  who  baffles, 
artifice.  I 


Bail,  «.  to  release  on  security  given 

for  appearance  in  court. 
Bail,  n.  the  sum  given  for  security. 
Bail,  v.  {bailie,  a  tub  or  bucket,)  to 

free  from  water. 


Sailler — to  Deliver  ;  to  Give. 

Bail,  n.  the  handle  of  a  pail,  buck- 
et, etc. 
Bail'able,  a.  that  may  be  bailed. 
Bail 'iff,  n.  a  law  officer. 


Balle — Bale. 

Bale,  n.  a  bundle,  as  of  goods.  I  Bale,  ^.  to  make  up  in  a  bale  or 

I      bundle. 

Balustre — Baluster. 

Bal'uster,  n.  one  of  the  supporters  i  Bal'ustrade,  n.  a  row  of  balusters, 
of  a  rail  to  a  flight  of  stairs.  |  Bal'ustered,  p.  a.  having  balusters. 

Badiner — to  Trifle  ;  to  Joke. 
BAif^TEB,  V.  to  ridicule  pleasantly.       |  Ban'tering,  n.  raillery ;  jesting. 

Barre — Bar. 


Bar,  7i.  an  obstruction  to  hinder  en- 
trance ;  the  tribunal  of  justice. 
Bar'rier,  n.  an  obstruction. 


Barricade',  n.  an  obstruction  made 

in  haste. 
Bar'rister,  n.  a  counsellor  at  law. 


Baron — Baron. 


Bar'on,  n.  a  rank  of  nobility. 
Bar'oness,  n.  the  wife  of  a  baron. 


Bar'ony,  n.  the  lands  of  a  baron. 
Bar'onet,  n.  the  title  next  below  a 
baron. 


Battre — B  att  er. 

Bat'teb,  v.  to  beat  with  repeated  I  Bat'ter,  n.  a  mixture   beaten    to- 
blowi.  I      gether. 

Bat'tery,  n.  act  of  battering ;  a  place  for  cannon. 


FBENCH    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  1S^3 

Sarguigner — to  Higgle. 

Bar'gain,  n.   a  contract    or  agree-  I  Bar'gaining,  n.  the  act  of  making 
rnent.  I      bargains. 

jBafaiWe—BATTLE. 

Bat'tle,  n.  a  fight ;  a  contest.  |  Battal'ion,  n.  a  division  of  the  army. 

Beau — Fair;  Beautiful. 

Beau,  n.  a  man  of  dress ;  a  fop.  I.Beau'ty,  n.  that  assemblage  of  grace* 

Beau'teous,  a.  fair ;  elegant.  I      which  pleases  the  senses. 

Beau'tify,  v.  to  make  beautiful. 

Bceuf—2i  Bull  ;  an  Ox,  or  a  Cow. 
Beep,  n.  the  flesh  of  bulls,  oxen,  or  I  Beeves,  n.   oxen,    etc.,    as   fit    for 


cows.  I      food. 

Biais — Across;  Athwart. 
Bi'as,  71.  inclination ;  partiality.  |  Bi'as,  v.  to  cause  to  incline  to  one  sidau 

Billet — a  Bill  ;  a  Handbill. 

Bil'let,  n.  an  account  of  money  due ;  I  Bil'let,  n.  a  short  letter, 
a  proposed  law.  I  Billet-doux,  n.  a  love  letter. 

Bil'let,  v.  to  quarter  soldiers  by  ticket. 

Blaspheme — Blame. 

Blame,  v.  to  charge  with  a  fault.        I  Blame'ful,  a.  deserving  blame. 
Bl am' ABLE,  a,  faulty;  culpable.  I  Blame'less,  a.  without  blame. 

Blanchir — to  Make  White  ;  to  Grow  White. 

Blanch,  v.  to  whiten.  I  Blench,  v  to  shrink ;  to  start  baCK. 

Blank,  a.  white ;  without  writing.      |  Unblench'ed,  a.  not  disgraced. 

Botte — Boot. 
Boot,  n.  a  covering  for  the  foot  and  leg. 
Note.— Boot,  profit,  advantage,  comes  from  A.-S.  {hot,  compensation.") 

Bosse — a  Hump  or  Knob. 

Boss,  n.  a  stud ;  a  knob.  I  Emboss',  v.  to  form  with  protubeiv 

Emboss'ment,  n.  raised  work.  |      ances. 

Note. — Boss,  a  superintendent,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (6<mm,  a  master.) 

Branche — Branch;  Bough. 

Branch,  n.  the  shoot  or  bough  of  a  I  Branch'less,  a.  without  branches  Of 
tree.  •  j      boughs. 

Brigade — Brigade. 
Brigade',  n.  a  division  of  troops.        [  Brigadier',  n.  an  army  officer. 


194  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Bribe — a  Piece  of  Bread  Given  to  a  Beggar. 

Bribe,  n.  a  reward  given  to  corrupt  I  Bri'bery,  n.  the  crime  of  giving  or 
the  conduct.  I      taking  bribes. 

JBrigue — a  Little  Loaf. 

Brick,  w.  a  squared  mass  of  clay  burnt.  I  Brick'kiln,  n.  a  furnace  for  burning 
Brick'bat,  n.  a  piece  of  brick.  |      bricks. 

-Bri/^a^f— Sparkling.    From  Brlller — to  Shine  or  Sparkle. 

Brill 'lANT,  a.  shining ;  sparkling.      I  Brill'iant,  n.  a  diamond  of  the  fin- 
Brill'iancy,  71.  lustre  ;  splendor.        |      est  cut. 

Brill'iantly,  ad.  splendidly. 

Brouille — a  Broil.     Brouiller — to  Embroil. 
Broil,  n.  a  noisy  contention ;  a  brawl.  |  Embroil',  ti.  to  disturb ;  to  confuse. 

Bruler — to  Burn. 
Broil,«.  to  cook  by  laying  on  the  coals.  |  Broiled,^,  a.  cooked  over  the  coals. 

Brunettef  brun — Brown. 
Brunette',  n.  a  woman  with  a  dark  complexion. 

Brosse — Brush. 

Brush,  n.  an  instrument  for  cleaning  I  Brush,  «).  to  clean  with  a  brush. 
and  sweeping.  | 

Boucher — Butcher. 

Butch'er,  n.  ohe  who  kills  animals  I  Butch'er,  n.   one  who   delights  in 
to  sell  their  flesh.  |      slaughter. 

Bouteillier — a  Butler.    From  Bouteille — a  Bottle. 
But'ler,  n.  a  servant  who  has  charge  of  liquors. 

♦  ,  Cabane — a  Cabin  ;  a  Cottage. 

Cab'in,  n.  a  small  house  or  hut.  I  Cab'inet,  n.  a  closet ;  a  small  room. 

Cab'in,  n.  an  apartment  in  a  ship.       |  Cab'inet,  n.  the  ministers  of  state. 

Caisse — a  Box  or  Chest. 


Case,  n.  a  covering ;  a  sheath. 
Case'harden,  v.   to  harden  on  the 

outside. 
Case'knife,  n.  a  large  table  knife. 
Cask,  n.  a  close  vessel  for  containing 

liquors. 


Cas'ket,  n.  a  small  elegant  box  for 

jewels,  etc. 
Casque,  n.  a  helmet ;  a  case  for  the 

head. 
Cash,  n.  money  at  command. 
Cashier',  n.  one  who  has  charge  of 

money. 

Note. — Cashier,  to  dismiss  from  a  post  or  office  with  reproach,  comes  from  the 
Italian  (eassare^  to  an»ul,  to  break.) 


FEENCH   BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  195 

Cajoler — Cajole. 
Cajole',  v.  to  delude  by  flattery.         |  Cajol'ery,  n.  flattery ;  deceit. 

Chauffer — to  Warm. 

Chape,  v.  to  warm  by  rubbing ;  to  I  Chaf'ing-dish,  n.  a  portable  warm- 
make  angry ;  to  wear  by  rubbing.    |      ing  utensil. 

Chap'lng,  ppr.  heating  or  wearing  by  friction. 


Charge,  v.  to  intrust ;  to  impute  as 
debt ;  to  accuse. 

Charge,  n.  care ;  accusation ;  ex- 
pense. 

Car'go,  n.  the  lading  of  a  ship. 


Charger — to  Load;  to  Burden. 

Charge'able,  a.  imputable ;  expen- 
sive. 

Charge'less,  a.  free  from  charge. 

Charg'er,  n.  a  large  dish;  a  war- 
horse. 


Chooser — to  Hunt  ;  to  Chase  Wild  Animals. 

Chase,    n.    hunting ;    pursuit ;    the  I  Chase,  v.  to  pursue ;  to  drive, 
thing  hunted.  | 

Note. — Chase,  to  emboss,  as  metals,  comes  from  the  French  {chasse,  a  frame.) 
^chec — a  Check.    Echiquier — a  Chess-Board. 


Check,  n.  an  order  for  money ;  cloth 
woven  into  squares  of  difierent 
colors. 


Check,  v.  to  stop  ;  to  restrain ;  to  curb. 
Check'er,  v.  to  form  into  squares  of 
difierent  colors. 


Chere — Entertainment. 


Cheer,  v.  to  encourage ;  to  comfort. 
Cheer,  n.  a  shout  of  applause ;  en- 
tertainment. 
Cheer'pul,  a.  lively ;  gay. 


Cheer'pulness,  n.  gayety  ;  alacrity. 


Cheer'less,  a.  gloomy, 
Cheer'ily,  ad.  cheerfully. 
Cheer'fully,  ad.  in  a  cheerful  man 
ner;  willingly. 


Chef— the  Head,  i.  c.,  the  Top  or  Highest  Point. 

Achieve'ment,  n.  a  performance. 
Ker'chief,  n.  the  head   dress  of  a 

woman. 
Mis'cHiEF,  n.  (Saxon  rnis,)  harm ; 

hurt;  injury. 


Chiep,  n.  a  commander ;  a  leader. 
Chief,  a.  principal ;  most  important. 
Chief'ly,  ad.  principally. 
Chief'tain,  n.  a  leader  of  a  clan. 
Achieye',  v.  to  perform  ;  to  finish 


Mis'cHiEVOUS,  a.  hurtful ;  wicked. 

Chevalier — a  Knight.     Cheval — a  Horse. 

Chevalier',  n.  a  gallant  horseman.     I  Chiv'alry,  n.   a  military    dignity  ,• 
Chiv'alrous,  a.  gallant ;  warlike.       |      knighthood. 

Cotte — Coat. 

Coat,  n.  an  outside  garment  worn  by  I  Coat,  v.  to  cover  the  outsid«. 
men. 


196  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Comhattre — to  Fight  Against. 
Com'bat,  v.  to  fight ;  to  oppose.  |  Com'batant,  n.  one  who  combats. 

Controle.     Centre — Against.     Mole — a  Roll,  or  Register. 


Control',  n.  a  register  kept  to  verify 

another  account. 
Control',  n.  restraint ;  check. 
Control',  v.  to  have  power  over. 


Control'ler,  n.  one  who  controls. 

Comptrol'ler,  n.  an  officer  who  ex- 
amines the  accounts  of  collectors 
of  public  money. 


Coquet — a  Beau  ;  a  General  Lover. 

Coquet',  v.  to  practise  deceit  in  love.  I  Coquet'ry,  n.  trifling  in  love. 
Coquette',  n.  a  vain  female.  I  Coquet'tish,  a.  practising  coquetry. 

Costume — Custom;   Manners;  Costume. 
Costume',  n.  style  or  mode  of  dress.    |  Cos'tumer,  n.  one  who  prepares  dress. 

Coucher,  couche — a  Bed. 

Couch,  v.  to  lie  down  ;  to  stoop.  1  Couch'ing,  n.  the  act  of  bending. 

Couch'ant,  a.  lying  down ;  squatting.  |  Couch'-fellow,  n.  a  bed-fellow. 

Fr.  Cour,  from  L.  Oortis — a  Yard  or  Enclosed  Place  ;  a  Company  of 

Soldiers. 

Court,  n.  a  palace ;  a  hall  of  justice ; 

an  enclosed  place  in  front  of  a 

house. 
Court,  v.  to  endeavor  to  please ;  to 

flatter. 
Court'ier,  n.  one  who  courts  favor. 
Court'like,  a.  elegant ;  polite. 


Cour'tesan,  n.  a  lewd  woman. 
^eraser — to  Crush. 


Court'ly,  a.  elegant ;  flattering. 
Court'liness,  n.  elegance  of  manners. 
Court'ship,  n.  the  act  of  making  love. 
Cour'teous,   a.   polite ;    well    bred ; 

civil. 
Cour'tesy,  n.  civility ;  act  of  civility 

made  by  women. 


Crash,  v.  to  make  a  sudden,  loud 
noise,  as  of  many  things  falling  at 
once. 

Crash,  n.  a  sudden,  loud  noise. 

Crash'ing,  n.  a  violent  mixed  noise. 

Crush,  v.  to  break  by  pressure. 


Craze,  v.  to  break  ;  to  crush ;  to  dis- 
order the  intellect. 

Cra'zy,  a.  broken ;  feeble ;  disorder- 
ed in  intellect. 

Cra'ziness,  n.  weakness ;  disorder  of 
the  mind. 


Craie — Chalk. 
Cray'on,  n.  a  pencil  for  drawing.        ]  Cray'on,  'd.  to  design  with  a  crayon. 

Courbe — to  Bend. 

CuBB,  n.  any  thing  that  restrains  or  I  Curb,  v.  to  restrain ;  to  control, 
checks.  I 

Danger — Danger. 

Dan'ger,  n.  exposure  to  death,  loss  I  Dan'gerous,  a.  full- of  danger, 
or  injury,  I  Dan'gerously,  ad.  perilously. 


FRENCH    ROOTS   AND    DERIVATIVES.  191 

Dame — a  Lady. 

Dame,  n.  tlie  mistress  of  a  house.         I  Bel'dam,  n.  on  old  woman ;  a  hag. 
Dam,  n.  a  female  parent  of  beasts.       |  Mad'am,  n.  a  term  of  address  to  a  lady. 

Note. — Dam,  a  bank  to  confine  water,  comes  from  the  Dutch  (dam.) 

Debaucher — Debauch. 

Debauch',  v.  to  corrupt ;  to  vitiate.    |  Debauchee',  n.  a  libertine  ;  a  rake. 
Debauch'ery,  n.  excess ;  lewdness. 

Des  mceurs — of  Good  Manners. 

DEMURE',a.ofserious  or  pensive  look;  I  Demure'ly,  ad.  with  affected  mod- 
affectedly  modest.  I      esty. 

Demure'ness,  n.  soberness. 

Draper — to  Clothe. 

Drape,  v.  to  cover  or  ornament  with  I  Dra'per,  n.  one  who  sells  cloth, 
cloth.  I  Dra'pery,  n.  curtains,  hangings,  etc. 

Dresser — to  Make  Straight. 

Dress,  v.  to  set  or  put  in  order ;  to  I  Dress,  n.  clothes ;  garments, 
clothe.  I 

Drole — Droll. 

Droll,  a.  comical ;  odd ;  merry.         |  Droll'ery,  n.  idle  jokes. 


Gage — a  Pledge 

Gage,  n.  a  pledge ;  a  measure. 

Engage',  v.  to  bind ;  to  enlist. 

Engage'ment,  n.  obligation ;  em- 
ployment. 

Disengage',  v.  to  separate ;  to  with- 
draw. 


Enga'ging,  p.  a.  winning ;  attractive. 
Mort'gage,  n.  the  pledge  of  an  es- 
tate as  security. 
Wage,  n.  pledge ;  gage ;  wages. 
Wages,  n.  hire ;  reward  for  service. 
Wa'ger,  n.  a  bet ;  v.  to  bet. 

Note. — Wage,  to  venture,  to  make,  to  carry  on  as  war,  is  from  the  German  (wagen.) 


JEnticer — to  Entice. 
Entice',  ■».  to  allure  to  evil.  j  Entice'ment,  n.  allurement. 

Equiper — to  Equip. 

Equip',  v.  to  fit  out.  I  Equip'age,  n.  a  carriage  with  its  ac- 

Equip'ment,  n.  complete  outfit.  |      companiments. 


Fine,  a.  small ;  thin ;  not  coarse 
Fine'ly,  ad.  beautifully;  well. 
Fine'ness,  n.  elegance ;  purity. 
Fin'ery,  n.  show ;  gaiety. 
Finesse',  n.  arti§,ce ;  stratagem. 


Fin — Fine. 

Fin'ical,  a.  nice  in  trifles. 

Fine'spun,  a.  minute. 
Refine',  v.  to  purify. 
Refine'ment,  n.  polish  of  manners. 
Superfine',  a.  very  or  most  fine. 


198  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Foible — Feeble. 


Fee'ble,  a.  weak ;  infirm. 
Fee'bleness,  n.  weakness ;  infirmity. 
Enfee'ble,  pp.  made  weak. 


Fee'bly,     ad.      weakly ;      without 

strength. 
Foi'ble,  n.  a  moral  weakness. 


Finance — Finance. 

Finance',  n.  revenue ;  income,  |  Finan'cial,  a.  relating  to  finance. 

Financier',  n.  one  who  understands  revenue. 

Flatter f  from  L.  Flato — to  Blow. 

Flat'ter,  v.  to  soothe  with  praises.    I  Flat'tering,  p.  a.  exciting  hope. 
Flat'terer,  n.  one  who  flatters.         |  Flat'tery,  n.  false  praise. 

Flair — Scent. 
Fla'vor,  n.  fragrance ;  relish  ;  taste.  |  Fla'vored,  a.  having  a  fine  taste. 

Affoler — to  Foil. 
Foil,  v.  to  baffle ;  to  defeat. 
Note. — Foil,  a  leaf,  gilding,  comes  from  tlie  Latin  {folium.) 


Fol — Mad;  Foolish.     J^ot*— a  Madman;  a  Fool. 

Fool 'hardy,  a.  foolishly  bold. 
Fool'hardiness,  n.  courage  without 


Fool,  n.  one  of  weak  understanding. 
Fool'ish,  a.  unwise. 
Fool'ishness,  n.  want  of  wisdom. 

Fol'ly,  n.  want  of  understanding. 


Fourrager — to  Forage. 

For'age,  v.  to  wander  in  search  of  i  Foraging,  n.  roving  in  search  of  pro- 
spoil.  I      visions. 


Forge,  n.  a  furnace  for  heating  iron. 
Forge,  ®.  to  form   by  furnace  and 
hammer. 


Forge,  from  L.  Ferrum — Iron. 

Forge,  v.  to  counterfeit ;  to  falsify. 
Forg'er,  n.  one  who  forges ;  a  falsi- 
fier. 


Forg'ery,  n.  the  crime  of  falsifying. 

Franc — Frank. 

Frank,  «.  free ;  open;  sincere.  I  Frank'lin,?i.  a  freeholder;  a  steward. 

Frank'ly,  ad.  openly ;  freely.  I  Frank'ness,  n.  plainness ;  openness. 

Fran'chise,  n.  privilege ;  right. 

Friser — to  Frizz. 

Frizz,  v.  to  curl ;  to  crisp.  I  Frieze,  n.  a  coarse  woolen  cloth  with 

Friz'zle,  ®.  to  curl  in  short  curls.       I      a  nap  on  one  side. 

Fournir — to  Furnish. 

Fur'nish,  v.  to  supply ;  to  fit  up.        |  Fur'nished,^.  a.  supplied ;  fitted  up. 
Fur'niture,  n.  goods  in  a  house  for  use. 


FRENCH   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  199 


Froncer — to  Wklnkle. 


Frown,  v.  to  express  displeasure  by 

contracting  the  brow. 
Frown,  n.  a  look  of  displeasure. 


Frown 'iNG,  p.  a.  expressing  displeas- 
ure by  a  frown. 

Frown'ingly,  ad.  with  a  look  of  dis 
pleasure. 


Galant — Gallant. 

Gal'lant,  a.  gay ;  splendid ;  brave.    I  Gallant',  a.  polite  and  attentive  to 
Gal'lantly,  ad.  bravely :  nobly.         |      ladies. 

Gal  lantry,  n.  bravery ;  nobleness. 

Garnir — to  Furnish  ;  to  Adorn. 
Gar'nish,  v.  to  adorn ;  to  beautify^      |  Gar'ment,  n.  a  covering  for  the  body. 

Gai— Gay. 

Gay,  a.  cheerful ;  merry ;  showy.         I  Gay'ly,  ad.  merrily ;  cheerfully. 
Gay'ety,  n.  cheerfulness ;  finery.  |  Gay'ness,  n.  cheerfulness ;  finery. 

Genievre — a  Juniper  Berry. 

Gin,  n.  a  distilled  spirit  flavored  with  juniper  berries. 

Note. — Gin,  a  trap ;  a  snare ;  an  instrument  for  cleaning  cotton ;  is  a  contraction  of 
the  word  engine. 

Glaner,  (/lane — a  Handful  op  Corn  Gathered. 

Glean'er,  n.  one  who  gleans. 


Glean,  v.  to  gather  what  is  left  by 
reapers ;  to  gather  what  is  thinly 
scattered. 


Glean'ing,  n.  anything  gleaned. 


Gourmand — Gormand. 
Gor'mand,7i.  a  greedy  eater;  a  glutton.  |  Gor'mandize,  v.  to  eat  to  excess. 

Garantir — to  Warrant. 


Grant,  tJ.  to  give ;  to  admit. 
Grantee',  n.  one  to  whom  a  grant  is 
made. 


Grant'or,  n.  one  by  whom  a  grant 
is  made. 


Grappe — a  Bunch  ;  a  Cluster. 

Grape,  n.  the  fruit  of  the  vine.  I  Grape'shot,  n.  shot  so  arranged  as  to 

Grape'stone,  n.  the  seed  of  the  grape.  |      resemble  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Gratter — to  Scrape. 

Grate,  v.  to  wear  away ;  to  rub  hard.  |  Grat'ing,  a.  rubbing ;  harsh. 

Note.— Grate,  a  frame  for  holding  coals ;  and  Grating,  lattice  work  ;  are  from  the 
Latin  (crates,  a  crate ;  a  hurdle.)    Grateful  is  from  the  Latin  {grains.) 

^  G^aisse — Fat. 

Grease,  n.  animal  fat  in  a  soft  state.   I  Greas'iness,  n.  the  state  of  being 
Greas'y,  a.  smeared  with  grease.  greasy. 

Greas'ily,  ad.  with  grease.  I 


200  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Groupe — Group. 
Qjtoup,  7L  a  cluster ;  a  collection.         |  Group,  v.  to  collect  together. 

Guider— to  Guide. 
Guide,  v.  to  direct  or  lead  in  a  way.   |  Guidance,  n.  direction ;  government 

Guise — Guise. 

Guise,  n,  maimer ;  garb ;  dress.  I  Disguise',  v.  to  conceal  by  an  unu- 

I      sual  dress,  etc. 

Hardi — Bold;  Daring. 

Hab'dy,  a.  firm;  strong;  bold.  |  Har'dihood,  n.  boldness;  stoutnesa. 

Har'diness,  n.  firmness  ;  courage. 

Hasard — Hazard. 
Haz'ard,  n.  chance ;  danger.  J  Haz'ardous,  a.  dangerous* 

HaineuoCf  haine — Hatred. 
Hbi'nous,  a.  wicked  in  a  high  degree.  |  Hei'nously,  ad.  wickedly. 

Hideuoc — Fright;  Dread. 
Hid'eous,  a.  frightful  to  the  sight.      |  Hid'eously,  ad.  horribly. 

Jaloudc — Jealous. 
Jbal'ous, a.  apprehensive  of  rivalship.  |  Jsal'ousy,  n.  suspicious  fear. 

Nor.  Fr.  tTuele,  Fr.  Joyau — Jewel. 
jEW'EL,7i.any  ornament  of  greatvalue.  |  Jew'elrt,  ?i.  jewels  collectively. 

Jour — Daylight.     JTournee — Day. 


Jour'nal,  n.  a  daily  register. 
Jour'nalize,  v.  to  enter  in  a  jour- 
nal. 


Jour'ney,  n.  the  travel  of  a  day. 
Jour'neyman,  n.  a  man  hired  by  the 
day. 


tToie — Joy. 

Joy,  n.  gladness ;  delight.  I  Joy'less,  a.  giving  no  pleasure. 

Joy'pul,  a.  full  of  joy ;  glad.  |  Joy'ous,  a.  glad ;  merry. 

tTus — Juice. 

Juice,  n.  the  sap  of  vegetables.  I  Jui'ciness,  n.  abundance  of  juice. 

Jui'cY,  a.  abounding  with  juice.  |  Juice'less,  a.  destitute  of  juice. 

Laver — Lave. 

Lave,  v.  to  throw  up  or  out.  I  Lav'ishly,  ad.  profusely. 

Lav'ish,  a.  profuse ;  wasteful.  |  Lav'ish,  v.  to  expend  in  profusion. 


FRENCH   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  201 

Loiser — Leisure. 
Lki'sube^w.  freedom  from  occupation.  |  Lei'surely,  ad.  done  without  hurry. 

Longis — a  Slow  Fellow  ;  a  Lingerer. 
Lounge,  v.  to  spend  time  lazily.  |  Loung'er,  n.  an  idler. 

Maniere,  from  L.  Manus — the  Hand. 
Man'ner,  n.  method ;  peculiar  way.    |  Man'nerly,  ad.  civil ;  courteous. 

Manoir,  from  L.  Maneo  -to  Abide. 
Man'or,  n.  the  land  of  a  lord.  |  Mano'rial,  a,  pertaining  to  a  manor. 

Marauder — to  Play  the  Rogue.     Maraud — a  Rogue. 
Maraud', 2). to  roveinquestof  plunder.  |  Maraud'er,  n.  a  plunderer. 

Macher — to  Chew. 

Mash,  v.  to  mix  or  beat  into  a  con-  I  Mash,  n.  a  mixture, 
fused  mass.  I 

Masque,  from  Sp.  Mascara.    Mas — More,  and  Cara — Visage,  i.  e.,  a 

Second  Visage. 

Mask,  n.  a  cover  to   disguise    the  I  Masquerade',  n.  an  assemblage  of 
face.  I      persons  wearing  masks. 


Mbr'ct,  n.  tenderness  towards  an  of 

fender. 
Mbr'ciusss,  a.  void  of  mercy. 


Merci,  from  L.  Miaericordia. 

Mer'ciful,  a.   willing  to  pity  and 

spare. 
Mer'cilessness,  n.  want  of  mercy. 


Mine — Mine. 

Mine,  n.  a  pit  from  which  minerals  I  Mine,  v.  to  sap  ;  to  undermine, 
are  dug.  |  Mi'ner,  n.  one  who  digs  in  a  mine. 

Min'eral,  n.  a  substance  found  in  the  earth. 

Note, — Mine,  of,  or  belonging  to  me,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (mm.) 

Moderne,  from  L.  Modo — Just  Now. 
Mod'ern,  a.  of  the  present  time.         |  Mod'ernize,  v.  to  render  modem. 

Moite — Moist  ;  Damp. 
Moist,  a.  wet  in  a  small  degree.  I  Moist'ness,  n.  wetness  in  a  small  de- 


Moist'en,  v.  to  make  damp.  I      gree. 

Moist'ure,  n.  a  moderate  degree  of  wetness. 

Moule — a  Mould  or  a  Matrix. 

Mould,  n.  that  in  which  anything  is  I  Mould'er,    n.    one    who    casts    or 
shaped.  I      shapes. 

Note. — Mould,  the  upper  or  surface  soil,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {molde,  m^l,  earth.) 


20^  SMITHES   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

JHoisir — ^to  Must  ;  to  Mould. 

Must,  v.  to  make  mouldy.  I  Mus'ty,   a.   spoiled  with   damp    or 

Mus'tiness,  n.  mouldiness.  |      age. 

Note. — Must,  to  be  obliged,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (mast,)  and  Must,  new  wine, 
from  A.-S.  (must.) 

Mutiner — to  Mutiny. 

Mu'tiny,  n.  a  rising  against  author-  I  Mutineer',  n.  one  guilty  of  mutiny, 
ity.  I  Mu'tinous,  a.  turbulent. 

JV^cf — ^Entirely. 

Net.  a.  clear  after  all  deductions. 
NOTS. — ^Nbt,  a  texture  of  twine,  etc.,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (net.) 

Noise — Strife  ;  Quarrel  ;  Dispute. 

Noise,  n.  a  loud  sound ;  an  outcry.      |  Noise'less,  a.  without  sound. 
Noi'sY,  a.  sounding  loud. 

Panteler — to  Gasp  for  Breath. 
Pant,  «.  to  beat,  as  the  heart.  |  Pant'ing,  n.  rapid  breathing. 

l^arler — to  Speak. 


Parle,  id.  to  talk ;  to  converse. 
Par'lance,  n.  conversation  ;  talk. 
Pab'ley,  'c.  to  discuss  orally. 


Parole',  n.  a  verbal  promise, 
JPate — ^Paste;  Dough. 


Par'liament,  n.  the  British  legisla- 
tive council. 
Par'lor,  n.  a  sitting-room. 


Paste,  n.  a  cement  made  of  flour 

and  water. 
Pas'try,  n.  things  made  of  baked 

paste. 


Pas'ty,  n.  a  pie  baked  without  a  dish. 
Paste 'board,   n.   a    kind    of   thick 

paper. 
Pas'tel,  n.  a  kind  of  crayon. 


Petit,  from  L.  Petilus — Slender  ;  Delicate. 


Pet'it,  a.  small ;  little. 

Pet,  n.  a  little  favorite. 

Pet,  n.  a  slight  tit  of  peevishness. 

Ped'dle,  «.  to  travel  about  and  sell 

goods  in  small  quantities. 
Ped'ler,  n.   a    traveling    dealer  in 

small  wares. 


Pet'tiness,  n.  smallness. 


Pet'tish,  a.  fretful ;  peevish. 

Pet'ticoat,  n.  a  woman's  lower  gar- 
ment. 

Pet'tifog,  d.  to  do  small  business  as 
a  lawyer. 

Pet'tifogger,  n.  an  inferior  lawyer. 

Pet'ty,  a.  small ;  trifling. 


JPercer,  from  L.  Pertundo^  pertusus— to  Beat,  Push,  or  Thrust  Through. 

Pierce,  v.  to  thrust  a  pointed  instru- 
ment into. 
Pierc'er,  n.  one  that  pierces. 


Pxerce'able,  a.  that  may  be  pene- 
trated. 
PiERc'iNG,  p.  a.  cutting ;  keen. 
PiERc'iNGLY,  ad.  sharply;  keenly. 


FRENCH   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  203 

Payer,  from  L.  Paco^  pacare — to  Pacate  ;  to  Pacify. 

Pay,  v.  to  discharge,  as  a  debt.  I  Pay'able,  a.  that  may  or  can  be  paid 

Pay,  n.  compensation  for  service.         |  Pay'ment,  n.  that  which  is  paid. 

Paysan — a  Cottager. 
Peas'ant,  n.  a  countryman.  |  Peas' antry,  n.  country  people. 

Peler^  piller — to  Plunder.    From  L.  Pilo^  to  deprive  of  hair. 

Pil'lage,  n.  plunder ;  spoil. 


Peel,  v.  to  strip  off;  to  plunder. 
Pill,  n.  to  strip  ;  to  rob ;  to  pillage. 
Pil'lage,  v.  to  strip  of  property  by 
violence. 


Pil'fer,  t>.  to  steal  by  petty  theft. 
Pil'ferer,  n.  one  who  pilfers. 
Pil'ferlng,  n.  petty  theft. 


JPelerifif  from  L.  Peregrinus — One  who  Comes  from  Abroad. 

Pil'grim,  n.  one  who  travels  on  a  I  Pil'grimage,  n.  a  journey  to  a  holy 
religious  account.  I      place. 


Epingle,  from  L.  Spina — a  Prickle  ;  a  Thorn. 

Pin'cushion,  n.  a  cushion   to  stick 

pins  in. 
Pin'money,  n.  a  wife's  pocket  money. 


Pin,  n.  a  small  pointed  instrument. 
Pin'case,  n.  a  case  for  pins. 
Pin'hole,  n.  a  very  small  hole. 


Pin'feathered,  a.  not  fully  feathered. 

Pincer — to  Pinch. 

Pinch,  v.   to  squeeze  between  two  I  Pin'cers,  n.  an  instrument  for  grip- 
sharp  points.  I      ing. 

Piquer — to  Prick  ;  to  Sting. 

Pique,  n.  ill  will ;  offence.  I  Piq'uant,  a.  sharp ;  pungent. 

Piq'uancy,  n.  sharpness ;  tartness.       |  Piq'uantly,  ad.  sharply ;  tartly. 


Pltie — Compassion,  from  L.  Pietas — Dutiful  Conduct. 

Pit'eously,  ad.  in  a  piteous  manner. 
Pit'iable,  a.  deserving  pity. 
Pit'iful,  a.  full  of  pity. 


Pit'y,  n.  the  feeling  excited  by  the 

distress  of  another. 
Pit'eous,  a.  sorrowful. 


Prr'iLESS,  a.  without  pity. 


Plaider— to  Plead. 


Plea,  n.  that  which  is  advanced  in  I  Plead,  v.  to  argue  before  a  court, 
pleading.  |  Plead'er,  n.  one  who  pleads. 

,    Plead'ing,  pp.  supporting  by  arguments. 

Pocher — to  Bruise,  as  the  eyes. 

Poke,  v.  to  feel  in  the  dark ;  t^  search  I  Pok'er,  n.  an  instrument  for  stirring 
for  with  a  long  instrument.  |      the  fire. 

Pok'ing,  a.  drudging ;  servile. 
NoTB. — Poke,  apou«ii,  a  pocket,  etc.,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (pocca.) 


204  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Peser — to  Weigh. 


Poise,  n.  weight ;  balance. 
Coun'terpoise,  n.   equivalence    of 
weight. 


Overpoise',  «.  to  outweigh. 
Outpoise',  v.  to  ,j  at  weigh. 
Unpoised'  a.  not  balanced. 


JPoudre — Dust. 


Pow'der,  n.  any  dry  substance  com- 
posed of  minute  particles. 
Pow'dery,  a.  dusty. 


Pow'derflask,  n.  a  case  in  whicli 

gunpowder  is  kept. 
Pow'dermill,  n.  a  mill  for  making 

gunpowder. 


Pourchasser — to  Pursue  ;  to  Seek. 
Pur'chase,  v.  to  buy ;  to  acquire.        |  Pur'chaser,  n.  one  who  buys. 

Pouvoir — ^to  Be  Able. 

Pow'er,  n.  ability ;  strength.  I  Pow'erless,  a.  without  power. 

Pow'erful,  a.  having  power.  |  Empow'er,  d.  to  give  power  to. 

Old  Fr.  Prifn — Prime  ;  First. 


Prim,  a.  straight ;  precise ;  affectedly 

nice. 
Prim,  v.  to  deck  with  great  nicety. 


Prim'ness,  n.  affected  formality   or 
niceness. 


JProvtgner — ^to  Layer  the  Vine  for  PROPAaATionr. 

Prune,   v.   to    cut    off   superfluous  I  Prun'er,  n.  one  who  prunes, 
branches.  | 

Note. — Prune,  a  dried  plum,  comes  from  the  Latin  (prunum.) 

Puisne,    Puis — Since,  and  ne — Born. 
Pu'ny,  a.  small  and  feeble.  |  Po'ny,  n.  a  small  horse. 

Old  Fr.  Quarrier — to  Square,  i.  e.,  to  Hew  and  Prepare  them  fob 

THE  Builders. 

Quar'ry,  71.  a  place  from  which  stones  1  Quar'ry,  v.  to  dig  from  a  quarry, 
are  dug.  | 

Note. — To  quarry  stones,  means  properly  to  square. 

Querir— to  Seek. 
Quar'ry,  n.  the  game  flown  at  by  a  hawk. 

Quitter,  from  L.  Quieto— to  Make  Qulet. 

Quit,  u.  to  leave  ;  to  forsake.  I  Quit'tance,  n.  discharge. 

Quit,  a.  free ;  clear.  I  Quit'clatm,  n.  the  release  of  a  claim 

Quit'rent,  n.  a  small  rent  reserved. 

Pailler — to  Banter  ;  to  Jest. 

Ral'ly,  v.  to  treat  with  satirical  mer-  I  Rail'lery,  7t,.  jesting  language, 
riment.  I  Rail,  v.  to  use  insolent  language. 

Note.— Rally,  to  reunite,  to  come  back  to  order,  comes  from  the  French  {rcdller.) 


FRENCH    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


205 


Hamper — to  Ckeep. 

Ramp,  v.  to  climb ;  to  leap  ;  to  sport.  I  Romp,  v.  to  play  rudely. 
Ram'pant,  a.  exuberant ;  rank.  |  Romp,  n.  a  noisy,  boisterous  girl. 

RoMp'isH,  a.  inclined  to  romp. 

Rang — Row;  Line. 

Range,  «.  to  place  in  order.  |  Rank,  n.  a  line ;  a  row ;  a  class. 

Arriere—REJLR. 

Rear,  n.  that  which  is  behind.  |  Rear,  a.  in  the  rear ;  hindermost. 

Note. — Rear,  to  raise,  to  elevate,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (rcei-an.) 

Refuser,  from  L.  Befuto — to  Repress  ;  to  Refute. 
Refuse',  id.  to  deny  a  request.  |  Refus'al,  n.  denial ;  option. 


Ref'use,  n.  what  remains. 


Refus'able,  a.  that  may  be  refused. 


Regarder— to  Look  At. 

Regard',  d.  to  observe ;  to  respect.      I  Regard  ful,  a.  attentive. 
Regard,  n.  attention ;  respect.  |  Regard 'less,  a.  heedless. 

Old  Fr.  Reiverdon — Recompense. 

Reward',  v.  to  give  in  return ;  rec-  I  Reward'able,  a.  worthy  of  reward, 
ompense.  I 

Riote — a  Brawl  ;  a  Tumult. 

Ri'oT,  n.  a  tumult ;  an  uproar.  |  Ri'otous,  a.  turbulent. 

River,  from  L.  Gyro — to  Turn  or  Wheel  Round. 

Riv'et,  v.  to  fasten  by  bending  down  |  Riv'et,  n.  a  nail  clinched  at  both 
the  point. 


ends. 


Roc- 


-ROCK. 

Rock'y,  a.  full  of  rocks. 
RocK'iNES8,7?.the  state  of  being  rocky. 

Note. — Rock,  to  move  backwards  and  forwards,  comes  from  the  Danish  {rokker^) 
and  Rook,  a  distaff,  from  tlie  Danish  {rok.) 


Rock,  n.  a  large  mass  of  stone. 
Rock'less,  a.  without  rocks. 


Rond,  from  L.  Botundus — Round.     Rota — a  Wheel. 


Round,  a.  circular ;  spherical. 
Round'ish,  a.  somewhat  round. 
Round'ly,  ad.  in  a  round  form. 
Round'ness,  n.  the  quality  of  being 

round. 
Round'about,  a.  indirect. 


Round 'robin,  ?i.  a  writing  signed  by 

names  in  a  circle. 
Route,  n.  a  road  ;  a  way. 
Routine',  n.  a  round  or  course  of 

business. 


Ecotfter- 


ScouT,  n.  one  who  is  sent  privily  to 
observe  the  motions  of  an  enemy. 


to  Listen  ;  to  Hear. 

Scout,  v.  to  act  the  spy;  to  reject 
with  contempt. 


206  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Sauce,  n.  sometliing  to  give  relish  to 

food. 
Sau'cer,  n.  a  platter  for  a  tea  cup. 
Sau'cy,  a.  insolent ;  impudent. 


Sauce,  from  L.  Salstis — Salt. 

Sau'cily,  ad.  impudently. 

Sau'ciness,  n.  imj^udence. 
Sauce'box,  n.  an  impudent  person. 
Sauce'pan,  n.  a  small  pan. 


Saison — Season. 


Sea'son,  n.  one  of  the  four  divisions 

of  the  year, 
Sea'son,  n.  a  fit  or  suitable  time. 
Sea'son,  v.  to  give  relish  to. 


Sea'son,  v.  to  prepare  for  use  by  time. 
Sea'sonable,  a.  at  the  proper  time. 
Sea'soning,  n.  something  added  to 
give  relish. 


Saisir — to  Seize. 

Seize,  v.  to  take  hold  of;  to  grasp.     (  Seiz'able,  a.  that  may  be  seized. 
Seiz'ure,  n.  the  act  of  seizing. 

Sevrer — to  Separate. 

Sev'er,  v.  to   part  by  violence ;  to  j  Sev'eral,  a.  difi'srent ;  separate, 
divide.  |  Sev'erally,  ad.  separately. 

Sbv'erance,  n.  separation. 

Siref  from  L.  Senior — an  Aged  Person. 

Sire,  n.  a  father.  I  Sir'rah,  n.  or  interj.  a  term  of  re- 

SiR,  n.  a  word  of  respect.  I      proach  or  insult. 

Teindre,  from  L.  Tingo — to  Tinge  ;  to  Dye. 

Stain,  v.  to   discolor ;    to   spot ;    to  I  Stain'less,  a.  free  from  stain, 
disgrace.  I 


Etaiielier,  from  L.  Stagno — to  Make  Stagnant. 

Stanch'less,    a.     that     cannot     be. 

stanched. 
Stanch'ness,  11.  stoutness ;  firmness. 


Stanch,  v.  to  stop  from  flowing. 
Stanch,  a.  strong ;  firm ;  sound. 
Stan'chion,  n.  a  prop ;  a  support. 


Surfiot — the  Rising  of  Billow  upon  Billow. 
Surf,  n.  the  swell  of  the  sea  breaking  on  the  shore. 

Surprise — Surprise. 

Surprise',  v.  to  come  or  fall  upon  I  Surprise  \  n.  the  act  of  taking  una- 
suddenly.  |      wares. 

Surpris'al,  n.  the  act  of  surprising. 

Tailleur,  tailler — to  Cut. 
Tai'lor,  n.  one  who  makes  clothes.     I  Tal'ly,  n.  a  stick  with  notches  cut 


to  mark  numbers. 

JEtang — a  Pond  ;  a  Pool. 
Tank,  n.  a  large  cistern.  |  Tank'ard,  n.  a  large  drinking  vessel. 


FRENCH    ROOTS   AND    DERIVATIVES.  207 

Tanner — to  Tan. 


Tan,  «.  to  impregnate  with  bark ;  to 

make  brown. 
Tan'ninq,  n.  the  process  of  making 

leather. 


Tan'ner,  n.  one  who  tans  leather. 
Tan'nin,  n.  the  astringent  principle 

in  bark. 
Taw'ny,  a.  of  a  yellowish  dark  color. 


Taste,  v.  to  perceive  by  the  palate. 
Taste,  n.  the  sense  by  which  we  per- 
ceive the  relish  of  a  thing. 


Tater — to  Feel  ;  to  Taste. 

Tast'able,  a.  that  may  be  tasted. 
Taste'ful,  a.  having  good  taste. 
Taste'less,  a.  having  no  taste. 


Tancer — to  Rebuke. 

Taunt,  v.  to  reproach  with  insulting  I  Taunt'ingly,  ad.  scoffingly. 
words.  I 

Tete — the  Head. 
Tes'ty,  a.  fretfdl ;  peevish.  |  Tes'tiness,  n.  fretfulness. 

Etiquette — a  Little  Note,  Breviate  or  Bill. 
TiCK'ETjW.atoken  of  any  right  or  debt.  |  Tick,  n.  trust;  credit. 

Note, — Tick,  a  small  animal,  comes  from  the  French  (tiqite.)    Tick,  to  make  a 
small  noise,  from  the  Dutch  (tikken,)  and  Tick,  the  case  of  a  bed,  from  the  Dutch  (teek.) 

Torche,  from  L.  Torqtteo — to  Twist. 

Torch,  n.  a  large  light  carried  in  the  I  Torch'ught,  n.  the  light  of  a  torch, 
hand.  | 

Note. — Because  they  are  made  with  twisted  thread. 

Toucher — to  Touch. 

Touch,  v.  to  perceive  by  the  sense  of  I  Touch'y,  a.  peevish  ;  irritable, 
feeling ;  to  come  in  contact  with.     |  Touch'ing,  a.  affecting  ;  pathetic. 
Touch'iness,  n.  peevishness. 

Tramail,  from  L.  Trama — the  Weft,  or  Filling  of  a  Web. 
Tram'mel,  w.  a  net ;  a  kind  of  shackle.  |  Tram'mel,  v.  to  shackle;  to  hamper. 

Travailler— to  Travel. 

Trav'ail,  v.  to  labor ;  to  toil.  I  Trav'eled,  a.  having  made  journeys. 

Trav'el,  v.  to  make  journeys.  I  Trav'eler,  n.  one  who  travels. 


Trlcherie,  tricher — to  Cheat  ;  to  Trick. 

Trick'ery,  n.  artifice. 
Trick'ish,  a.  artful ;  knavish. 
Trick'ster,  7i.  one  wh  o  p  ractisestricks. 


Treach'ery,  n.  breach  of  faith. 
Treach'erous,  a.  faithless. 
Trick,  n.  a  sly  fraud. 


Trancher,  from  L.  Trans — Across,  and  Scindo— to  Cut. 
Trench,  v.  to  cut  or  dig  into  ditches.  |  Trench'ant,  a.  cutting ;  sharp. 


208  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Trouhler,  from  L.  Turbo ^  turbatus — to  Throw  into  Disordbb. 

Troub'le,  v.  to  disturb ;  to  afflict ;  I  Troub'lesome,  a.  giving  trouble, 
to  vex  I  Troub'lous,  a.  disordered. 

Truand — a  Vagabond  ;  a  Beggar. 

Tru'ant,  n.  one   who   neglects  his  I  Tru'anct,  n.  the  act  of  playing  tru- 
duty.  I      ant. 

Tromper — to  Deceive. 
Trump,  v.  to  impose  upon.  |  Trump'ery,  n.  worthless  finery. 

Note. — To  Trump  up,  to  forge,  to  get  together  by  all  sorts  of  expedients.  Trump, 
a  winning  card,  comes  from  the  Latin  {triurnphus,)  and  Trump,  a  musical  instrument, 
from  the  Italian  {tromha.) 

Trier — to  Cull  Out. 
Try,  ?).  to  prove  by  experiment.  |  Tri'al,  n.  the  act  of  trying ;  test. 

Vanter,  from  L.  Vano,  vanatum— to  Utter  Empty  Words. 
Vaunt,  v.  to  boast ;  to  brag.  |  Vaunt'er,  n.  a  boaster. 

Viver,  from  L.  Gyro^  gyratus — to  Turn  in  a  Circle. 
Veer,  v.  to  turn ;  to  change  direction.  |  Veer'ing,  n.  the  act  of  turning. 

Vis — to  Turn  About  ;  to  Twist. 

Vice,  7^.  an  iron  press  with  a  screw  for  holding  fast. 

Note.— Vice,  depravity,  wickedness,  comes  from  the  Latin  (vitium,)  and  Vice,  in 
the  place  of,  from  the  Latin  (vVce.) 

Voyage f  from  L.  Via — a  AVay,  and  Ago— to  Pursue. 
Voy'age,  n.  a  journey  by  sea.  |  Voy'ager,  n.  one  who  travels  by  sea. 

Guichet — a  Grating  ;  a  Lattice- work  Door. 
Wick'et,  n.  a  small  door  made  in  a  gate. 


DUTCH   KOOTS   AND   DEKIVATIVBS.  209 


DUTCH  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


Schuin — Awry;  Oblique. 

Askance',  ad.  sidewise ;  obliquely.     |  Askant',  ad.  sidewise ;  obliquely. 

Bancket — Banquet. 
Ban'quet,  n.  a  grand  entertainment  of  eating  and  drinking. 

Note. — Bancket,  in  the  sense  of  bench  or  table,  at  which  messmates  sit  and  feast 
together.  Banquet,  a  raised  footpath  across  a  bridge,  comes  from  the  French  {ban- 
quette,  a  covered  bench.) 

JBarg — a  Bark. 

Barge,  n.  a  large  row  boat.  |  BARGE'MAN,n.  the  manager  of  a  bargt. 

Babbelen — to  Prattle  ;  to  Blab. 
Blab,  v.  to  tattle ;  to  tell  tales.  |  Blab'ber,  n.  a  tell-tale. 

Blaer — a  Pustule  ;  a  Blister. 
Blear,  a.  dim  with  rheum  or  water.   |  Blear'-eyed,  a.  having  sore  ey^fl. 

Block, — Block. 
Block,  n.  a  heavy,  thick  piece  of  wood  or  stone. 

Note.— To  Block,  to  shut  up,  to  obstruct,  comes  from  the  French  {hloquer^  to 
blockade.) 

Bonder — to  Thunder. 

Blun'der,  v.  to  mistake  grossly.  I  Blun'derbuss,  n.  a  gun  with  a  large 

Blun'derer,  n.  one  who  blunders.      |      bore. 

Blun'derhbad,  n.  a  stupid  fellow. 

Blaar — a  Blister  ;  a  Pustule. 

Blur,  n.  something  that  obscures  or  I  Blur,  v.  to  obscure  by  some  bk>t, 
soils.  I      soil,  or  stain. 

Blurt,  v.  to  utter  suddenly. 

Byster — Furious. 

Bois'tbrous,    a.    stormy  ;    violent ;  I  Bois'terouslt,  ad.  m  2k  boisterous 
noisy.  |      manner. 

•  Baas — Master. 
Boss,  n.  a  master  among  mechanics. 
.Note —This  word  originated  in  New  York  among  the  Dutqfe. 


210  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Blosen— to  Blush. 
Blowze,  n.  a  ruddy  fat-faced  girl.       |  Blow'zy,  a.  fat  and  ruddy ;  sunburnt 

Brak — Saltish. 

Bkack'ish,  a.  rather  salt.  I  Bback'ishness,  n.  saltness  in  a  small 

I      degree. 

Braggeren — to  Brag. 

Brag,  v.  to  boast ;  to  vaunt.  I  Brag 'g art,  n.  a  vain  boaster. 

Brag'ger,  n.  a  boaster.  I  Brag'ging,  p.  a.  praising  one's  self. 

Bohhel — Bubble. 

Bub'ble,  n.  a  small  bladder  of  water ;  I  Bub'ble,  v.  to  rise  in  bubbles, 
anything  empty ;  a  cheat.  |  Bub'bly,  a.  confiisting  of  bubbles. 

Bulle — Bull. 

Bull,  n.  the  male  of  bovine  animals.  |  Bul'lock,  n.  an  ox. 

Note. — Bull,  an  edict  or  mandate  issued  by  the  pope,  comes  from  the  Latin  (bulla^ 
a  boss,  a  knob,)  so  named  from  the  seal  affixed  to  it  having  raised  work  on  it.  Bull, 
a  gross  contradiction  or  blunder,  was  so  named  from  Obadiah  Bull,  a  lawyer  in  the 
time  of  Henry  VII.,  noted  for  his  blunders. 

Bolwerh — Bulwark. 

Bul'wark,  n.  a  mound  to  protect  I  Bul'wark,  n.  the  woodwork  round 
from  an  enemy.  |      a  vessel  above  her  deck. 

Boei — Buoy. 
Buoy,  n.  a  floating  mark.  |  Buoy'ant,  a.  tending  to  rise  or  float. 

Koek — Cake. 
Cake,  n.  sweetened  dough  baked.       |  Cake,  n.  any  mass  of  matter  concreted. 

Kouten — to  Jabber. 

Chat,  v.  to  talk  freely  or  at  ease.         i  Chat'ter,  v.  to  talk  idly ;  to  make  a 
Chat'terbox,  n.  an  incessant  talker.  1      noise  by  collision  of  the  teeth. 

Kappen — to  Chop. 
Chop,  v.  to  cut  with  a  quick  blow.      |  Chip,  n.  a  small  piece  cut  oflf. 

Oircken — to  Chirp. 
Chirp,  v.  to  make  a  noise  like  a  bird.  |  Chirp'ing,  n.  the  gentle  noise  of  birds. 

Klatteren — to  Clatter. 
Clat'tee,  v.  to  make  a  confused  noise.  |  Clat'tering,  n.  noise ;  clamor. 

Klinken — to  Klink  ;  to  Rivet. 
Clinch,  v.  to  grasp  in  the  hand.  I  Clink,   v.   to   make   a   small    sharp 


Clinch'er,  n.  a  holdfast.  sound 


DUTCH   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  211 

Klomp — Clump. 


Clump,  n.  a  shapeless  mass ;  a  clus- 
ter of  trees. 

Clump'y,  a.  shapeless ;  ill-shaped. 

Clum'sy,  a.  without  grace  of  form  ; 
awkward. 


Clum'sily,  «^.  in  a  clumsy  manner. 
Clum'siness,  11.  awkwardness. 
Lump,  n.  a  small  mass ;  the  gross. 
LuMp'isH,  a.  heavy  ;  dull ;  gross. 
Lump'y,  a.  full  of  lumps. 


Koets — a  Coach  ;  a  Couch. 

Coach,  n.   a  four-wheeled  pleasure 

carriage. 
CoACHHiRE,  n.  money  for  the  use  of 

a  coach. 


Coach'horse,  n.  a  horse  for  drawing 

a  coach. 
Coach'maker,   n.   one    who    makes 

coaches. 


Coach'man,  n.  the  driver  of  a  coach. 


Kost — Cost. 


Cost,  n.  price  ;  charge ;  expense.         I  Cost'ly,  a.  of  a  high  price. 
Cost'less,  a.  without  expense.  I  Cost'leness,  n.  expensiveness. 

Kraek — Cback. 


Crack,  n.  a  narrow  breach  ;  a  fissure. 

Crack,  v.  to  break  partially  ;  to  cause 

to  sound  sharply  and  suddenly. 


Crack'le,  v.  to  make  slight  and  frc 

quent  cracks. 
Crack'ling,  71.  a  slight  frequent  noise. 


Crack'brained,  a.  crazy. 

Kramp — Cramp. 

Cramp,  n.  a  spasmodic  contraction  I  Cramp,  v.  to  restrain ;  to  hinder, 
of  the  muscles.  I 

Kricken — to  Creak,  derived  from  the  sound. 

Creak,  'v.  to  make   a   sharp,  harsh  I  Creak'ing,  n.  a  harsh  grating  noise, 
grating  sound.  | 

Komberen — to  Cumber. 


C'Um'ber,  v.  to  oppress  with  a  load 

or  burden. 
Cumbersome,  a.  burdensome. 


Cum'brance,  n.  burden:  hindrance. 
Cum'brous,  a.  burdensome. 
Encum'ber,  v.  to  clog ;  to  load. 


JSPruUen — to  Curl. 

Curl,  n.  a  ringlet  of  hair.  |  Curl,  v.  to  form  into  curls. 

Cur'ly,  a.  having  curls 

Dahhen — to  Dab. 

Dab,  v.  to  strike  suddenly.  Dab'ster,  n.  one  who  is  expert  at 

Dab'ble,  v.  to  dip  a  little  or  often.  anything. 

Bedab'ble,  v.  to  wet ;  to  (jesprinkle.  Daub'er,  n.  one  who  daubs. 

Dab'bler,  n.  one  who  dips  slightly  Daub'ed,  a.  smeared  with  soft,  adhe« 

into  anything.  sive  matter. 

Daub,  v.  to  smear ;  to  paint  coarsely,  Bedaub'ed,  pp.  daubed  over. 


212  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Dollen — to  Trifle. 
Dal'lt,  v.  to  lose  time  in  trifles.  |  Dal'liance,  n.  acts  of  fondness. 


Damp,  a.  moist ;  slightly  wet. 
Damp,  v.   to   moisten ;  to   check   or 

abate. 
Damp'en,  v.  to  make  damp. 


Damp — Damp. 

Damp'er,  n.   that  which   checks  or 

abates. 
Damp'ish,  a.  somewhat  damp. 
Damp'ness,  n.  moisture. 


Koyen,  kooi — a  Cage  or  Decoy. 

Decoy',  v.  to  lure  into  a  net,  cage  or  I  Decoy',  n.  an  artifice  to  entrap, 
snare.  I 

Drek — Dirt. 

Debt,  n.  any  thing  that  renders  foul  |  Dirt'y,  a.  foul ;  nasty ;  filthy, 
or  unclean.  I  Dirt'ily,  ad.  filthily. 

Dirt'iness,  n.  filthiness. 

Droofti — Dream. 


Dream,  n.  thoughts  of  a  person  in 

sleep. 
Dream'er,  n.  one  who  dreams. 


Dream'ingly,  ad.  sluggishly ;  negli- 
gently. 
Dream'less,  a.  free  from  dreams. 


Troni — Drum. 

Drum,  n.  an  instrument  of  military  |  Drum-Major,  n.    the    chief   drum- 
music.  I      mer. 

Dom — Dull;  Blunt;  Stupid. 

Dump,  n.  sorrow ;  sadness.  I  Dum'py,  a.  sullen ;  short  and  thick. 

Dump'ish,  a.  sad ;  melancholy.  1  Dum'pling,  n.  a  sort  of  pudding. 

Vlah — a  Spot. 

Fleck,  v.  to  spot ;  to  streak.  [  Frec'kle,  n.  a  yellowish  spot  in  the 

Freak,  v.  to  variegate ;  to  checker.     |      skin. 

Note. — Freak,  a  whim,  a  fancy,  comes  from  the  German  {frec\  impudent,  bold.) 

Vragt — Freight. 
Freight,  n.  the  cargo  of  a  ship.  |  Freight 'age,  n.  money  for  freight. 

Frisch — Fresh;  Lively;  Gay. 

Frisk,  v.  to  leap ;  to  skip.  I  Frisk'y,  a.  frolicsome ;  gay. 

Frisk'pul,  a.  full  of  gayety.  |  Frisk'ily,  ad.  gayly. 

Fommelen — to  Fumble. 

Fum'ble,  «.  to  feel  or  grope  about.      I  Fum'bling,    p.    a.    doing    anything 

1      awkwardly. 


DUTCH    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  213 

Gantelope.     Gant — a  Passage.     Loopen — to  Run. 

Gant'let,  n.  a  military  punishment,  in  which  the  criminal,  running  between 
two  ranks,  receives  a  lash  from  each  man. 

Note.— Gauntlet,  an  iron  glove,  comes  from  the  French  (gantelet.) 
Glaren — to  Glare. 


Glare,  v.  to  shine  with  a  dazzling 

light. 
Glare,  n.  a  bright,  dazzling  light. 


Glar'ing,  a.  bright ;  notorious ;  bare- 
faced. 
Glar'ingly,  ad.  notoriously. 


Glimmen — to  Glimmer. 

Glim'mer,  v.  to  shine  faintly.  I  Glimpse,  n.  a  faint  light ;  a  short 

Glim'mering,  n.  a  faint  view.  |      view. 

€rro/— Gruff. 

Gruff,  a.  surly ;  harsh.  I  Gruff'ness,  ?i.  harshness  of  manner 

I      or  look. 

Gissen — to  Guess. 
Guess,  v.  to  judge  at  random.  |  Guess'work,  n.  work  done  by  guess. 

Kullen — to  Gull. 

Gull,  v.  to  trick ;  to  cheat.  |  Gull,  n.  one  easily  cheated. 

Note.— Gull,  a  sea  bird,  comes  from  the  Welsh  {gvrylan.) 

Oxhoofd — Oxhead. 

Hogs'head,  n.  a  large  cask. 
Note.— The  English  orthography  is  grossly  corrupt. 

Hoog — Huge. 

Huge,  a.  very  large  in  size.  1  Huge'ly,  ad.  immensely. 

Huge'ness,  n.  enormous  bulk. 

Hulzen — Husks. 
Husk,  n.  the  covering  of  certain  fniits.  |  Husk'y,  a.  rough  in  tone. 

Lasigh — Lazy. 

Ia'zy,  a.  disposed  to  be  idle.  |  La'zily,  o^.  idly ;  indolently. 

La'zlness,  n.  disposition  to  be  idle. 


Lek — a  Leak. 

Leak,  n.  a  hole  which  lets  water  in 
or  out. 

Leak'age,  n.  the  quantity  that  es- 
capes by  leaking. 

Note. — Leech,  a  physician,  a  kind  of  wprm,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (lec^.) 


Leak'y,  a.  letting  water  in  or  out. 
Leach,  v.  to  cause  a  fluid  to  perco* 
late  through. 


£14  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Loopen — Because  it  is  Easily  Slipped  Off. 
Loop,  n.  a  double  in  a  string.  I  Loop'hole,  n.  a  hole  for  escape  or 


evasion. 
Laag — Low. 


Low,  a.  not  high  ;  humble. 
Low'ek,  v.  to  bring  low;  to  lessen. 
Low'er,  'd.  to  appear  dark  or  gloomy. 


Low'ly,  a.  humble ;  meek  ;  mild. 
Low'liness,  71.  humility. 
Low'ness,  n.  state  of  being  low. 


Low'land,  n.  land  which  is  low. 

Gelnk,  luh — Luck. 

LucK,7i.  that  which  happens;  fortune.  I  Luck'ilt,  ad.  fortunately. 
Luck'y,  a.  successful  by  chance.  |  Luck'ijstess,  n.  good  fortune. 

Luck'less,  a.  unfortunate. 

Note. — The  sense  is,  that  which  comes,  falls,  or  happens.  , 
Middelen — ^to  Mediate. 


Med'dle,  v.  to  act  in  the  concerns  of 
others  in  which  one's  interposition 
is  not  necessary. 


Med'dler,  n.  one  who  meddles. 
Med'dlesome,  a.  given  to  meddling. 
Med'dling,  n.  officious  interposition. 


Med'ley,  n.  a  mixture. 

Moppen — to  Pout. 
Mope,  v.  to  be  very  dull  and  spiritless.  |  Mo 'pish,  a.  spiritless. 

Modder — Mud. 

Mud,  n.  moist  and  soft  earth. 
Mud'dy,  a.  foul  with  mud. 
Mud'dily,  ad.  with  foul  mixture. 

Moth'ery,  a.  full  of  mother ;  concreted. 

Note. — Mother,  the  female  parent,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (moder.) 


Mud'dle,  v.  to  make  confused. 
Moth'er,  n.  a  thick,  slimy  substance 
in  liquors. 


-Mo/— Muff. 

Muff,  n.  a  cover  for  the  hands.  |  Muf'fle,  v.  to  cover ;  to  conceal. 

Muf'fler,  n.  a  cover  for  the  face. 

Mommelen — to  Speak  Like  One  Wearing  a  Mask.     Mom — a  Mask. 

Mum'ble,  «.  to  speak  inwardly ;  to  I  Mum'bler,  n.  one  who  mumbles, 
mutter.  j 

Knippen — to  Nip. 

Nip,  «.  to  pinch ;  to  blast.  |  Nip'pers,  n.  small  pincers. 

JPak — Pack. 

Pack,  n.  a  bundle ;  a  bale.  I  Pack'age,7i.  a  parcel  of  goods  packed. 

Pack,  v.  to  press  close.  |  Pack'et,  n.  a  small  bundle. 

Pack'thread,  n.  thread  for  packing. 
Note. — ^Packet,  a  vessel  for  conveying  the  mails,  etc.,  comes  from  the  French  {paquet.) 


DUTCH    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  215 

Piloot.    Piil — a  Plummet  Line,  and  Loot — Lead. 
Pi'lot,  n,  one  who  steers  a  ship.  |  Pi'LOTAGE,7i.thedutyorpayof  apilot. 

JPinken — to  Twinkle  with  the  Eyes. 

Pink,  v.  to  pierce  with  small  holes  ;  I  Pink,  n.  an  eye ;  a  flower ;  a  color, 
to  stab.  I 

JPlots — Dttll  ;  Heavy. 

Plod,  v.  to  toil ;  to  travel  or  work  I  Plod'der,  n.  one  who  plods. 

slowly.  I  Plod'ding,  n.  slow  motion  or  study. 

JPloeg — Plough. 

Plough,  n.  an  instrument  for  turning  I  Plough'boy,  n.  a  boy  who  ploughs. 

up  the  ground.  I  Plough'man,  n.  one  who  ploughs. 

Plough'share,  n.  part  of  a  plough. 

Sol — a  Ball  ;  a  Bulb. 

Poll,  n.  the  head  ;  the  place  of  an  I  Poll,  v.  to  lop  or  cut  the  top  ofi' ;  to 
election.  I      register,  as  a  vote. 

Pol'lard,  n.  anything  polled,  or  having  the  top  cut  off. 

rot— Pot. 


Pot,  n.  a  hollow  vessel  used  for  boil- 
ing meat,  holding  liquids,  etc. 

Pot'tage,  n.  anything  boiled  for  food. 

Pot'ter,  n.  one  who  makes  earthen 
vessels. 

Pot'tery,  n.  the  place  where  earthen 
vessels  are  made. 

Pot  sherd,  n.  a  fragment  of  a  broken  pot 

Note. — Sherd,  from  A,-S.  (sceard,)  a  fragment. 


Pot'herb,  n.  an  herb  fit  for  cookery. 
Pot'hook,  n.  a  hook  on  whic'i  pota 

are  hung. 
Pot'house,  n.  an  alehouse. 
Pot'lid,  ?i.  the  cover  of  a  pot. 
Pot'valiant,    a.    courageous    from 

strong  drink. 


Praaten — to  Prate. 

Prate,  v.  to  talk  idly.  I  Prat'ing,  n.  idle  talk ;  tattle. 

Prat'er,  n.  an  idle  talker.  I  Prat'tle,  n.  trifling  talk. 

Prat'tler,  n.  a  chatterer. 

Pof — a  Bounce. 

Puff,  n.  a  small  blast  of  vrind.  I  Puff'er,  n.  one  who  puffs. 

Puff,  v.  to  swell  with  wind.  1  Puff'y,  a.  windy ;  tumid. 

Matelan — to  Rattle. 

Rat'tle,  v.  to  make   a  sharp  noise  I  Rat'tling,  n.  a  rapid  succession  at 
rapidly  repeated.  I      sharp  sounds. 

•   Meef — Reef. 

Reef,  n.  a  portion  of  a  sail.  |  Reef,  «j.  to  reduce  as  a  sail. 

Note. — Reef,  a  chain  of  rocks,  comes  from  the  German  {riff.) 


210  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Mds — to  Go. 

Race,  n.  a  contest  in  running.  I  Race 'course,  n.  the  ground  on  which 

I      races  are  run. 
Note.— Kace,  the  lineage  of  a  family,  comes  from  the  Latin  {radix.) 

Rot — Rout. 

Rout,  n.  a  clamorous  multitude ;  a  I  Row,  n.  a  riotous  disturbance, 
select  company.  I  Row'dy,  n.  a  riotous  fellow. 

Note.— Rout,  to  defeat  and  throw  into  confusion,  comes  from  the  Latin  (ruptum.) 
Route,  (rout,)  course  traveled,  road,  way,  etc.,  comes  from  the  Latin  {rota,  a  wheel.) 

Schelden — to  Rail. 

Scold,  v.  to  find  fault  with  rude  I  Scold'lng,  n.  clamorous,  rude  Ian- 
clamor.  I      guage. 

Schop—ScooF. 
Scoop,  n.  a  large  ladle.  |  Scoop,  «.  to  make  hollow. 


Krabbelen — to  Scrape  ;  to  Scratch. 

Scram'ble,  T).  to  catch  at  anything 

eagerly  with  the  hands. 
Scraw'ler,  n.  an  inelegant  writer. 


Scrab'ble,  v.  to  scrape   or   scratch 

with  the  hands. 
Scrawl,  v.  to  write  clumsily. 


Zweemen — to  Resemble. 


Seem,  v.  to  appear;  to  present  the 

appearance. 
Sebm'ing,  n.  appearance ;  show. 


Seem'ingly,  ad  in  appearance. 

Seem'less,  a.  indecorous. 
Seem'ly,  a.  becoming  decent. 


Beseem',  ■«.  to  be  cme  ;  to  be  fit. 
Schyf,  Ger.  Scheiden— to  Divide  ;  to  Separate. 


Shive,  n.  a  little  piece ;  a  splinter. 
Shiv'er,  «.  to  break  into  many  small 
pieces. 


Shiv'ering,  n.  the  act  of  breaking 

into  pieces. 
Skiv'er,  n.  a  sheepskin  split  by  a 

machine. 


Note. — Shiver,  to  shudder,  as  with  cold  or  fear,  comes  from  the  German  {schauren.) 

Schuw—SBY. 

Shy,  a.  reserved ;  cautious.  |  Shy'ly,  ad.  in  a  shy  manner. 

Shy'ness,  n.  reserve  ;  coyness. 

Slabben — Slabber. 

Slab'ber,  v.  to  let  saliva  fall  from  I  Slav'er,  n.  spittle  running  from  the 
the  mouth.  I      mouth. 

/S^in<fer— Slender. 

Slen'der,  a.  thin ;  slight.  I  Slen'derly,   ad.   slightly ;    without 

Slen'derness,  7i.  thinness ;  slightness.  |      bulk. 


DUTCH   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  217 

Slecht — Bad;  Mean;  Worthless. 

Slight,  a.  small;  weak;  trifling.         !  Slight'inglt,  ad.  without  respect. 
Slight,  n.  neglect ;  disregard.  Slight'ly,  ad.  weakly ;  negligently. 

Slight'eb,  n.  one  who  disregards.       I  Slight'ness,  n.  weakness. 

/S^o/— Careless  ;  Negligent. 
Slov'bn,  n.  one  carelessly  dressed.       |  Slov'enly,  a.  negligent  of  neatness. 

Slordig — Sluttish;  Bad. 
Slur,  v,  to  pass  lightly.  |  Slur,  n.  slight  reproach  or  disgrace. 

Snappen,  from  Ger.  SchnMe — the  Beak  of  a  Bird. 

Snap,  v.  to  bite  or  catch  suddenly.      I  Snap'per,  n.  one  who  snaps. 

Snap,  v.  to  break  suddenly.  |  Snap'pish,  a,  eager  to  bite ;  peevish. 

Note. — ^A  bird  snaps  or  seizes  its  prey  with  its  beak. 

Snoer — a  String  or  Cord. 

Snore,  n.  a  string  wifh  which  a  boy  I  Snare,  n.  anything  which  entraps, 
spins  his  top.  I  Snarl,  n.  entanglement. 


Note. — Snore,  to  breathe  audibly  through  the  nose  in  sleep,  comes  from  the  A.-S. 
(snora^  a  snoring.)  Snarl,  to  growl,  as  a  surly  dog ;  to  speak  roughly,  comes  from 
the  German  {schnarreti^  to  speak  in  the  throat.) 


nose. 


/S>*iwi/— Snuff.    Snuiven — to  Snuff. 

Snuff'er,  n.  one  who  snuffs. 
Sniff,  v.  to  draw  air  audibly  up  the 

nose. 
Sniv'el,  d.  to  cry  as  children  with 

snuffling ;  to  run  at  the  nose. 
Sniv'eler,  n.  one  who  snivels. 


Snuff,  n.  the  burnt  part  of  a  candle- 
wick  ;  powdered  tobacco. 

Snuff'ers,  n.  a  utensil  for  snuffing 
candles. 

Snuf'fle,  v.  to  speak  through  the 


Spang,  n.  a  shining  ornament. 
Span'gle,  n.  a  small  plate  of  shining 
metal. 


Spang — Spang. 

Bespan'glb,  v.  to  adorn  with  span- 
gles. 


Spar — a  Rafter. 
Spar,  n.  a  general  term  for  masts,  booms,  yards,  etc. 

Note. — Spar,  a  crystallized  mineral,  comes  from  the  German  (spa<^,)  and  SPAB,  to 
dispute,  to  box,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (sjdrian,  to  dispute.) 

Spyt — Vexation. 
Spite,  n.  malice ;  hate.  |  Spite'ful,  a.  filled  with  spite. 

Splifiter,  splijten — to  Split. 

Splikt,  7*.  a  fragment  split  off.  |  Splin'ter,  n.  a  thin  piece  split  ofL 

Split,  v.  to  divide  lengthwise. 


218  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOaT. 

Boertig — Mekr*;  Joculab. 


Sport,  n.  play ;  diversion ;  mirth. 
Sport'ful,  a.  merry ;  done  in  jest. 
Sport'fully,  ad.  in  jest ;  in  mirth. 
Sport'ive,  a.  playful;  frolicsome. 


Sport'less,  a.  joyless ;  sad. 
Sports'man,  n.  one  who  pursues  field 
sports. 


Staggeren — ^to  Stagger. 

Stag'ger,  v.  to  move  from  side  to  I  Stag'gering,   n.    the    act    of  reel- 
side  in  walking.  |      ing. 

Stampen — to  Stamp. 
Stamp,  v.  to  stride  downward  with  |  Stamp,  n.  an  instrument  for  making 


the  foot ;  to  impress  with  a  mark.   |      an  impression 


Staen — to  Stand. 

Stay,  v.  to  continue  in  a  place ;  to 

prop ;  to  support. 
Stays,  n.  a  woman's  waistcoat. 


Stayed,  p.  a.  propped ;  supported. 
Staid,  a.  sober ;  grave ;  steady. 
Staid'ness,  a.  sobriety ;  gravity. 


Stoep — a  Step. 

Stoop,  n.  the  steps  before  a  door. 

Note. — Stoop,  to  bend  down,  to  lean  forward,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  (stupian^  to  stoop.) 

Stoppen — to  Stop. 
Stop,  v,  to  hinder ;  to  obstruct.  |  Stop'page,  n.  the  act  of  stopping. 

Stout — Bold;  Stout. 

Stout,  a,  strong ;  lusty ;  brave.  |  Stout'ly,  ad.  lustily ;  boldly. 

Stout'ness,  n.  strength ;  boldness. 

Streven — to  Strive. 

B^TRiVE,  V.  to  make  efforts.  I  Strife'ful,  a.  contentious. 

Strife,  n.  contention ;  discord.  |  Striy'ing,  n.  contest ;  contention. 

Stof— Stuff. 


Stuff,  n.  any  matter  or  body. 
Stuff,  v.  to  fill  very  full. 
Stuff'ing,  n.  that  by  which  any  thing 
is  filled. 


Sti'fle,  v.  to  stop  the  breath  by 
crowding  something  into  the  wind- 
pipe. 


Stomp — Stump. 

Stump,  n.  the  part  which  is  left  when  I  Stump,  v.  to  lop ;  to  puzzle, 
the  main  body  is  taken  away.  |  Stump'y,  a.  full  of  stumps. 

Zwendelen — to  Swindle. 
Swin'dle,  71.  to  cheat  by  false  pretense.  |  Swin'dler,  n.  a  cheat;  a  rogue. 


DUTCH    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  219 

Tintelen — to  Tingle. 


Tin'gle,  v.  to  feel  a  kind  of  thrilling 

sound  or  pain. 
Tin'gling,  71.  a  thrilling  sound  or  pain. 


Tin'kle,  v.  to  make  a  sharp,  quick 

noise. 
Tink'ling,  n.  a  sharp,  quick  noise. 


Tink'eb,  71.  one  who  mends  old  pans,  etc. 

Tip— TiF. 

Tip,  n.  the  end;  the  point.  |  Tip'toe,  n.  the  end  of  the  toe. 

Tip'top,  n.  the  highest  degree. 

Tassen — ^to  Heap  Up. 
Toss, «.  to  throw ;  to  fling ;  to  agitate.  |  Toss'ing,  n.  violent  commotion. 


Tooijen — to  Attire  ;  to  Adobn. 

Toy,  n.  a  plaything ;  a  bauble. 
Toy,  v.  to  play ;  to  trifle. 
ToY'MAJSf,  n.  one  who  deals  in  toys. 


Toy'shop,  n.  a  shop  where  toys  are 
sold. 


TreUen— to  Draw  ;  to  Pull. 

Trail,  n.  a  track  left  by  anything  I  Trail,  v.  to  draw  along  the  ground, 
that  has  passed  along.  I 

Trappen — to  Tread. 
Tramp,  v,  to    walk  with  a  heavy  I  Tramp'er,  n.  one  who  tramps. 


tread.  I  Tram  ple,  v.  to  tread  under  foot. 

Trixypelen — to  Trip. 
Trip,  t?.  to  strikefrom  under  the  body.  |  Trip,  v.  to  run  or  step  lightly. 

Kwetteren — to  Twitter. 

Twit'ter,  v.  to  make  a  succession  of  I  Twit'ter,  v.  to  feel  a  tremulous  mo 
small  tremulous  noises.  I      tion  of  the  nerves. 

Wachten— to  Watch  ;  to  Wait  ;  to  Stay. 

Wait,  ®.  to  stay  in  expectation ;  to  I  Wait'er,  n.  one  who  waits, 
remain.  I 

Wals — a  Roller  ;  a  Cylinder. 
Waltz,  n.  a  kind  of  whirling  dance.  |  Waltz,  v.  to  dance  a  waits. 

J'agten — to  Hasten  ;  to  Pursue  Eagerly. 
Yacht,  n,  a  small  vessel  for  pleasure. 


SMITHES   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGIC. 


GERMAN  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES, 


Bannen — to  Banish. 


Ban'ish,  v.  to  compel  to  leave  one's  I  Ban'ishment,  n.  act  of  banisliing. 
country.  I 

Begehren — ^to  Desire. 

Beg,  v.  to  ask  for  with  liumility.  I  Beg'gar,  n.  one  who  begs. 

Beg,  v.  to  assume  without  proof  |  Beg'garly,  ad.  meanly  ;  poorly. 

Beg'gary,  n.  great  want. 


Bohl'der,  n.  a  large  round  stone. 
Bowl'ing-green,  n.  a  level  piece  of 
ground  for  bowling. 


Boll — Bowl 

Bowl,  n.  a  round  mass  or  ball  of 

wood. 
Bowl,  v.  to  roll  as  a  bowl. 
Bowl'er,  n.  one  who  plays  at  bowls. 

Note — Bowl,  a  vessel  to  hold  liquids ;  the  hollow  part  of  anything;  comes  from 
the  A.-S.  (bolla,  a  round  vessel.) 

jBrav— Bold;  Honest. 

Brave,  a.  courageous ;  valiant.  |  Brave'ly,  ad.  in  a  brave  manner. 

Bra'vert,  n.  courage  ;  heroism. 

Klatschen — to  Clap. 

Clash,  ®.  to  strike  against ;  to  act  in  I  Clash'ing,  n.  opposition, 
opposition.  | 

Botteren — to  Tremble  ;  to  Totter. 

Dote,  «.  to  have  the  mind  impaired 
by  age  or  passion;  to  be  over- 
fond. 


Dot'age,  n.  silly  fondness. 
Do'tard,  n.  one  whose  mind  is  im- 
paired by  age. 


I>ogge — Dog 

Dog,  n.  a  domestic  animal. 
Dog,  v.  to  follow  in  a  sly  manner. 
Dog'ged,  a.  sullen ;  sour ;  morose. 
Dog'gerel,  71.  irregular  kind  of  verse 


Dog's-ears,  n.  the  corners  of  leaves 

of  books  folded  down. 
Dog'sleep,  n.  pretended  sleep. 
Dog'trot,  n.  a  gentle  trot. 


Note.— Dog  prefixed  to  other  words  denotes  meanness,  degeneracy,  or  worthlessness, 

Dut.  Dan.  and  Sw.  Baler.     Ger.  Tlialer,  so  called  from  the  Ger,  Tlial—^ 
Dale,  a  Valley,  where  they  were  First  Coined. 

Dol'lar,  n.  a  coin  of  the  United  States ;  100  cents. 


GERMAN   ROOTS    AND    DEEIVATIVES.  221 

l^rec/t  ^Impudent  ;  Bold. 

Freak,  n.  a  sudden  and  causeless  I  Freak'ish,  a.  capricious, 
change  of  mind.  I 

FUessen — to  Flow. 

Flush,  v,  to  redden  suddenly.  I  Flus'ter,  v.  to  make  hot  and  rosy 

Flush,  a.  fresh  ;  full  of  vigor.  |      with  confusion. 

Flus'tered,  a.  heated  and  confused. 

Futter — a  Lining  ;  Fur  :  Furring. 


Fur,  n.  the  finer  hair  on  animals. 
Fur'ry,  a.  consisting  of  fur. 
Fur'rier,  n.  a  dealer  in  furs. 


Fur'ring,  n.  strips  of  wood  nailed  to 
joists,  etc.,  to  bring  them  to  an  even 
surface  for  lathing  and  plastering. 


Glanzen — to  Glisten  ;  to  Shine. 

Glance,  v.  to  look  with  a  rapid  cast  I  Glance,  n.  a  quick  view, 
of  the  eye ;  to  fly  oft*  obliquely.       | 

Grollen — Growl. 
Growl,  «.  to  snarl  like  an  angry  dog.  |  Growl,  n.  a  deep  snarl  or  murmur. 

JETarsch — Harsh. 

Harsh,  a.  rough  to  the  touch,  ear,  or  I  Harsh'lt,  <id.  in  a  harsh  manner, 
taste.  I  Harsh'ness,  n.  roughness ;  severity. 

Hast — Haste. 

Haste,  n.  hurry ;  speed.  I  Has'ty,  a.  quick ;  speedy. 

Hast'en,  v.  to  make  haste.  |  Hast'ily,  ad.  with  haste. 

Has'tings,  n.  early  peas  ;  early  fruit. 

Jferold — Herald. 
Heb'ald,  n.  a  proclaimer.  |  Her'aldry,  n.  the  art  of  a  herald. 

Sucken — to  Take  on  the  Back. 

Huck'ster,  n.  a  retailer ;  a  pedlar.     I  Hawk,  v.  to  offer  for  sale  by  crying 

I      in  the  streets. 

Hummen — ^Hum. 

Hum,  «.  to  utter  the  sound  of  bees.     |  Hum'ming,  n.  the  sound  of  bees. 
Hum'-drum,  a.  dull ;  stupid. 

Kind — a  Child.     Nap — ^to  Steal. 
Kid'nap,  ®.  to  steal  a  human  being.     |  Kid'napper,  n.  a  man  stealer. 

Latte — Lath. 
Lath,  n.  a  thin  slip  of  wood.  |  Lat'tice,  n.  a  network  of  laths. 


222  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

LuUen — to  Lull. 
Lull,  v.  to  quiet ;  to  become  calm.     |  Lul'laby,  n.  a  song  to  lull  asleep. 

Nass — Wet. 

Nas'ty,  a.  disgustingly  dirty.  [  Nas'tily,  ad.  dirtily ;  filthily. 

Nas'toess,  n.  dirt ;  filth. 

Ode — Solitary. 

Odd,  a.  not  even ;  strange.  I  Odd'ly,  ad.  not  evenly ;  strangely. 

Odd'ity,  n.  singularity.  |  Odd'ness,  n.  strangeness. 

Odds,  n.  inequality ;  advantage. 

Flump — Rude;  Coarse;  Clumsy 
Plump,   a.  full;    round;   d.   to   fall  1  Plump'ness,  7i.  fullness ;  roundness. 


heavily. 

Frangen— to  Shine  ;  to  Make  a  Show. 

Prank,  v.  to  dress  ostentatiously.         I  Prance,  v.  to  spring ;  to  bound. 
Prank,  n.  a  frolic ;  a  trick,  |  Pran'cing,  n.  the  act  of  bounding. 

Punsch  —Punch. 

Punch,  n.  a  drink  composed  of  spir-  I  Punch'bowl,   n.    a    bowl    to    holrl 
its,  water  and  sugar.  |      punch. 

Note. — Punch,  to  perforate  by  driving,  comes  from  the  Latin  {pungo^  and  Punch, 
the  buffoon  of  a  puppet  bhow,  from  the  Italian  {punchinello.) 

Quaken — ^to  Quack. 
Quack,  v.  to  cry  like  a  duck.  |  Quack'ery,  n.  false  pretenses  to  skill. 

Heiben — ^to  Rub. 

Rub,  v.  to  move  along  the  surface  I  Rub'ber,  n.  one  that  rubs ;  a  major- 
with  pressure.  I      ity  of  three  games. 

Rub'bish,  n.  anything  worthless. 

Note. — Rubbish,  that  which  comes  off  by  rubbing. 

Humnieln — Rumble. 

Rum'ble,  v.  to  make  a  low,  heavy  I  Rum'bling,  n.  a  low  continued  noise, 
continued  noise.  I 

Schirmen — to  Cover  ;  to  Protect. 

Screen,  n.   something  that   affords  I  Screen,  v.  to  protect ;  to  hide, 
shelter  or  concealment.  I 

Note. — Screen,  a  kind  of  sieve,  comes  from  the  Latin  {excerno,  to  separate,)  through 
the  French  (escran.) 

Schlich — Trick;  Cunning. 
Sleiqht,  n.  an  artful  or  adroit  trick.  |  Sleight'pul,  a.  artful ;  cunning. 


WELSH    ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  223 

Sclave — Slave. 

Slave,  n.  one  held  in  bondage ;  a  I  Slav'ery,  n.  the  state  of  being  a  slave, 
drudge.  I  Slav'ish,  a.  servile  ;  mean. 

Slav'ishness,  n.  servility ;  meanness. 

Note. — Slave,  in  its  present  application,  is  from  the  Slavi  or  Sclavi,  (Slavonians,) 
reduced  to  servitude  by  the  Germans. 

Stor^rig — Sturdy. 

Stur'dy,  a.  hardy ;  stout ;  strong.       |  Stur'dily,  ad.  hardily ;  obstinately. 
Stur'deness,  n.  hardiness;  stoutness. 

Wirheln — to  Whirl. 

Wab'blb,  v.  to  move  from  side  to  I  War'ble,  v.  to  sing  with  vibrations 
side.  I      of  tone. 

War'bler,  n.  a  singer. 

Watte— Wah. 

Wad,  n,  a  mass  of  a  loose  substance  I  Wad'dinq,  n.  a  soft  stuff  used  for 
pressed  together.  1      quilting. 

Wisch — a  Wisp. 


Whisk,  n.  a  kind  of  brush  or  broom. 
Whisk,  v.  to  sweep  with  a  light  rapid 
motion. 


Whisk'er,  n.  hair  growing  on  the 

cheek. 
Whisk'ing,  a.  sweeping  along  lightly. 


WELSH  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIYES. 


Bicre — a  Conflict  ;  to  Peck  like  Birds. 

Bick'er,  v.  to  keep  up  a  noisy  alter-  I  Bick'ering,  n.  a  quarrel ;    a  skir- 
cation.  |      mish. 

Bostio — to  Boast  ;  to  Vaunt. 

Boast,  v.  to  brag ;  to  exalt  one's  self  ]  Boast'er,  n.  one  who  boasts. 
Boast'ful,  a.  given  to  boasting. 

Boch — the  Cheek. 

Box,  n.  a  blow  on  the  head  or  ear,  I  Box'er,  n.  one  who  boxes, 
given  by  the  hand.         •  |  Boxr'iNG,  n.  fighting  with  the  fists. 

Note. — Box,  an  evergreen  shrub  whose  wood  is  very  useful,  comes  from  the  Greek, 
through  the  Latin  {buzus^  a  box-tree,)  and  Box,  a  case  made  of  wood,  from  the 
A.-S.  (box.) 


224 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Brol — Bragging. 
Brawl,  n.  a  noisy  quarrel.  |  BRAWL'mG,>.  a.  quarreling  noisily. 


Bonglera — ^to  Bungle, 
Bun'glb,  v.  to  perform  clumsily. 


Bun'gler,  n.  a  bad  or  clumsy  work* 
man. 


Clog — a  Large  Stone. 

Clog,  v.  to  load  with  so  as  to  hinder  I  Clog'ging,  n.  an  obstruction ;  a  hin- 
motion.  I      derance. 

Clog'gy,  a.  thick ;  adhesive. 

Clwpa — a  Knob  or  Lump. 

Club,  n.  a  heavy  stick.  I  Club'fisted,  a.  having  a  large  fist. 

Clubbed,  a.  collected  into  one  sum.    |  Club'footed,  a.  having  crooked  feet. 

Note.— Club,  to  combine  for  one  purpose ;  to  contribute  to  a  common  expense ; 
comes  from  the  A.-S.  {cleofan^  to  divide.) 

Darnio — to  Piece. 
Darn,  v.  to  mend  a  rent  or  hole.  |  Darn'ing,  w.the  act  of  mending  holes. 


Gin,  n.  any  machine. 
Gun,  n.  a  general  name  for  firearms. 
Gun'ner,  n.  one  who  manages  guns. 
Gun'nery,  n.  the   art  of  managing 
artillery. 


Gtvn — a  Contraction  of  Engine. 

Gun'powder,  n.  the  powder  put  in 

guns. 
Gun'shot,  n.  the  distance  a  gun  will 

shoot. 
Gun'smith,  n.  one  who  makes  guns. 


Note. — Gin,  a  kind  of  ardent  spirits  distilled  from  rye  and  malted  barley  and  fla- 
vored with  juniper  berries,  comes  from  the  Latin  {juniperus,  the  juniper  tree ;  junior^ 
younger,  and  pario,  to  produce; — so  called  because  it  puts  forth  younger  berries 
while  the  others  are  ripening.) — Minsheu. 


Sap — Luck;  Chance. 


Hap,  n.  chance ;  fortune  ;  accident. 
Hap'less,  a.  unhappy  ;  unfortunate. 
Hap'ly,  ad.  perhaps ;  by  chance. 
Hap'pen,  v.  to  come  to  pass. 
Hap'py,  a.  lucky ;  in  a  state  of  felicity. 
Hap'piness,  n.  good  fortune ;  felicity. 


Haphaz'ard,  n.  chance  ;  accident. 
Mishap',  n.  ill  luck ;  misfortune. 
Perhaps,  ad.  it  may  be. 
Unhap'py,  a.  miserable ;  unfortunate. 
Unhap'pily,  ad.  unfortunately. 
Unhap'piness,  n.  misery ;  misfortune. 


Hivt — Hoot. 
Hoot,  t.  to  shout  in  contempt.  |  Hoot'ing,  n.  shouting ;  clamor. 


Cic — the  Foot. 
Kick,  v.  to  strike  with  the  foot.  I  Kick'er,  n.  one  that  kicks. 


WELSH    EOOTS    AND   DEEIVATIVE8.  226 

Llan — Land. 
Lawn,  n.  a  grassy  plain. 
NoTB.— Lawn,  a  sort  of  fine  linen,  comes  from  the  Latin  {linum.) 

Leech — a  Flat  Stone. 
League,  n.  a  distance  of  three  miles. 
Note. — Leaoub,  an  alliance ;  a  combination ;  comes  from  the  Latin  {ligo.) 

Moel—EAi,T>\  Bare. 

Moult,  v.  to  shed  or   change  the  I  Moult'ing,  n.  the  act  of  changing 
feathers.  |      feathers  or  hair. 

l*erf— Pert. 

Pert,  a.  lively ;  saucy.  |  Pert'ly,  ad.  briskly ;  saucily. 

Pert'ness,  n.  briskness ;  sauciness. 

Syth — Stiffening;  Glue. 

Size,  v.  to  cover  with  glutinous  mat-  I  Size,  n.  a  glutinous  substance, 
ter.  I 

Note. — Size,  bulk ;  magnitude ;  is  an  abbreviation  of  Assize,  a  court,  or  the  sitting 
of  a  court,  from  Latin  {assideo,  to  sit  by  or  near,)  formerly  anything  reduced  to  cer- 
tainty in  respect  to  time,  number,  quantity,  etc. 

Swyf—Sw^ET. 
Su'et,  n.  hard  fat,  |  Su'ett,  a.  resembling  suet. 

T«a^— Tall. 
Tall,  a.  high  in  stature ;  lofty.  |  Tatj/ness,  n.  height  of  stature. 

Twc — Tuck. 

Tuck,  n.  a  horizontal  fold  made  in  a  I  Tuck,  v.  to  gather  into  a  narrow 
garment  to  shorten  it.  I      compass. 

Tuck'er,  n.  a  small  piece  of  linen  over  a  woman's  bosom. 

Gwasg — Pressure  ;  Squeeze. 

Waist,  n.  the  middle  part  of  the  I  Waist'band,  n.  the  band  which  en- 
body.  I      circles  the  waist. 
Waist'coat,  n.  a  coat  over  the  waist. 

Chwim — Quick  Motion 

Whim,  n.  a  sudden  turn  or  start  of  I  Whim'sical,  a.  full  of  whims, 
the  mind.  I 

Gwingo — to  Wriggle  ;  to  Twist. 
WiNCB,  V.  to  shrink ;  to  start  back.    |  W!2TCH,  n,  a  crank  or  handle  to  turn. 


226  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK  OF   KTYMOLOaY. 


DANISH  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


Bark — Bark. 

Bark,  n.  the  rind  or  covering  of  a  I  Bark,  v.  to  strip  off  bark, 
tree,  I 

Note. — Bark,  the  noise  of  a  dog,  comes  from  the  A.-S.  {beorcan,  to  bark,)  and 
Bark,  a  kind  of  ship,  comes  from  the  Dutch  {bark.) 

Plet — a  Blot. 

Blot,  «.  to  spot ;  to  stain ;  to  blur.      [  Blot,  n.  a  spot  or  stain. 
Blotch,  n.  a  spot  upon  tbe  skin. 

Bolk — Bulk. 

Bulk,  n.  size ;  magnitude.  |  Bulk'y,  a.  of  great  size. 

Bulk'head,  n.  a  partition  across  a  ship. 

Kaste — Cast. 

Cast,  v.  to  throw ;  to  fling ;  to  com-  I  Cast,  n.  a  throw ;  a  mould, 
pute.  !  Cast'er,  n.  one  who  casts. 

Cast'away,  n.  an  abandoned  person. 

Dingle — Dangle. 

Dan'gle,  ®.  to  hang  loose  and  swing-  1  Dan'gler,  n.  one  who  hangs  about 
ing  in  the  air.  |      women  only  to  waste  time. 

Duun — Dow:n. 
Down,  7i.  the  fine  soft  feathers  of  fowls.  |  Down'y,  a.  covered  with  down ;  soft. 

Dvaeler — to  Stay. 

Dwell,  v.  to  live  in  a  place.  |  Dwell'er,  n.  one  who  lives  in  a  place. 

Dwell 'ing,  n.  place  of  residence. 

Myg — Soft;  Pliable. 

Meek,  a.  mild ;  soft ;  gentle.  |  Meek'ly,  ad.  mildly ;  gently. 

Meek'ness,  n.  mildness ;  gentleness. 


Skaane — to  Spare. 


Scant,  v.  to  limit ;  to  stint. 
Scant,  a.  not  plentiful ;  scarce. 
Scant'ness,  n.  smallness. 


Scant'y,  a.  small ;  not  ample. 
Scant'ily,  a.  sparingly. 
Scant'iness,  n.  want  of  fullness. 


Skrige — Screak. 
IScBBAK,  V.  to  make  a  shrill,  loud  noise.  |  Screech,  v.  to  cry  out  as  in  terror. 


GOTHIC   BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  227 


Sky,  n.  the  aerial  region  which  sur- 
rounds the  earth. 
Sky'ish,  a.  like  the  sky. 


Sky — a  Cloud. 

Skt'lakk,  n.  a  bird  which  mounts 

and  sings. 
Sky'light,  n.  a  window  in  a  roof. 


Trives — to  Increase. 

Thrive,  v.  to  increase ;  to  grow.  I  Thript'y,   a.   thriving    by  industry 

Thriv'ing,  n.  prosperity  ;  growth.  and  frugality. 

Thrift,  n.  frugality ;  gain 

Vigre — a  Twig.    From  Viger — to  Yield. 
Wick'er,    a.    made     of    twigs    or  I  Wick'erwork,  n.  a  texture  of  twigs 


osiers.  or  osiers. 


GOTHIC   ROOTS  AND  DERIYATIVES. 


Kuef—9.  Catarrh.     -Ko/— Suffocation. 
Cough,  n.  a  convulsion  of  the  lungs.  |  Cough'er,  n.  one  who  coughi. 

Chreitan — to  Cry, 
Cry,  v.  to  utter  a  loud  noise.  |  Cry'ing,  n.  clamor. 

Daddjan — to  Milk. 

Dai'ry,  n.   a  place  where   milk  is  I  Dai'rymatd,  n.  a  female  servant  in  a 
kept.  I      dairy. 

Thinsan — to  Dance. 

Dance,  c.  to  move  with  regulated  I  Dan'cing,  n.  act  of  moving  with  reg- 
steps.  I      ulated  steps. 

Gruds — Loath. 
Grudge,  v.  to  grant  with  reluctance.  |  Begrudge,  «?.  to  envy  the  possession  of. 

Giutan— to  Pour  Out. 

Gush,  v.  to  flow  or  rusll  out  with  I  Gust,  n.  a  sudden  violent  blast,  as  of 
violence.  I      wind. 

Note. — Gust,  taste;  relish;  comes  fram  the  Latin  (gustus.) 


228  SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Hurra — ^to  Dbive  ;  to  Move  Violently. 
HuKL,  V.  to  throw  with  violence. 
Hur'ly-bur'ly,  n.  tumult ;  a,  tumul- 
tuous. 


Hur'ry,  'd.  to  hasten  ;  to  drive. 
Hur'ry-skur'ry,  ad.  confusedly. 


Mes — a  Table. 

Mess,  n.  a  portion  of  food.  I  Mess'mate,  n.  one  who  eats  at  the 

I      same  table. 

Klander — Infamy. 

Slan'der,  n.  false  censure.  |  Slan'derer,  n  one  who  slanders. 

Slan'derous,  a.  uttering  false  reproach. 


SWEDISH  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIYES. 


Krok,  kroka — to  Curve  ;  to  Bend. 

Crook,  n.  a  bend ;  a  curvature.  |  Crook,  v.  to  bend ;  to  curve. 

Crook'ed,  a.  bent ;  not  straight. 

JDaska — to  Strike. 

Dash,  u.  to    strike    or   throw  vio-  i  Dash,  n.  anything  that  comes  witt 
lently.  |      sudden  violence. 

I>rahha — to  Hit. 
Drub,  «.  to  beat ;  to  thrash.  |  Drub'bing,  n.  a  beating. 

Myra — ^Marshy  Ground. 
Mire,  n.  soft,  wet  earth ;  mud.  |  Mi'ry,  a.  full  of  mire. 

Slinta — to  Slip. 

Slant,  a.  sloping;  inclined  from  a  I  Slant'ing,  p.  a.  inclining    from    a 
direct  line.  I     right  line. 

Vir — Wire. 
Wire,  n.  a  metallic  thread, 


GAELIC   BOOTS   AUD   DEEIVATIVBS.  229 


GAELIC   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


Apran — Apron. 
A'PBON,  n.  a  cloth  to  keep  the  dress  clean. 

Bog — Bog. 

Bog,  n.  a  soft,  marshy  place  covered  I  Bog'qy,  a.  marshy ;  swampy, 
with  grass.  I 

Bran — Bran. 
Bran,  n.  the  husks  of  wheat  or  other  grain. 

Brisg — Brisk. 

Brisk,  a.  lively ;  active.  |  Brisk'lt,  ad.  actively. 

Bbisk'ness,  n.  liveliness. 

Brisgear — Gristle. 
Bris'ket,  n.  the  breast  of  an  animal. 

Craos — a  Wide  Mouth  ;  Revelry. 

Carouse^,  v.  to  drink  freely  and  with  I  Carou'sal,  n.  a  noisy  drinking  bout 
jollity.  I  Carous'er,  n.  one  who  carouses. 

Clann — Clan. 
Clan,  ».  a  family ;  a  race;  a  tribe.      |  Clan'nish,  a.  disposed  to  unite  in  clans. 

Craig — Crag. 

Crag,  w.  a  rough,  steep  rock.  |  Crag'gy,  a.  rugged ;  rocky ;  rough. 

Dud — a  Rag. 

Duds,  ».  old  worn  clothes.  |  Dow'dy,  n.  an  awkward,  ill-dressed 

woman. 


230  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


ITALIAN  ROOTS  AND   DERIVATIVES. 


Bozza — a  Bunch. 
Botch,  n.  a  work  ill  finished.  J  Botch,  n.  a  clumsy  workman. 

Brezza — Breeze. 
Breeze,  n.  a  gentle  gale.  |  Breeze'less,  a.  without  a  breeze. 

Broccata — Brocade. 
Brocade',  n.  embroidered  silk.  \  Brocad'ed,  a.  woven  as  brocade. 

Buff  one,  buffo — Comic. 
Buffoon',  n.  a  low  jester.  |  Buffoon'ery,  n.  low  jests. 

Muffiano — a  Pimp. 
RuFP'iAN,  n.  a  brutal  fellow.  [  Ruff'ianly,  a.  brutal ;  violent. 

Salvia,  from  L.  Salvo — ;to  Save. 
Sage,  n.  a  plant. 
Note. — Sage,  wise ;  prudent ;  comes  from  the  Latin  {sagm.) 

Scarso — Scarce. 

Scarce,  a.  not  plentiful ;  rare.  I  Scarce'ly,  ad.   hardly ;   with  diffi- 

ScARc'iTY,  n,  want  of  plenty.  |      culty. 

Scarce'ness,  n.  want  of  plenty. 

Scorare — to  Dishearten. 

Scare,  v.  to  terrify  suddenly.  I  Scare'crow,  n.  an  image  to  frighten 

I      birds. 

Scherno — Scorn. 

Scorn,  v.  to  despise ;  to  disdain.  I  Scorn'er,  n.  one  who  scomg. 

Scorn,  w,  extreme  contempt.  |  Scorn'ful,  a.  disdainful. 

Scorn'ing,  2)pr.  treating  with  contempt. 


LATIN  BOOTS   AND   DEBIVATIVK8.  231 


lATIN  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


PRONUNCIATION, 


Latin  words  are  usually  pronounced  in  this  country,  in  accordance  with 
the  general  principles  of  English  pronunciation.  It  is  important,  however, 
to  bear  in  mind : 

1st.  That  every  vowel  or  diphthong  in  a  Latin  word  must  be  enunciated ; 
i.  €.,  every  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  there  are  vowels  or  diphthongs  in 
it.     Thus,  miles  is  pronounced  mi-les ;  mare^  ma/r-e. 

2d.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  always  on  the  first  syllable ; 
as,  a'cer^  a'go^  ar'lor. 

3d.  When  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  ends  with  a,  that  letter  is 
sounded  as  «  in  ah. 

4th.  That  the  diphthongs  cb  and  ce  are  sounded  as  simple  e  would  be  in 
the  same  place ;  thus,  fce'diis^  fe'dus  ;  poe'na,  pe'na ;  cem'ulus,  em'ulus. 

5th.  That  ch  is  always  sounded  like  Tc. 

6th.  That  e  and  g  are  hard  before  a,  o,  and  u^  and  soft  before  e,  *,  and  y , 
thus,  in  the  words  m'Zo,  co'lo  and  cu'ra^  the  c  has  the  sound  of  Ic;  in  ce'do 
and  ci'vis  it  has  the  sound  of  s.  So  ^,  in  the  words  li'go^  lon'gu%  and  gut'tOy 
has  the  sound  of  gSn  go;  in  the  words  ge'ro^  gig'no^  it  has  the  sound  of  j. 


A&idus — Sour. 
Acm'iTT,  n.  sourness ;  tartness.  |  Acid'ulate,  v.  to  make  slightly  sour. 

A(fris — Sharp;  Sour. 
Ac'rid,  a.  biting  to  the  taste.  |  Ac'rimony,  n.  ill  nature. 

A^cu-o,  acu^t-um — to  Sharpen. 
Acu'men,  n.  sharpness  of  intellect      |  Acute',  a.  sharp ;  pointed. 

A^gOf  acftum — to  Do ;  to  Perform  ;  to  Drive. 


A-CT,  in.  to  do ;  to  perform. 
A-c'tion,  n.  a  performance. 
A-GIl'ity,  n.  quickness  of  motion. 
Ag'ile,  a.  moving  easily. 
A.c'tuate,  '0.  to  put  in  action. 
A'gent,  n.  a  person  acting  fir  another. 
Ag'itate,  «.  to  put  in  motion. 
Co'gent,  a.  forcible ;  powerful. 


Cog'itatb,  v.  to  think. 


Enact',  «j.  to  perform ;  to  decree. 
Exact',  id.  to  take  by  force. 
Exact',  a.  accurate ;  strict. 
Ex'igency,  n.  pressing  necessity. 
PROD'iGAL,a.  driving  forth  recklessly. 
Transact',  «.  to  perform  through. 
Navigate,  v.  to  drive  a  ship  to  sail. 
React',  «.  to  act  back. 


232  bmith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Ag^ger — a  Heap  ;  a  Mound. 
Exag'gbrate,  v.  to  enlarge  beyond  the  truth. 

A'ger,  a'gri — a  Field. 

Aoba'bian,  a.  relating  to  lands.  I  Ag'rtculture,  n.  the  cultivation  of 

I      fields. 

A^lius — Other;  Another. 

A'lien,  n.  a  foreigner.  I  A'lienate,  v.  to  transfer  to  another. 

A'lias,  ad.  otherwise.  I  Aliena'tion,  n.  estrangement. 


Al'iment,  n.  food. 
Al'imony,  n.  the  allowance  to  a  di 
vorced  woman. 


7o,  aWtum — ^to  Feed  ;  to  Nourish. 

Al'moner,7i.  one  who  distributes  alms. 
Alms,  n.  gifts  to  the  poor. 
Coalesce,  v.  to  grow  together. 


Coali'tion,  n.  union ;  league. 

Alter^nus — by  Turns  ;  One  After  the  Other. 
Alter'nate,  v.  to  do  by  turns.  |  Alter'native,  n.  a  choice  of  two 


things. 

AVtus — High;  Lofty. 
Al'titudb,  n.  height ;  elevation.  |  Exalt',  <&.  to  raise  up. 

Am^hulo — to  Walk  ;  to  Pace. 
Am'ble,  «.  to  pace,  as  a  horse,  |  Peram'bulate,  v.  to  walk  through. 

A^mo — to  Love.     Ainvcus — a  Friend. 


Am'atory,  a.  relating  to  love. 
Amateur',  n.  a  lover  of  the  fine  arts. 
A'miable,  a.  worthy  of  love. 
Am'orous,  a.  affected  by  love. 
Am'ioable,  a.  friendly. 


Am'ity,  n.  friendship. 

En'mity,  n.  hatred. 

En'emy,  n.  a  foe. 

Inim'ical,  a.  unfriendly  ;  opposed. 

Amour',  n.  a  love  affair. 


Am'plus — Large;  Extensive;  Plentiful. 

Am'ple,  a.  large ;  full ;  wide.  I  Am'plify,  v.  to  enlarge. 

Am'ply,  ad.  largely.  I  Amplifica'tion,  n.  enlargement. 

Am'plitude,  n.  largeness. 

An^f/lia — England,    A  n'glicus — English. 


An'glican,  a.  of  England ;  English. 
An'glo-Amer'ican,  n.  an  American 
of  English  descent. 


An'glo-Da'nish,  a.  belonging  to  tte 

English  Danes. 
An'glo-Sax'on,  a.  belonging  to  the 

English  Saxons. 


Anfgo,  anx^i — to  Vex. 

An'guish,  n.  intense  pain.  I  Anxi'ety,  n.  solicitude. 

An'gbr,  n.  wrath ;  rage.  |  Anx'/ous,  a.  troubled  in  mind. 


LATIN   EOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


23a 


Anfgulus — a  Corner  ;  an  Angle. 


Ai^-'GLB,  n.  a  comer. 
An'ghlar,  a.  having  comers. 
Multan'gular,  a.  many  cornered. 
Pentan'gular,  a.  five  cornered. 
Quad'rangle,  n,  a  square. 


Tri'angle,  n.  a  three  cornered  figure. 


Rect'angle,  n.  a  right  angled  four- 
sided  figure. 

Septan'gular,  a.  having  seven  cor- 
ners. 

EQUiAN'GULAR,a.  having  equal  angles. 


AnHmus — Mind;  Courage. 

An^imal,  n.  a  living  creature. 
Animal'cule,  n.  a  minute  animal. 
An'imate,  v.  to  make  alive. 
Animadvert',  v.  to  pass  censure. 
Inan'imate,  a.  lifeless. 
Anima'tion,  n.  liveliness. 
Animos'ity,  n.  violent  hatred. 


An^nia — Wind  ;  Breath  ;  Lifb. 

Unanim'ity,  n.  agreement. 
Unan'imous,  a.  of  one  mind. 
Equanim'ity,  n.  evenness  of  mind. 
Magnanim'ity,  n.  greatness  of  mind. 
Magnan'imous,  a.  brave  ;  noble. 
Pusillanim'ity,  n.  cowardice. 
Rean'imate,  «.  to  restore  to  life. 


An'nvLS'—B.  Circle  ;  a  Year. 


An'nals,  n.  yearly  records. 
Anniver'sary,  n.  a  stated  day  com- 
ing once  in  every  year. 
An'nual,  a.  yearly. 
Annu'ity,  n.  a  yearly  allowance. 
Bien'nial,  a.  in  every  two  years. 
Millen'nium,  n.  a  thousand  years. 


Centen'nial,  a.  in  every  hundred 

years. 
Octen'nial,  a.  in  every  eighth  year. 
Peren'nial,  a.  perpetual. 
Septen'nial,  a.  in  every  seven  years. 
Trien'nial,  a.  in  every  third  year. 
Superan'nuate,  v.  to  impair  by  age. 


An'tiquary,  n.  one  who  studies  an- 
cient things. 

Antiqua'rian,  a.  relating  to  anti- 
quity. 


AntVquus — Old  or  Ancient. 

An'tiquate,  v.  to  make  obsolete. 
Antique',  a.  ancient. 
Antiq'uity,  n.  old  times. 
An'cient,  a.  old. 


if 


An'tic,  a.  odd ;  fanciful. 

Ape^rio,  aper'tum — to  Open. 
Ape'rient,  a.  gently  purgative.  |  Ap'erture,  n.  an  opening ;  a  hole. 

Ap'^tus — ^Fit;  Meet. 


Adapt',  «.  to  fit ;  to  adjust. 
Apt,  a.  fit ;  ready. 
Ap'titude,  n.  tendency. 


Apt'ness,  n.  quickness  of  apprehen- 
sion. 


A'^qua — ^Water. 

Aquat'ic,  a.  pertaining  to  water. 
A'queduct,  n.  a  channel  for  water 
A'QUEous,  a.  watery. 


Terra'queous,  a.  composed  of  land 
and  water. 


Ar^biter — an  Umpire  or  Judge. 


Ar'bitrate,  v.  to  decide. 
Ahbitra'tion,  n.   determination  by 
an  arbitrator. 


Ar'bitrator,  n.  a  decider;  an  um* 

pi  re. 
Ar'bitrary,  a.  despotic. 


234  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

Ar'^bor—Si  Tree. 
Ar'bor,  n.  a  bower.  ^  |  Ar'borary,  a.  belonging  to  trees. 

Ar^ceo — ^to  Keep  ;  to  Driye  ;  to  Restrain. 
Coerce,  v.  to  restrain  by  force.  |  Coer'cion,  n.  restraint. 

Arc^us—a,  Bow. 
Abch,  n.  a  curved  structure.  |  Arch'er,/i.  he  that  shoots  with  a  bow. 

Ar^deOf  ar^sum — to  Burn. 

Ar'dent,  a.  hot ;  passionate.  I  Ar'dor,  n.  passion ;   zeal. 

Ar'denct,  n.  eagerness ;  heat.  |  Ar'son,  n.  the  crime  of  house  burning. 

Ar^guo — to  Argue. 
Ar'gue,  v.  to  reason ;  to  dispute.         |  Ar'gument,  n.  a  reason  oflFered. 

A^^ma — Arms;  Weapons. 


Arm,  v.  to  famish  with  arms. 
Arms,  n.  weapons. 
Arma'da,  n.  a  fleet  of  war. 
Ar'mament,  n.  a  naval  warlike  force. 
Ar'mor,  n.  defensive  arms. 


Ar'mistice,  n.  a  cessation  of  hostil- 
ities. 
Ar'mory,  n.  a  place  for  arms. 
Ar'my,  n.  a  number  of  armed  men. 
Disarm',  v.  to  deprive  of  weapons. 


Art,  n.  skill ;  cunning ;  trade. 
Art'ist,  n.  a  professor  of  an  art. 
Art'isan,  n.  a  workman. 
Artifi'cial,  a.  made  by  art ;  not  gen 
nine. 


ArSf  ar'tis — Art;  Skill;  Trick. 

Ar'tifice,  n.  trick ;  fraud. 

Art'ful,  a.  cunning. 

Art'less,    a.     unskillful ;     without 

fraud. 
Inert',  a.  dull;  motionless. 


Ar^tus — a  Joint.    Arti&ulws — a  Little  Joint. 


Ar'ticle,  n.  a  single  thing. 
Artic'ular,    a.    belonging    to    the 
joints. 


Artic'ulate,  ®.  to  speak  distinctly. 
Artic'ulate,  a.  distinct ;  jointed. 
Inartic'ulate,  a.  not  distinct. 


As^per — Rough;  Harsh;  Severe. 
Asper'ity,  n,  roughness.  |  Exas'perate,  «.  to  enrage. 

Alfrox,  atro^cis — Cruel;  Fiercb. 
Atro'cious,  a.  extremely  wicked.        |  Atroc'ity,  n.  great  wickedness. 

Au^dio,  audVtum — ^to  Hear  ;  to  Listen  ;  to  Obey. 

Au'dible,  a.  that  can  be  heard. 
Au'dience,  n.  the  persons  assembled 

to  hear. 
Au'dit,  v.  to  examine  an  account. 
Au'ditor,  71.  a  hearer. 


Au'ditory,  n.  an  assembly  of  hearers 
Obey',  v.  to  comply  with  commands. 
Obe'dience,  n.  submission. 
Obe'dient,  a.  obeying. 
Disobey',  v.  to  break  commanda 


Inau'dzble,  a.  not  to  be  heard. 


LATIN  ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  ii35 

Au^deo— to  Dabe.    Au'daoc — Very  Dakeno. 
Auda'cious,  a.  bold  and  impudent.     |  Audac'ity,  n,  effrontery. 


Augment',  v.  to  increase. 
Auc'tion,  n.  a  sale  to   the   highest 
bidder. 


Au^geo,  auc^tum — to  Increase. 

Au'thor,  n.  an  originator. 
Au'thorize,  t.  to  give  authority. 
Author'ity,  n.  legal  power. 


Auxil'iary,  a.  helping. 


Au'gur,  «.  to  foretell ;  to  predict. 
Inau'gurate,  v.  to  lead  into  oflSce 
with  suitable  ceremonies. 


Augur — a  Soothsayer. 

Au'gury,  n.  prediction  by  omens. 
Auspic'ious,  a.  favorable. 
Inauspi'cious,  a.  unfortunate. 


JBa&chus — in  heathen  mythology,  the  God  of  Wine. 

Bacchana'lian,    a.    pertaining    to  I  Debauch',  v.  to  corrupt ;  to  ruin, 
drunken  revelry.  I  Debauchee',  n.  a  rake ;  a  drunkard. 

Debauch'ery,  n.  intemperance. 

Bar^harus — Rude;  Savage;  Crubl. 

Bar'barous,  a.  rude ;  uncivilized.       I  Barbar'ic,  a.  foreign ;  rude. 
Barba'rian,  n.  a  savage.  I  Bar'barism,  n.  inhumanity. 

Babbar'ity,  n.  brutality. 

Sea^tus — Happy;  Blessed. 
Beat'ipy,  v.  to  make  happy.  |  Beat'itude,  n.  blessedness. 

BeVlum — ^War. 

Bellig'ebent,  a.  waging  war.  |  Reb'el,  n.  one  who  revolts. 

♦       Rebel'lion,  n.  insurrection. 

Be^ne — Good  ;  Well. 


Benedic'tion,  n.  a  blessing. 
Benefac'tion,  n.  a  blessing  conferred. 
Benepac'tor,  n.  he  who  confers  a 
benefit. 


Benef'icent,  a.  kind ;  doing  good. 
Benefi'cial,  a.  advantageous. 
Benev'olence,  n.  good  will ;  charity. 
Ben'efit,  n.  advantage. 


Benig^nus — Kind;  Liberal. 
Benign/  a,  kind ;  generous.  |  Benig'nity,  n.  actual  kindness. 

BVbo — to  Drink. 

Bib'ber,  n.  a  tippler.  |  Bib'ulous,  a.  absorbing. 

Imbibe',  v.  to  drink  in. 

Blandus — Gentle;  WmNiNG. 

Bland,  a.  gentle ;  mild.  I  Blan'dishment,  n.  winning  words  oi 

Bland'ish,  v.  to  smooth ;  to  soften.     |      actions. 


236 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Bis — Twice.     BVni—Tyfo  by  Two. 

Bi'furcated,  a.  having  two  prongs.     Bisect',   v.   to   cut  into  two   ec^ual 
Big 'amy,  n.  having  two  wives  at  once.        parts. 
Bi'nary,  a.  composed  of  two.  Combine',  v.  to  join  or  unite. 

Bi'PED,  n.  an  animal  with  two  feet.        Bien'nial,  a.  in  every  two  years. 
Bis'cuiT,  n.  a  kind  of  bread,  (twice  baked.) 

JBre^vis — Short;  Brief. 

Brief,  a.  short ;  concise.  I  Brev'iary,  n.  an  abridgement, 

I  Abbre'viate,  v.  to  shorten. 
Abridge',  v.  to  shorten. 


Brey'ity,  n.  shortness. 


Bru^tus — Brute  ;  Senseless. 
Bru'tal,  a.  unfeeling.  |  Bru'tish,  a.  like  a  brute. 


Ca^do,  ca^sum — to  Fall  ;  to  Happen. 


Ca'dence,  n.  the  fall  of  the  voice. 
Deca'dence,  n.  fall ;  decay. 
Case,  n.  condition ;  state. 
Cas'ual,  a.  accidental, 
accident, 
that  which  happens 


Ac'ciDENT,  n 
unforeseen. 


Cascade',  n.  waterfall. 
Coincide',  v.  to  agree. 
Coin'cidence,  n.  concurrence. 
Decay',  v.  to  rot ;  to  fall  away, 
Decid'uous,  a.  falling  ;  dying. 
In'cident,  n.  an  event. 
Occa'sion,  'd.  to  cause. 
Oc'ciDENT,  n.  the  west. 


Cce^dOf  cce^sum 

Incis'ion,  n.  a  cut  into  any  thing. 
Excis'iON,  n.  a  cutting  out. 
Excise,  n.  a  tax  on  goods. 
Concise',  a.  short ;  brief. 
Decide',  v.  to  determine. 
Decis'ion,  n.  determination. 
Deci'sive,  a.  conclusive;  final. 
Precise',  a.  exact ;  strict. 
Precis'ion,  n.  exactness. 


-to  Cut  ;  to  Kill. 

Frat'ricide,   n.  the    murder   of 

brother. 
Hom'icide,  n.  a  manslayer. 


Infan'ticide, 


the  murder  of  an 


the    murder    of    a 


infant. 
Par'ricide,    n. 

parent. 
Su'iciDE,  n.  self-murder. 
Reg'icide,  n.  the  murder  of  a  king. 


CaV cuius — a  Small  Stone  ;  a  Pebble. 
Cal'culate,  v.  to  compute.  |  Cal'culus,  n.  a  disease. 


Caleo- 

Calefac'tion,  n.  the  act  of  heating 
Cal'dron,  n.  a  pot ;  a  boiler. 
Calor'ic,  n.  the  element  of  heat. 


to  be  Warm  or  Hot.     Ca^lor — Heat. 

Calorif'ic,  a.  making  hot. 
Incales'cence,  n.  warmth. 
Scald,  «.  to  bum  with  a  hot  fluid. 


Camp''ns- 

Camp,  n.  the  ground   on   which  an 

army  pitches  its  tents. 
Campaign',  n.  a  military  year. 


a  Plain  ;  a  Tented  Field. 

Decamp,  v.  to   change  a  camp;  to 

move  off. 
Encamp',  v.  to  pitch  tents. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


237 


Calufn^nia — Calumny. 

Cal'umny,  n.  false  accusation.  |  Calum'nious,  a.  slanderous. 

Calum'niate,  v.  to  accuse  falsely. 


Canfdeo- 

Can'dor,  n.  frankness ;  sincerity. 
Can'did,  a.  fair ;  open. 
Can'didate,  n.  one  proposed  for  of- 
fice. 
Can'dle,  n.  a  light  made  of  tallow. 


to  Glow  with  Heat  ;  to  be  Bright  or  White. 

ExcANDEs'cENCE,  n.  white  heat. 
Chandelier',  n.  a  branch  for  candles. 
In'cense,  n.  perfume  burnt. 
Incense',  v.  to  enrage ;  to  provoke. 
Incen'tive,  n.  a  motive ;  inducement 


Incen'diary,  n.  one  who  sets  on  fire. 


Ca'no,  cart' turn,— io  Sing  ;  to  Sound. 


Chant,  n.  a  kind  of  sacred  music. 
Can'ticle,  n.  a  song. 
Can'to,  n.  a  section  of  a  poem. 
Cant,  n.  affected  manner  of  speech. 
Descant',  io.  to  discourse. 


Ac'cENT,  n.  a  stress  of  voice. 
Enchant,  «.  to  delight  highly. 
Incanta'tion,  n.  the  act  of  enchant- 
ing by  singing. 
Recant',  ®.  to  recall ;  to  retract. 


Ca^pio,  cap^tuin — to  Take  ;  to  Take  into  the  Mind. 


Accept',  «.  to  take ;  to  receive. 
Accept'able,  a.  pleasing. 
Antic'ipate,  v.  to  take  beforehand. 
Ca'pable,  a.  able  to  do  or  take. 
Capa'cious,  a.  wide ;  large. 
Capac'itate,  ®.  to  qualify. 
Capac'ity,  n.  power  of  holding. 
Cap'tious,  a.  peevish  ;  caviling. 
Cap'tivate,  v.  to  take  prisoner ;  to 

charm. 
Cap'tive,  n.  a  prisoner. 
Cap'tor,  n.  he  who  takes  prisoners. 
Cap'ture,  n.  a  seizure. 
Conceit',  n.  fancy ;  opinion. 
Conceive',  v.  to  think. 
Concep'tion,  n.  notion  ;  idea. 
Deceive',  v.  to  cheat ;  to  mislead. 
Deceit',  n.  a  fraud;  a  cheat. 
Decep'tion,  n.  act  of  deceiving. 
Eman'cipate,  v.  to  set  at  liberty. 


for 


r. 


Cap'ut,  capitis 

Cap,  72-.  a  covering  for  the  head. 
Cap'ital,  a.  chief;  principal. 
Capita'tion,  n.  counting  by  heads. 
Capit'ulate,??.  to  surrender  by  treaty. 
Cape,  n.  a  headland. 
Cap'tain,  n.  a  cliief  comn^nder. 
Chapter,  n.  a  division  or  nead. 
Decap'itate,  v.  to  behead. 
Precipice,  n.  a  headlong  steep. 


Except,  v.  to  leave  out. 
Incip'ient,  a.  commencing. 
Intercept',  v.  to  stop  on  the  way. 
Misconcep'tion,  n.  a  false  opinion. 
Occupa'tion,  n.  employment. 
Oc'cuPY,  V.  to  possess. 
Partic'ipate,  v.  to  share. 
Perceive',  v.  to  notice ;  to  see. 
Pre'cept,  n.  a  rule  given. 
Prin'cipal,  a.  chief;  capital. 
Prin'ciple,  n.  cause ;   motive. 
Receive',  v.  to  take ;  to  admit. 
Receipt',    n.    acknowledgment 

money  paid. 
Recep'tacle,  n.  that  which  receives 

or  contains. 
Recep'tion,  n.  a  receiving, 
Rec'ipe,  n.  a  medical  prescription. 
Recip'ient,  n.  one  who  receives. 
Suscep'tible,  a.  sensitive. 

-the  Head  ;  Life. 

Precip'itance,  n.  headlong  hurry. 
Precip'itate,  v.  to  tumble  headlong. 
Precip'itate,  a.  headstrong ;  Hasty. 
Precip'itate,  n.  a  sediment. 
Recapit'ulate,  v.  to  repeat. 
Chief'tain,  n.  a  headman. 
Oc'ciPUT,  n.  the  hinder  part  of  the 
head. 


•238 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Car^ho,  carho^nis —  a  Coal. 


Car'bon,  n.  the  essential  ingredient 

of  coal. 
Cabbon'ic,  a.  containing  carbon. 


Cab'buncle,  n,  a  little  coal ;  a  gem ; 
a  tumor. 


Ca'rOf  caynis — Flesh, 

Car'nage,  n.  slaughter.  Car'nival,  n.  a  feast  before  Lent. 

Car'nal,  a.  fleshly ;  lustful.  Car'rion,  n.  putrid  flesh. 

Carniv'orous,  a.  feeding  on  flesh.         Oar'cass,  n.  a  dead  body. 
Incar'nate,  a.  clothed  with  flesh.       j  Carnel'ian,  n.  a  red  stone. 
Carna'tion,  n.  the  natural  flesh  color. 

Cas'tus — Chaste;  Pure;  Correct. 
Chaste,  a.  pure ;  uncorrupt.  |  Chas'titt,  n.  purity. 

Cav^us — Hollow. 


Cav'brn,  n.  a  deep,  hollow  place. 
Cav'ity,  n.  a  hollow  place. 


Con'cave,  a.  hollow. 
Ex'cavate,  v.  to  hollow  out. 


Cau^sa — a  Cause  ;  a  Reason. 

Cause,  n.  that  which  produces  an  I  Accuse',  v.  to  charge  with  a  crime, 
eflfect.  I  Excuse',  v.  to  pardon. 

Because',  con.  for  the  reason  that. 

Ca^veOf  cau'tuni — to  Beware  ;  to  Take  Care. 

Cau'tion,  n.  prudence  in  respect  to  i  Ca'veat,  n.  a  warning, 
danger.  I  Incau'tious,  a.  heedless. 

Precau'tion,  n.  previous  care. 

Ce'do,  ces'sufn — to  Yield  ;  to  Go  Away. 


Cede,  v.  to  yield  or  give  up. 
Ces'sion,  n.  the  act  of  yielding. 
Cease,  «).  to  stop  ;  to  leave  ofil 
Cessa'tion,  n.  a  stop. 
Accede',  «.  to  assent  to. 
A-CCess',  n.  approach. 
Acces'sion,  n.  an  increase. 
An'cestor,  n.  a  forefather. 
An'cestry,  n.  a  series  of  ancestors. 
Antece'dent,  a.  going  before. 
Concede',  «.  to  yield  ;  to  grant. 
CoNCEs'siON,  n.  the  act  of  granting. 
Decease',  n.  death. 
Exceed',  v.  to  go  beyond. 

SuccEs'srvE,  a. 


Excess',  n.  more  than  enough. 

Inces'sant,  a.  without  pause. 

Intercede',  v.  to  go  between. 

Precede',  v.  to  go  before. 

Prec'edent,  n.  an  example. 

Proceed',  v.  to  go  forward. 

Recede',  v.  to  go  back. 

Proc'ess,  n.  a  method. 

Proces'sion,  n.  a  ceremonious  marcli. 

Recess',  n.  a  place  of  retreat. 

Secede',  v.  to  withdraw  from. 

Seces'sion,  n.  a  withdrawing  from. 
j  Succeed',  v.  to  follow ;  to  prosper. 
'  Success',  n.  fortune ;  prosperity, 
following  in  order. 


CeVla—B.  Cell  ;  a  Small,  Close  Room. 

Cell,  n.  a  small,  close  room.  |  Cel'lar,  n.  a  room  under  a  house. 

Cel'lular,  a.  having  little  cells. 


LATIN   KOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  239 

Celfebris — Renowned  ;  Famous. 
Cel'ebrate,  n.  to  praise ;  to  extol.      |  Celeb'rity,  n.  fame ;  renown. 

Ce^ler — Swift. 
Celeb 'iTT,  n.  swiftness ;  speed.  |  Accel'brate,  tJ.  to  hasten. 

CeVsus — High  ;  Lifted  Up. 
Excel',  tJ.  to  outdo ;  to  surpass.  |  Ex'cellent,  a.  surpassing. 

Ce'lo — to  Cover  ;  to  Hide. 
Conceal',  v.  to  hide.  1  Conceal'ment,  n.  the  act  of  hiding. 

Cenfseo — to  Think  ;  to  Judge  ;  to  Blame. 

Cen'sor,  n.  one  who  judges.  I  Cen'sus,  n.  a  numbering  of  the  peo- 

Cen'sure,  71.  blame ;  reproach.  |      pie. 

Censo'rious,  a.  apt  to  censure. 

Cenftrum — the  Center. 


Cen'ter,  n.  the  middle  point  of  any 

thing. 
Cen'tbal,  a.  relating  to  the  center. 


Eccen'tric,  a.  going  from  the  center. 
Cenftum — a  Hundred. 


Concen'tric,  a.  having  the  same  cenv 

ter. 
Concen'trate,  d.  to  bring  together. 


Cent,  n.  the  one-hundredth  part  of  a 
dollar. 

Cen'tury,  n.  a  hundred  years. 

Centen'nial,  a.  occurring  every  hun- 
dred years. 


Cen'tiped,  n.  an  insect  with  many 

feet. 
Centu'rion,  n.  an  officer  over  a  hun- 


dred men. 
CVrch— Wax. 


HP 

Cere,  u.  to  cover  with  wax.  I  Sincere',  a.  pure ;  true. 

Ce'rate,  n,  an  ointment  of  wax,  etc.  |  Sincer'ity,  n.  honesty ;  purity. 


Cer^no,  cveftum — ^to  Sift  ;  to  Distinguish  ;  to  Decree. 

Concern',  ta.  to  affect  or  disturb. 
Decree',  'c.  to  ordain  or  command. 
Discern',  'o.  to  see ;  to  distinguish. 
Discern'ment,  n.  judgment. 
Discreet',  a.  discerning  ;  prudent. 
Discre'tion,  n.  prudence. 

Sec'retary,  n.  one  who  writes  for  another. 

Note. — Secketart,  so  called  from  the  secret  affairs  entrusted  to  liim. 


Discrim'inate;  ©.  to  distinguish. 
Discrimina'tion,  n.  distinction. 
Indiscrim'inate,  a.  not  making  any 

distinction. 
Se'cret,  a.  hidden  ;  private. 
Secrete',  ®.  to  hide  or  conceal. 


Cer^to — to  Contend;  to  Strive. 


Concert',  «.  to  contrive  together. 
Con 'cert,  n.  a    musical    entertain- 
ment. 

# 


Disconcert',  v.  to  disturb. 
Preconcert'ed,  a.  contrived  before- 
hand. 


240 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Cer'tain,  a.  8ure ;  undoubted. 
Ascertain',  «).  to  make  certain. 
Cer'tify,  id.  to  assure. 


Cer'fi**— Certain  ;  Sure. 

Certif'icate,  n.  a  testimony  in  wiit- 


mg. 
Uncer'tain, 


doubtful. 


Cho^rus — a  Dance  Accompanied  with  Song. 
Choir,  n.  a  band  of  singers.  |  Cho'ral,  a.  belonging  to  a  choir. 


Cho'rus,  n.  a  number  of  singers.         |  Chor'ister,  n.  a  leader  of  a  choir. 
CinfgOf  cin&tum — to  Gird  ;  to  Surround. 


Pre'cinct,  n.  a  district. 


Cir^cus — a  Circle. 

Cir'cle,  n.  a  ring ;  a  round  space. 
Cir'clet,  n.  a  little  circle. 
Cir'cular,  a.  round,  like  a  circle. 
Cir'culate,  v.  to  move  in  a  circle. 


I  Succinct',  a.  short ;  compact. 

Cir'culus — a  Little  Circle. 

Cir'cuit,  n.  extent  round  about. 
CiRCu'iTOUs,  a.  not  direct. 
Cir'cus,  n.  an  open  space  for  sports. 
Encir'cle,  v.  to  surround. 


^^ 


CVto — to  Call  or  Summon  ;  to  Stir  Up. 


Cite,  «j.  to  summon ;  to  quote. 
Excite',  ti.  to  stir  up. 
Excite'ment,  n.  agitation. 
Incite',  v.  to  urge  on. 


Incite'ment,  n.  impulse. 
Recite',  v.  to  repeat ;  to  tell  over. 
Recita'tion,   n.   a  telling    over  of 
something:  learned. 


Resus'citate,  v.  to  bring  back  to  life. 


Civ'ic,  a.  relating  to  a  city. 
Civ'iL,  a.  gentle ;  well  bred, 
Cit'y,  n.  a  large  corporate  town. 
Cit'izen,  n.  an  inhabitant  of  a  city. 


CVvis — a  Citizen. 

Unciy'il,  a.  impolite ;  rude. 
Ciy'ilize,  v.  to  reclaim  from  a  savage 

state. 
Civil 'iTY,  n.  politeness. 


Cla^tnOf  clania^tum — to  Cry  Out  ;  to  Shout. 


Clam'or,  n.  outcry ;  noise. 
Clam'orous,  a.  noisy. 
Claim,  v.  to  demand. 
Claim'ant,  n.  one  that  demands. 


Disclaim',  v.  to  disown ;  to  deny. 
Exclaim',  v.  to  cry  out. 
Proclaim',  v.  to  publish. 
Reclaim',  v.  to  recall ;  to  reform. 


Claims — Clear.;  Bright. 


Clear,  a.  bright ;  evident. 
Clar'ify,  v.  to  purify. 


Clar'ion,  n.  a  shrill  trumpet. 
Declare',  v.  to  make  known. 


Clau^do,  clau^sum — to  Shut  ;  to  Close  ;  to  Finish. 


Clause,  n.  a  part  of  a  sentence. 
Close,  v.  to  shut. 
Clos'et,  n.  a  small  private  room. 
Conclude',  ®.  to  finish. 
Disclose',  «?.  to  reveal ;  to  tell. 
Enclose',  v.  to  shut  in. 


Exclude',  v.  to  shut  out. 
Seclude',  v.  to  shut  apart. 
I'reclude',  v.  to  shut  before. 
Include,'  d.  to  shut  in. 
Seclu'sion,  n.  retirement. 
Recluse',  n.  a  solitary  person. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   DEBIVATIVES.  241 

Cle^mens,  clemen^tis — ^Mild;  Merciful. 

Clem'bnt,  a.  merciful ;  kind.  I  Clem'ency,  n.  mercy.  _ 

Inclem'ent,  a.  severe ;  rough.  |  Inclem'ency,  n.  severity. 

Cli'no — to  Bend  ;  to  Lean. 

Incline',  v.  to  bend ;  to  lean.  |  Decline',  to  lean  downwards. 

Recline',  h.  to  lean  back. 


Co'lo,  cul^ turn— to  Till  ;  to  Cultivate. 

Cul'ture,  n.  cultivation. 
Ag'riculture,  n.  cultivation  of  the 
ground. 


Col'ont,  n.  a  settlement  in  a  new 

country. 
Cul'tivatb,  v.  to  improve  by  labor. 


Hor'ticulture,  n.  gardening.  . 

Co'meSf  comHtis—SL  Companion. 

Com'ity,  n.  kindness  of  manner.  I  Count,  n.  the  companion  of  a  king. 

Concom'itant,  a.  going  with.  |  Coun'ty,  n.  a  district  under  a  count. 

ConciVio,  concilia^ turn — ^to  Unite  ;  to  Make  Friends. 
Rec'oncile,  v.  to  make  friends  again.  |  Concil'iate,  v.  to  win  to  friendship. 

Cop'ula — Something  that  Joins  Together. 
Coup'lb,  n.  two  things  together.  |  Coup'let,  n.  two  verses. 

Co' quo,  co&tutn — ^to  Boil  ;  to  Cook  ;  to  Digest. 

Concoct',  v.  to  prepare  by  digesting.  I  Decoc'tion,   n.   a  liquor    in  which 
Cook,  v.  to  prepare  food  by  heat.         |      something  has  been  boiled. 

Cor,  cor'dis — the  Heart,  Mind,  or  Courage. 


Core,  n.  the  heart  or  central  part. 
Cor'dial,  a.  warm ;  hearty. 
Cor'dial,  n.  any  thing  that  gladdens 

the  heart. 
Con'cord,  n.  agreement. 


Cour'age,  n.   the    state  of   having 

heart;  bravery. 
Dis'coRD,  n.  disagreement. 
Record',  v.  to  register. 
Encour'age,  v.  to  animate. 


Discour'age,  v.  to  depress ;  to  deter. 

Co^rium — a  Skin  or  Hide. 
Cur'rieb,  n.  one  who  dresses  hides.    |  Exco'riate,  v.  to  take  off  the  skin. 

Cor'pus,  cor'poris — a  Body. 


Cor'poral,  n.  an  army  officer. 
Cor'poral,  a.  relating  to  the  body. 
Corpo'real,  a.  having  a  body. 


Cor'porate,  a.  united  into  a  body. 
Cor'pulent,  a.  having  a  bulky  body. 
Corps,  n.  a  body  of  soldiers. 


Corpse,  n.  a  dead  body. 

Cras — To-morrow. 
Procras'tinate,  v.  to  put  off.  I  Procras'tination,  n.  deferring. 


242 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Cre'do,  cred/itum — to  Trust  ;  to  Believb. 
Cred'itor,  n,  a  truster. 


Cbeed,  n.  articles  of  belief. 
Cre'dence,  n.  belief;  credit 
Cred'it,  n,  belief;  trust. 
Cred'ible,  a.  worthy  of  belief. 


Cred'ulous,  a.  apt  to  believe, 
Discred'it,  'g.  to  disbelieve. 
Incred'lble,  a.  not  to  be  believed. 


Credu'lity,  n.  easiness  of  belief 

Cre^o,  crea'tum — to  Create. 

Create',  «.  to  cause  to  exist.  I  Rec'reant,  a.  cowardly ;  false, 

Crea'turb,  n.  a  thing  created.  |  Recrea'tion,  n.  amusement. 

Cres'co,  cre^tum — to  Grow  ;  to  Increase. 

CRBs'cEiirr,  n.  the  increasing  or  new  I  Decrease',  •».  to  grow  less. 
moon.  I  Increase',  v.  to  grow  larger. 

Recruit',  v.  to  repair ;  to  supply. 

CrVmen,  crim'inis — an  Accusation  ;  a  Crime. 

Crimb,  n.  a  great  fault.  |  Crim'inal,  a.  guilty  of  a  crime. 

Recrim'inate,  v.  to  retort  a  charge. 

Cru^dus — Raw;  Unripe.     Crude'^lis — Unfeeling;  Cruel. 

Crude,  a.  raw ;  unripe.  I  Cru'el,  a.  unfeeling. 

Crudb'ness,  n.  unripeness.  |  Cru'elty,  n.  inhumanity. 

Crus^ta — a  Crust  ;  the  Tough  Shell  op  a  Lobster. 
Crust,  n.  an  outer  coat ;  a  case.  |  Incrust',  -».  to  cover  with  a  crust. 


Cu^hOf  or  cum'ho — ^to  Lie  Down 

Cum'ber,  d.  to  burden ;  to  hinder. 
Encum'ber,  «.  to  burden. 
Incum'bent,  a.  resting  upon. 


Recum'bent,  a.  leaning. 
Cub,  n.  the  young  of  a  beast. 
Succumb',  «.  to  sink  under  a  diflSculty. 


CuVpa — a  Fault  ;  Blame. 

Cul'pable,  a.  worthy  to  be  blamed.    I  Excul'pate,  v.  to  clear  from  blame. 
Cul'prit,  n.  an  accused  person.  |  Incul'pate,  v.  to  put  into  blame. 

Cu'tnulus — a  Heap. 
Aocu'mulatb,  «.  to  heap  up.  |  Cu'mulative,  a.  heaping  up. 

Cu^ra — Care.     Cu'ro — to  Take  Care  Of  ;  to  Heat. 


Cure,  «.  to  restore  to  health. 
Cu'rable,  a.  that  may  be  cured. 
»;Ou'rate,  n.  a  parish  priest. 
Cu'racy,  n.  the  office  of  a  curate. 
Care,  n.  anxiety. 
Cu'rious,  a.  prying ;  inquisitive. 
Ac 'curate,  a.  exact ;  correct. 
Ac 'curacy,  n,  exactness. 


Secure',  a.  free  from  care ;  safe. 
Secu'rity,  n.  safety. 
In'secure,  a.  not  safe. 
Procure',  d.  to  obtain. 
Prox't,  n.  a  substitute. 
Si'necure,  n.  an  office  of  profit  with- 
out employment. 


LATIN  BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  243 


Cur^ro,  cur^sum — ^to  Run  ;  to  Pass  Swiftly. 

Incub',  v.  to  become  liable  to. 

Incur 'sign,  n.  inroad ;  invasion. 

Occur',  v.  to  happen. 

Occur'rence,  n.  an  event. 

Recur',  v.  to  happen  again;  to  re- 
turn. 

Precur'sor,  n.  a  forerunner. 

Recourse',  n.  a  running  to  some- 
thing for  protection  or  aid. 


Cur'rent,  n.  a  running  stream. 
Cur'sory,  a.  hasty ;  slight. 
Career',  n.  a  course ;  a  race. 
Cou'rier,  n,  a  messenger  sent  in  haste. 
Course,  n.  career ;  progress. 
Concur',  v.  to  agree. 
Con'course,  n.  a  gathering. 
Discourse',  n.  conversation. 
Excur'sion,  n.  a  ramble 


Suo'coB,  V.  to  help ;  to  relieve. 

Cur^vus — Bent;  WiNDma. 

Curve,  n,  a  bent  line.  |  Curv'ature,  n.  crookedness. 

Cubvilin'ear,  a.  composed  of  curved  lines. 

Curtis — the  Skin. 
Cu'ticle,  n.  the  thin  outer  skin.  |  Cuta'neous,  a.  affecting  the  skin, 

Dam'num — Loss;  Hurt;  Damage. 

Dam' AGE,  n,  loss ;  injury.  I  Indem'nify,  v.  to  relieve  from  loss. 

Condemn',  v.  to  give  sentence  against.  |  Indem'nity,  n.  security  from  loss. 

DebHlis — Weak. 
Debil'ity,  n.  weakness ;  languor.        |  Debil'itate,  v.  to  weaken. 

Deb^eo,  debHtutn — to  Owe. 


Debt,  n.  that  which  is  due. 
Deb'it,  v.  to  charge  with  debt. 
Debt'or,  n.  one  who  is  in  debt. 


Debent'ure,  n.  a  writing  acknow^ 

edging  a  debt. 
Due,  a.  that  ought  to  be  paid. 


Du'ty,  n.  that  which  one  ought  to  do. 
D^cet — to  be  Becoming  or  Proper. 


De'cent,  a.  becoming ;  fit. 
De'cency,  n.  propriety  of  manner. 
Deco'rum,  n.  propriety. 


Dec 'orate,  v.  to  adorn. 
Deco'rous,  a.  observing  propriety. 
Indeco'rum,  n.  impropriety. 


DelVcice — Pleasures;  Delight;  Niceness. 

Deli'cious,  a.  pleasant  to  the  taste.     I  Del'icate,  a.  nice ;  fine ;  soft 
Delec'table,  a.  delightful.  I  Delight',  n.  pleasure ;  joy. 

Den^sus — Thick;  Close. 
Condense',  v.  to  thicken.  |  Dense,  a.  close ;  thick. 

Dens,  denftis — a  Tooth. 

Den'tal,  a.  pertaining  to  the  teeth.      Indent',  v.  to  impress,  as  with  teeth. 
Den'tist,  n.  a  tooth  doctor.  Indent a'tion,  n,  a  notch. 

Den'tiprice,  n.  tooth  powder,  Tri'dent,  n.  Neptune's  scepter. 


244 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


De'us — God.     DVvus — a  God. 


De'ist,  n.  one  who  believes  in  God 

but  denies  revelation. 
De'ity,  n.  the  Divine  Being. 


Divine',  a.  godlike ;  heavenly. 
Divine',  v.  to  predict. 
Divina'tion,  n.  foretelling. 


Divin'ity,  n.  the  nature  of  God. 

X>ed5'fer— Right-handed;  Ready;  Expebt. 
Dbx'tekous,  a.  expert ;  ready.  |  Dexter'ity,  n.  readiness. 


DVcOf  dicta'tum— 

Ded'icate,  -0.  to  devote. 
Ab'dicate,  v.  to  give  up  right. 
In'dicate,  v.  to  point  out. 


to  Devote  ;  to  Set  or  Put  Apart. 

Pred'ica^te,  «.  to  show  before  the 
people. 


I>Vco,  di(ftuni — to  Say  ;  to  Speak  ;  to  Tell. 


Dic'tion,  n.  language ;  style. 
Dic'tionary,  n.  a  word  book. 
Dic'tate,  v.  to  give  commands. 
Addict',  v.  to  devote  to. 
Benedic'tion,  n.  a  blessing. 
E'dict,  n.  a  proclamation. 


Indict',  v.  to  accuse  in  writing. 
Interdict',  v.  to  prohibit. 
Indite',  v.  to  put  into  words. 
Maledic'tion,  n.  a  curse. 
Predict',  v.  to  foretell. 
Ver'dict,  11.  the  decision  of  a  jury. 


DVes — a  Day. 


Di'art,  n.  a  daily  account. 
Di'al,  n.   a  plate  upon   which   are 
marked  the  hours  of  the  day. 


Diur'nal,  a.  daily. 
Merid'ian,  n.  midday  or  noon. 
Dis'mal,  a.  sad ;  gloomy. 


Dig^nus — Worthy  ;  Deserving. 


Dig'nity,  n.  true  honor. 
Dig'nify,  v.  to  make  worthy. 
Deign,  v.  to  condescend. 
Condign',  a.  suitable ;  merited. 


Indig'nant,  a.  angry  and  disgusted. 
Indig'nity,  n.  unworthy  treatment. 
Disdain',  v.  to  despise ;  to  scorn. 
iNDiGNA'TiONjTi.  anger  with  contempt. 


)isci'piiE,  n.  a  follower. 


Dis^co — to  Learn. 

I  Dis'ciPLiNE,  n.  instruction. 


DivHdo — to  Divide 

-3IVIDB',  V.  to  separate  into  parts. 
')ivis'iON,  n.  a  dividing. 
)ivi8'0R,  n.  the  number  to  divide  by 

Individ'ual,  n.  a  single  being. 
Note.— A  single  person  is  indivisible. 


Div'iDEND,  n.  the  number  divided; 

a  shar€. 
Divis'ible,  a.  that  may  be  divided. 


Do,  da'tum — to  Give  ;  to  Put  or  Place. 

Ed 'it,  i\  to  give  forth  ;  to  publish. 
Perdi'tion,  n.  destruction. 
Ren'der,  n.  to  give  back. 
Surren'der,  v.  to  give  up. 


Add,  «.  to  put  to ;  to  join  to. 
Addi'tion,  n.  the  act  of  adding. 
Condi'tion,  n.  quality;  state. 
Date,  n,  a  point  of  time. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES- 


U^ 


I>o^ceo,  doc' turn — to  Teach. 


Doc'tor,  n.  a  teacher. 
Doc'uMENT,  n.   a  paper  containing 
evidence. 


Doc 'trine,  n.  that  which  is  taught. 
Doc'iLE,  a.  easily  taught. 
Docil'itt,  n.  aptness  to  be  taught. 


Do'leo— to  Grieve. 


Dole'ful,  a.  sorrowful. 
Do'lorous,  a.  full  of  grief. 


Condole',  v.  to  lament  with  others. 
In'dolence,  n.  laziness. 


Dom%nus — Master;  Lord. 


Domin'ion,  n.  supreme  power;  ter 

ritory. 
Domina'tion,  n.  arbitrary  power. 


Dom'inant,  a.  ruling. 
Domain',  n.  empire ;  estate. 
Domineer',  v.  to  rule  with  insolence. 


Predom'enate,  ®.  to  prevail  over  the  rest. 

Do'tnus — a  House. 

Dome,  n.  a  house ;  a  spherical  roof     1  Domes'tic,  a.  belonging  to  the  house 
Domes'ticate,  v.  to  tame.  I      or  family. 

Dom'icil,  n.  a  mansion  or  abode. 

Do'nuni — a  Gift.    Do^no,  dona' turn — to  Give  ;  to  Present. 

Do'nor,  n.  a  giver.  I  Don'ative,  a.  giving. 

Dona'tion,  n.  a  gift.  |  Donee',  n.  one  who  receives  a  gilt. 

Dor'tniOf  dormVtum — ^to  Sleep. 
Dor'mant,  a.  sleeping.  |  Dor'mitory,  n.  a  place  to  sleep  in. 

Dor'sum— the  Back. 
Dor'sal,  a.  relating  to  the  back.         |  Endorse',  v.  to  write  on  the  back. 

Du'bito — to  Hesitate  to  Believe. 


Doubt,  v.  to  hesitate  to  believe. 


Du'bious,  a.  doubtful. 


Doubt,  n.  uncertainty  of  mind. 


-^  Dii'cOf  ducftum — ^to  Lead  ;  to  Bring  ;  to  Carry 

Duct,  n.  a  little  channel. 
Adduce',  v.  to  bring  forward. 
A'queduct,  n.  a  tube  for  conveying 

water. 
Conduct',  v.  to  lead  or  guide. 


Con'duct,  n.  behavior. 
Conduce',  v.  to  lead  or  tend. 
Con'duit,  n.  a  water  pipe. 
Deduce',  v.  to  draw  from. 
Deduct',  v.  to  substract.* 
Duke,  n.  a  leader ;  a  noble. 
Educe',  v.  to  bring  out. 
Ed'ucate,  «.  to  bring  up  ;  to  instruct. 


Lf^DucE',  v.  to  lead  by  motivei. 
Induce'ment,  n.  a  motive. 
Induct',  v.  to  bring  in. 
Induc'tion,  n.  a  leading  in. 
Introduce',  v.  to  usher  in. 
Produce',  v.  to  bring  forth. 
Produc'tive,  a.  capable  of  produo 

ing. 
Prod'uct,  n.  a  thing  produced. 
Reduce',  v.  to  bring  down. 
Seduce',  v.  to  entice ;  to  corrupt. 
Seduc'tive,  a.  fitted  to  entice. 
Traduce',  «.  to  calumniate. 


24:6 


smith's  hakd-book  of  etymology. 


Duo— Two. 


Djj'al,  a.  relating  to  two. 
Du'el,  n.  a  combat  between  two. 
Duet',  n.  a  piece  of  music. 


Doub'le,  a,  consisting  of  two. 
DuPLi'cATE,  a.  double ;  twofold. 
DuPLic'iTY,  n.  double ;  dealing. 


Ductus — Hard;  Solid, 

Du*iiABLE,  a.  lasting. 
Du'rance,  n.  imprisonment. 
Dura'tion,  n.  continuance. 


Du'ring,  prep,  as  long  as. 
Endure',  v.  to  bear. 
Ob'durate,  a.  stubborn. 


E^brius — Drunken. 

Ebri'ety,  n,  drunkenness.  |  Ine'briate,  n.  a  drunkard. 

,  Sobri'ety,  n.  soberness. 

JE'deSf  ce^dis — a  House  or  Building. 
Ed'ifice,  n.  a  building.  |  Ed'ify,  v.  to  instruct ;  to  improve. 

E'go—1. 

E'gotism,  n.  talking  much  of  one's  I  E'gotist,  n.  one  who  talks  much  of 
self.  I      himself. 

^  E'mo,  emp'tum — to  Buy. 


Exempt',  a.  not  liable. 
Exempt',  v.  to  free  from. 
Exemp'tion,  n.  freedom  from. 
Per'emptory,  a.  absolute. 


Prompt,  a.  ready ;  quick. 
Pre-emp'tion,  n.  a  right  of  buying 

before  others. 
Redeem',  ti.  to  buy  back ;  to  rescue. 


Redemp'tion,  n.  deliverance ;  rescue. 

EnSf  enftis — Being.    Es^se— To  Be. 
Ab'sent,  a.  not  present.  |  In'terest,  «.  to  concern. 


Es'sENCE,  n.  the  best  part. 


— J  -.  -_ 

Pres'ent,  a.  within  sight ;  near. 


E^Of  i^tum — ^to  Go  or  Pass. 


Ambi'tion,  n.  desire  of  honor. 
Cir'cuit,  n.  extent  round  about. 
Ex 'it,  n.  a  departure. 
Per'isk,  «.  to  die ;  to  decay. 
Pret'erite,  a.  past ;  gone  by. 


Sedi'tion,  n.  a  gomg  aside. 
Tran'sient,  a.  passing  quickly. 
Tran'sit,  n.  a  passing  over. 
Transi'tion,  n.  change  from  one  con- 
dition to  another. 


E^quus,  for  JE^quus — Even  ;  Equal  ;  Just. 


E'qual,  a.  of  the  same  size  or  im- 
portance. 
E'qualize,  v.  to  make  equal. 
E'quable,  a.  not  varying. 
Coe'qual,  a.  of  the  same  rank. 
Ad'equate,  a.  equal  to. 
Equanim'ity,  n.  evenness  of  mind. 
Equa'tion,  n.  making  equal. 
Equilib'rium,  n.  equal  weight. 


E'quinox,  n.  the  time  of  equal  day 

and  night. 
Eq'uity,  n,  justice. 
Iniq'uity,  n.  injustice. 
Equiv'alent,  a.  equal  in  value. 
Equiv'ocal,  a.  ambiguous. 
Equiv'ocate,  «.   to    use    words  of 

doubtful  meaning. 


LATEST  ROOTS   AlTD   DERirATtVES.  247 

E'quus — a  Hokse. 

Eqtjes'tbian,  a.  pertaining  to  horse-  I  E'queky,  n.  a  stable  for  horses, 
manship.  I  Equip',  v.  to  famish ;  to  dress. 

Er^ro,  erra^tum — ^to  Wander  ;  to  Err. 

Err,  v.  to  mistake.  I  Err'ing,  a.  irregular ;  vicious. 

Er'ror,  n.  a  mistake.  I  Erroneous,  a.  wrong  ;  incorrect. 

jE^stimo — to  Value. 

Es'timate,  v.  to  compute  the  value.    I  Es'timable,  a.  worthy  of  esteem. 
Estima'tion,  n.  computation.  |  Es'teem,  n.  high  regard. 

^vum — Life  ;  Time. 

Coe'val,  a.  of  the  same  age.  |  Longev'ity,  n.  length  of  life. 

Prime'val,  a.  of  the  first  age. 


Exem'pluni — an  Example;  a  Copy. 

Exem'plify,  v.  to  show  by  example. 

Sam'ple,  n.  specimen. 

Sam'pler,  n.  a  pattern  of  needlework, 


Exam'ple,  n.  model ;  pattern. 
Exem'plar,  n.  a  model ;  a  copy. 
Ex'emplary,  a.  worthy  of  imitation 


Ex'terus — Outward;  Foreign;  Strange. 

Exte'rior,  n.  the  outside. 
Exter'nal,  a.  relating  to  the  outside. 
Extra  NEOus,   a.   not   belonging  to 
the  subject. 


Extreme',  a.  utmost ;  last. 
Extrem'ity,  n.  the  utmost  point. 
Extrin'sic,  a.  outward ;  external. 
Strange,  a.  foreign ;  unusual. 


Fah^rico,  fahrica^tum — to  Make  ;  to  Frame. 
I'ab'ric,  n.  something  made.  |  Fab'ricate,  v.  to  make  or  form. 

Fab^ula — a  Feigned  Story. 
Fa'ble,  n.  a  feigned  story.  |  Fab'ulous,  a.  fictitious. 


Fancies — the  Face. 


Face,  n.  the  surface  of  a  thing. 
Deface',  v.  to  disfigure. 
Efface',  «.  to  blot  out. 


Sur'face,  n.  the  outside. 
Fea'ture,  n.  cast  of  the  face. 
Fash'ion,  n.  form ;  custom. 


SuPERFi'ciAL,  a.  lying  on  the  outside  ;  shallow. 

Fa&ilis — Easy  to  Do. 

Fac'ile,  a.  easily  led ;  yielding.  1  Facil'itate,  v.  to  make  easy. 

Facil'ity,  n.  easiness.  I  Dif'ficult,  a.  hard  to  be  done. 

FaVlp,  fal'sutn — to  Deceive. 


False,  a.  not  true. 
Fal'sity,  n.  an  untruth. 
Fal'lacy,  n.  a  deceitful  argument. 


Falla'cious,  a.  fitted  to  deceive. 
Fal'lible,  a.  liable  to  error. 
Fax'sify,  v.  to  make  false. 


248 


bmith'8  hand-book  of  etymolooy. 


Fa'ciOf  fa&tum — to  Make  ;  to  Do ;  to  Act. 

Effec'tive,  a.  producing  effect. 


Fact,  n.  a  thing  done ;  a  reality. 
Affect',  «.  to  act  upon. 
Affec'tion,  n.  love ;  kindness, 
Affecta'tion,  n.  assumed  feeling. 
Goun'terfeit,  n.  a  forgery. 
Defeat',  v.  to  undo  ;  to  overthrow. 
Defec'tion,  n.  desertion. 
Defect',  n.  a  fault ;  a  blemish. 
Defi'cient,  a.  faulty ;  wanting. 
Effect',  «.  to  bring  to  pass ;  to  do. 
Effi'cient,  a.  active  ;  able. 
Effect'ual,   a.  producing  decisive 
effect. 


Infect',  v.  to  taint  with  disease. 

Infec'tion,  n.  a  tainting. 

Per'fect,  a.  complete ;  pure. 

Profi'cienct,  n.  a  making  forwards. 

Profi'cient,  n.  one  advanced  in  any 
pursuit. 

Refec'tion,  n.  refreshment  after  fa- 
tigue. 

Refec'tory,  n.  an  eating  room. 

Suffice',  v.  to  make  enough. 

Suffi'cient,  a.  making  enough. 

Sur'feit,  v.  to  feed  to  excess. 


Fame,  n.  celebrity ;  renown. 
Fa'mous,  a.  full  of  renown. 
Defame',  v.  to  slander. 


Fa' ma — ^Fame;  Renown;  Reputation. 

Defama'tion,  n.  calumny. 
In 'f AMY,  11.  utter  disgrace. 
In'famous,  a.  openly  censured. 


Fa'uvies — Hunger  ;  Scarcity  of  Food. 
Fam'ine,  n.  scarcity  of  food.  L  Fam'ish,  'd.  to  starve. 

FamiVia — a  Family. 

Fam'ily,  n,  the  persons  living  in  a  I  Famil'iar,  a.  affable ;  well  known, 
house.  I 


Fane,  n.  a  temple. 
Fanat'ic,  n.  an  enthusiast. 


Fa'num — a  Temple  ;  a  Holy  Place. 

Profane',  ^.  to  pollute. 
Profane',  a.  irreverent ;  common. 


Fe'UoCf  feWcis — Happy. 

Felic'ity,  n.  happiness.  I  Felic'itate,  v.  to  congratulate. 

Felic'itous,  a.  happy  ;  fortunate.       |  Infelic'ity,  n.  misfortune. 


Fefra — a  Wild  Beast. 
Fero'cious,  a.  cruel ;  savage.  |  Fierce,  a.  savage ;  furious. 


Fe'vo,  la' turn — to  Bear  ;  to  Carry  ;  to  Bring. 


Fer'tile,  a.  bearing  plentifully. 
Circum'ference,  ri.  a  carrying  round. 
Confer',  v,  to  consult. 
Collate',  T).  to  bring  together. 
Defer',  «.  to  put  off. 
Dep'erence,  n.  regard ;  respect. 
Dif'fer,  «.  to  be  unlike. 
Dil'atory,  a.  tardy ;  slow. 
Infer',  v.  to  draw  a  conclusion. 


In'ference,  n.  a  conclusion. 
Of'fer,  d.  to  present  for  acceptanca. 
Prefer',  «.  to  like  better. 
Prof'fer,  id.  to  offer. 
Refer',  'c.  to  give  to  another  for  de- 
cision. 
Relate',  v.  to  tell ;  to  pertain  to. 
Suf'fer,  n.  to  bear ;  to  allow. 
Transfer',  to  convey ;  to  remove. 


LATIN  KOOTS   AND   DEfilVATIVES.  240 


^  Fen' do,  fen' sum— io  Strike;  to  Ward. 

Fend,  «.  to  ward  off. 
Fence,  n.  a  security. 
Defend',  id.  to  protect. 


Defence',  n.  guard ;  security. 
Offend',  ®.  to  displease. 
Offence',  n.  crime ;  injury. 


Fer'veo — to  be  Hot  ;  to  Boil. 
FbbVor,  n.  heat ;  zeal.  |  Feb' vent,  a.  hot ;  ardent. 

Fes^tum—2.  Feast. 

Fes'tal,  a.  belonging  to  a  feast.  I  Fes'tival,  n.  a  time  of  feasting. 

Fes'tive,  a.  joyful ;  gay.  |  Festiv'ity,  n.  joyfulness. 

Feast,  n.  a  sumptuous  entertainment. 

FVdes — Faith:  Trust. 


Fidel'ity,  n.  faithfulness. 
Confide',  «;.  to  trust  in. 
Con'fidence,  n.  trust ;  boldness. 
Defy',  «.  to  challenge  ;  to  dare. 


Dif'fident,  a.  distrusting  one's  self. 
In'fidel,  n.  an  unbeliever. 
Per'fidy,  n.  treachery. 
Affi'ance,  id.  to  pledge  faith  to. 


FVgo,  fix^um— to  Fix  or  Fasten  ;  to  Pierce. 

Fix,  v.  to  make  fast. 
Fix'ture,  n.   anything  fixed    to    a 
place  or  house. 


Affix',  v.  to  join  to. 
Prefix',  v.  to  put  before. 
Suffix',  «.  to  add  to  the  end. 


Transfix',  v.  to  pierce  through. 


Fin'ish,  v.  to  complete  ;  to  end. 
Fi'nite,  a.  having  an  end.   - 
In'finite,  a.  unlimited. 
Define',  «.  to  limit ;  to  explain. 
Def'inite,  a.  certain ;  limited. 


FVnis — the  End  ;  Border  ;  Limit. 

Fi'nal,  a.  last ;  conclusive. 
Confine',  v.  to  shut  up ;  to  limit. 
Indef'inite,  a.  not  limited. 
Refine',  v.  to  improve ;  to  polish. 
Superfine',  a.  eminently  fine. 


Fir'nius — Strong. 

Firm,  a.  hard ;  strong.  I  Confirm',  v.  to  establish. 

Affirm',  v.  to  declare  positively.         |  Infirm',  a.  weak ;  feeble. 

Fis'cus — a  Bag  or  Basket. 

Fis'cAL,  a.  pertaining  to  the  public  I  Confis'cate,  v.  to  seize    as  a  for. 
treasury.  I      feit. 

Fla'gro — to  Burn  ;  to  Be  in  Flames. 
Fla'grant,  a.  burning ;  notorious.     |  Conplagra'tion,  n.  an  extensive  fire. 

Flaln'ma — a  Flame  ;  a  Fire. 

Flame,  n.  a  burning  vapor.  I  Flam'beau,  n.  a  kind  of  torch. 

Inflame',  «.  to  set  on  fire.  I  Inplam'mable,  a.  easily  set  on  fire. 


250 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Fla^tus — a  Blast  ;  a  Puff  of  Wind. 
Flat'ulbnt,  a.  windy ;  vain.  |  Inflate',  v.  to  puff  up. 


Fle&to,  flex^um- 

Crn'ouMFLEX,  a.  moving  round. 
Flex'ible,  a.  ductile  ;  pliant. 
Deflec'tion,   n.   turning  from    the 
true  course. 


•to  Bend;  to  Tukn. 

Inflex'ible,  a.  not  to  be  bent. 
Reflect',  v.  to  cast  back ;  to  think. 
Inflect',  v.  to  bend. 
Inflec'tion,  n.  a  bending  inward. 


FWgo,  fLi&tum — to  Beat  ;  to  Dash. 
Afflict',  v.  to  pain ;  to  grieve.  I  Con'flict,  n.  contest ;  struggle. 


Afflic'tion,  n.  calamity. 


Inflict',  i).  to  beat  in  or  on. 


Flo'ra,  n.  the  goddess  of  flowers. 
Flo'ral,  a.  relating  to  flowers. 
Flor'ist,  n.  a  cultivator  of  flowers. 


FloSf  flo'ris — a  Flower. 

Flor'id,  a.  flushed  with  red. 
Flow'er,  n.  a  blossom. 
Flow'er,  v.  to  blossom. 


Flour'ish,  «.  to  thrive  ;  to  grow. 

Flu'o,  fluQc^um — ^to  Flow. 
Flux,  n.  the  act  of  moving,  as  a  fluid.     In'flux,  n.  a  flowing  in. 


Fluid,  n.  anything  that  flows. 
Flu'ent,  a.  flowing;  voluble. 
Flu'ency,  n.  readiness  of  speech. 
Ef'flux,  n.  a  flowing  out. 
Af'fldence,  n.  riches ;  plenty. 
Con'fluence,  n.  a  flowing  together. 


Re'flux,  n.  backward  course. 
In'fluence,  n.  power. 
Influen'tial,  a.  exerting  power. 
Super'fluous,  a.  overflowing. 
SuPERFLu'iTY,  71.  more  than  enough 
Fluc'tuate,  t).  to  move  as  waves. 


Fluctua'tion,  n.  wavering. 

Fo'cus — a  Hearth  ;  a  Fire-Place. 
Jro'cus,  n.  the  place  of  fire.  |  Fo'cal,  a.  belonging  to  the  focus. 

Note.— The  place  of  heat  when  a  burning  glass  is  held  in  the  sun. 


Fo^lium — a  Leaf  ;  a  Sheet,  (as  of  paper.) 

Foil,  n.  a  thin  leaf  of  metal. 
Fo'liage,  n.  a  growth  of  leaves. 


Fo'lio,  n.  a  large  book. 
Portfo'lio,  n.  a  case  for  loose  leaves. 


For^tna — a  Form  :  Beauty. 


Form,  n.  shape ;  figure. 
Form'al,  a.  ceremonious. 
Formal'ity,  n.  ceremony. 
Conform',  «j.  to  make  like 

ply  with. 
Deform',  i).  to  disfigure. 


to  com- 


Inform',  v.  to  instruct. 
Perform',  'd.  to  do  or  act. 
Perform 'ance,  n.  action ;  work. 
Reform',  v.  to  grow  better. 
Transform',  n.  to  change. 
U'niform,  a.  even ;  regular. 


ForSf  /or'iCis— Chance  ;  Luck. 

For'tunb,  n.  chance  ;  wealth.  I  Unfor'tunate,  a.  unlucky. 

For'tunate,  a.  successful.  |  Misfor'tune,  n.  calamity. 

Fortu'itous,  a.  accidental. 


LATIN    ROOTS    AKD    DT^RIVATlVES. 


251 


{f- 


For^tis — Beave;  Strong. 


For'titude,  n.  courage ;  bravery. 
For'tipy,  v.  to  strengthen. 
For'tress,  n.  a  fortified  place. 
Force,  n.  strength. 


Force,  v.  to  compel. 
Com'fort,  v.  to  cheer. 
Ep'fort,  n.  exertion. 
Enforce',  ^.  to  put  in  execution. 


Fran^gOf  fra&tum — to  Break. 


Frac'tion,  n.  a  broken  part. 
Frac'ture,  n.  a  breaking. 
Frag'ment,  n.  a  broken  part. 
Frag'ile,  a.  easily  broken. 


Frail,  a.  easily  broken. 
Frail 'ty,  n.  weakness. 
Infrac'tion,  n.  a  violation. 
Infringe',  v.  to  break  in  upon. 


Fra^ter,  fra'tris — a  Brother. 
Frater'nal,  a.  brotherly.  |  Frat'ricidb,   n,   the    murder   of   a 


brother. 
Fraus,  frau^dis — Deceit  ;  Cheat. 


Fraud,  n.  deceit. 
Defraud',  v.  to  cheat. 


Fraud'ulent,  a.  deceitful. 
Frau'dulence,  n.  deceitfulness. 


FrVgus,  fri'goris — Cold. 

Frig 'id,  a.  cold.  I  Refrig'erate,  v.  to  cool. 

Frigid'ity,  n.  coldness.  I  Refrig'erator,  n.  a  cooler. 

Frons,  fronftis — the  Forehead  ;  the  Face. 

Front,  n.  the  face ;  the  forepart.         I  Confront',  ®.  to  meet  face  to  face. 
Affront',  v.  to  offend.  I  Effront'ery,  n.  impudence. 

Fru'or,  fru^itiis — ^to  Enjoy. 

Frui'tion,  n.  enjoyment.  ]  Fruc'tify,  «.  to  make  fruitful. 

Fruit,  n.  the  produce  of  a  tree  or  plant. 


4^ 


Fu'giOf  fu'giturn— to  Fly  or  Flee. 

Fu'gitive,  a.  running  away. 
Sub'terfuge,  n.  an  evasion. 
Rep'uge,  n.  shelter. 


Refugee',  n.  one  who  flies  for  pro» 

tection. 
Ver'mifuge,  n.  a  worm  medicine. 


Fu^mus — Smoke;  Fume. 


Fume,  n.  smoke ;  vapor. 
Fu'migate,  x.  to  smoke. 


Fu'ming,  a.  raging  ;  smoking. 
Perfume',  v.  to  scent. 


Ftm^dOf  fu^sum — ^to  Pour  Out  ;  to  Melt. 


Fuse,  v.  to  melt. 
Fu'siON,  n.  the  act  of  melting. 
Fu'sible,  a.  that  may  be  melted. 
Confound',  v.  to  mingle. 
Confuse',  v.  to  confound ;  to  mix. 
Diffuse',  v.  to  spread. 
Effu'sion,  n.  a  poyring  out. 


Infuse',  v.  to  pour  in. 
Profuse',  a.  lavish. 
Profu'sion,  n.  abundance. 
Refund',  «.  to  pour  back. 
Suffuse',  v.  to  spread  over. 
Refuse',  v.  to  deny ;  to  decline, 
Refu'sal,  n,  a  denial. 


262 


SMITHES   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Fun^dus — a  Bottom  or  Basis. 


Found,  ■».  to  lay  the  basis  of. 
Foun'deby,  n.  a  casting  house. 
Fotjnda'tion,  n.  basis. 


Fdndamen'tal,  a.  lying  at  the  base. 
Profound',  a.  deep  ;  thorough. 
Profundity,  n.  depth. 


Fu'ria — Madness. 

Fu'rious,  a.  mad ;  raging.  |  Fu'ry,  n.  rage ;  frenzy. 

Infu'riate,  X).  to  make  furious. 


Congeal',  ??.  to  freeze. 
Congela'tion,  n.  a  freezing 
Gbl'id,  a.  extremely  cold 


f 


Ge'lu — Frost;  Ice. 

Gel'atine,  n.  an  animal  substance 

resembling  jelly. 
Jel'ly,  n.  a  kind  of  sweetmeat. 


Gelat'inous,  a.  like  gelatine. 


Ge^mis,  gen'eris — Birth 
agreeing  in  temper 


Family:  Race. 


Con'genial,  a 

and  tastes. 
Degen'erate,  v.  to  grow  worse. 
Engen'der,  1).  to  produce. 
Gen'der,  n.  kind ;  sex. 
Gen'eral,  a,  public ;  extensive. 
Gen'erate,  v.  to  beget ;  to  produce. 
Gen'erous,  a.  noble ;  liberal. 
Generos'ity,  n.  liberality. 
Ge'nial,  a.  causing  production. 
Ge'nius,  n.  mental  power. 


Genteel',  a.  elegant  in  manners. 
Gentil'ity,  n.  dignity  of  birth. 
Gen'tile,  n.  a  pagan. 
Gen'tle,  a.  soft ;  mild ;  tame. 
Gen'uine,  a.  pure ;  real. 
Inge'nious,  a.  witty ;   skillful. 
Ingen'uous,  a.  open  ;  frank. 
Ingenu'ity,  n.  wit ;  acuteness. 
Progen'itor,  n.  a  forefather. 
Prog'eny,  n.  oflFspring  ;  race. 
Regen'erate,  «.  to  renew. 


Ges'ture,  n.  action. 
Gestic'ulate,  v.  to  use  gestures. 
Digest',  v.  to  arrange ;  to  dissolve. 


Ge^ro,  ges'tum — to  Bear^  to  Carry. 

Conges'tion,  n.  a  caiTying  together. 


Indiges'tion, 
digest  food. 


want  of  power  to 


Suggest',  v.  to  hint. 


GWria — Glory;  Honor. 

I  Glo'ry,  n.  praise ;  renown. 


Glo'rify,  «.  to  give  glory  to. 

Inglo'rious,  a.  shameful. 


Gva^dior,  gres^sus 

Grade,  n.  rank ;  degree. 
Grad'ual,  a.  advancing  by  steps. 
Grada'tion,  n.  regular  progress. 
Grad'uate,  v.  to  mark  degrees. 
Degree',  n.  a  step  ;  a  rank. 
Degrade',  v.  to  put  in  a  lower  rank. 
Degrada'tion,  n.  a  low  condition. 
Digress',  v.  to  turn  aside. 

Transgress', 


— to  Go  Step  by  Step. 


E'gress,  n.  a  going  out. 
In'gress,  n.  entrance. 
Con'gress,  n.  a  coming  together. 
Aggres'sion,  n.  an  attack. 
DiGREs'siON,  71.  a  deviation. 
Progress',  v.  to  advance. 
Progres'sive,  a.  advancing. 
Ret'rograde,  a.  going  backward, 
V.  to  violate. 


LATIN    KOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


253 


Gill' tlo— to  Gulp  Down, 

Glut,  v.  to  overfill ;  to  stuff.  |  Glut'ton,  n.  an  excessive  eater. 

Degluti'tion,  n.  the  act  of  swallowing. 


Grau'dis- 

Grand,  a.  great ;  high  in  power. 
Grandee',  n.  a  man  of  high  rank. 


Great;  Grand. 

Grand'eur,  n.  state  ,•  splendor. 
Ag'grandize,  v.  to  make  great. 


Gra^num — a  Grain  op  Corn. 


Grain,  n.  a  seed  of  com. 
Gran'ary,  n.  a  storehouse  for  grain. 
Gran'ite,  n.  grain  stone. 


Gran'ule,  n.  a  small  grain. 
Gran'ulate,  v.  to  form  into  grains. 
Gran'ular,  a.  consisting  of  grains. 


Gra'tus — Pleasing  ;  Thankful. 


Grate'pul,  a.  thankful ;  pleasing. 
Grat'itude,  n.  thankfulness. 
In'grate,  a.  unthankful. 
In'grate,  n.  an  ungrateful  person. 
Grat'is,  ad.  for  nothing. 
Gratd  iTous,  a.  given  with  out  reward. 
Gratu'ity,  n.  a  free  gift. 


Grat'ify,  v.  to  indulge ;  to  pl( 
Congratulate,  n.  to  wish  joy  to. 
Grace,  n.  favor;  kindness. 
Gra'cious,  a.  merciful ;  kind. 
Disgrace',  v.  to  dishonor. 
Ingra'tiate,  v.  to  put  or  wind  into 
favor. 


Gra'vis — Heavy  ;  Grievous. 

Grave,  a.  serious ;  weighty.  i  Grieve,  v.  to  mourn. 

Grav'ity,  n.  weight ;  seriousness.  ;  Griev'ance,  n.  an  injury. 

Grief,  r^.  sorrow;  trouble.  j  Aggrieve',  v.  to  vex;  to  trouble. 

Griev'ous,  a.  mournful ;  sad.  '  Ag'gravate,  v.  to  make  worse. 


Grega'rious,  a.  going  in  flocks 
Con'gregate,  v.  to  assemble. 
Congrega'tion,  n.  an  assembly. 


Greoc,  gre^gis — a  Herd  or  Flock. 

Egre'gious,  a.  remarkably  bad. 
Ag 'GREG ate,  «.  to  gather  into  a  masa 
Ag'gregate,  n.  a  mass. 


CrTuSf  gru'is — a  Crane. 


Con'gruous,   a.   going  together 
cranes  in  a  flock. 


1^ 


Incon'gruous,  a.  unsuitable. 
CoNGRu'iTY,  n.  agreement ;  fitness. 


Gus'tus — Taste;  Relish. 
Gust,  n.  tasie  ;  relish.  |  Disgust',  n.  distaste ;  dislike. 

Note. — Gust,  a  blast  of  wind,  comes  from  the  Danish  {gust.) 


Ha'heo,  hab'ituin 

Have,  v.  to  possess. 
Hab'it,  n.  custom ;  use. 
Habita'tion,  n.  a  dwelling. 
Habit' UAL,  a.  customary.     « 
Habit'uate,  v.  to  accustom. 
A'ble,  a.  having  power. 
Abil'ity,  n.  power. 


—to  Have  ;  to  Hold. 

Habil'iment,  n.  a  garment. 
Disa'ble,  v.  to  deprive  of  force. 
Ena'ble,  v.  to  empow^er. 
Exhib'it,  v.  to  show  ;  to  display. 
Debil'itate,  v.  to  enfeeble. 
Inhab'it,  v.  to  dwell  in. 
Prohib'it,  'g.  to  forbid. 


254  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK    OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


•44_ 


Hce^reOf  hce'sum — ^to  Stick  Fast  ;  to  Stop 

Adhere',  v.  to  stick  to 
Cohb'sive,  a.  sticking. 
Cohe'sion,  n.  state  of  union. 


Hes'itate,  v.  to  delay ;  to  pause. 
Cohe'rent,  a.  sticking  together. 
Incohe'rent,  a.  unconnected. 


Heir,  n.  one  who  inherits. 
Inher'it,  v.  to  possess  by  descent. 
Coheir',  n.  an  heir  with  another. 
Heritage,  n.  property  inherited. 
Inher'itance,  n.  patrimony. 


Inhe'rent,  a.  existing  in. 

Hce^res,  hcere^dis—sm  Heir. 

Disinher'it,  v.  to  cut  off  from  suc- 
cession. 

Hered'itary,  a.  that  has  descended 
from  an  ancestor. 

Heir'loom,  n.  any  movable  owned 
by  inheritance. 


Ma^lo — to  Breathe. 

Exhale',  v.  to  breathe  out.  |  Exhala'tion,  n.  vapor. 

Inhale',  v.  to  breathe  in. 

Hau^rio,  hau^tujfi — to  Draw,  as  water. 

Exhaust',  v.  to  draw  out  until  noth-  I  Inexhaust'ible,   a.   that  cannot  be 
ing  is  left.  |      exhausted. 

HWaris — Cheerful;  Merry. 
Exhil'arate,  v.  to  make  cheerful.         Hilar'ity,  n.  cheerfulness. 


Hu'man,  a.  belonging  to  mankind. 
Humane',  a.  kind ;  tender. 
Hu'manize,  v.  to  render  humane. 


Ho^^no,  hom^inis — a  Man. 

Human'ity,  n.  the  nature  of  man. 
Inhu'man,  a.  barbarous ;  cruel. 
Hom'icide,  n.  manslaughter. 


ILo'nor,  hones^tiis — Honorable;  Honest. 


Hon'or,  n.  dignity  ;  respect. 
Hon'orary,  a.  done  in  honor. 
Hon'orable,  a.  worthy  of  honor. 


Dishon'or,  n.  disgrace;  shame. 
Hon'est,  a.  without  fraud ;  upright. 
Hon'esty,  n.  justice ;  truth. 


Dishon'est,  a.  unjust ;  wicked. 

Hos'pes,  hos^pitis—a  Host  or  Guest. 

Hos'piTABLE,  a.  kind  to  strangers.       I  Host,  n.  one  who  entertains  another. 
Hos'pital,  n.  a  building  for  the  sick.  |  Hotel',  71.  an  inn. 

Host'ler,  n.  a  man  who  takes  care  of  horses. 

Sos^tis—BXL  Enemy. 

Host,  n.  an  army ;  a  multitude.  |  Hos'tile,  a.  adverse ;  opposite. 

Hostil'ity,  n.  open  war. 

Hummus — the  Ground.    Hu^milis — of  the  Ground  ;  Low ;  Hcmble. 

Inhume',  «.  to  bury.  I  Hum'ble,  v.  to  crush  ;  to  subdue. 

Exhume',  ®.  to  take  out  of  the  ground.    Humil'ity,  n.  freedom  from  pride. 
Hum'ble,  a.  modest ;  submissive.         !  Humilia'tion,  n.  abasement  of  pride. 


LATIiS^   BOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  265 

Fdem — the  ^amk. 

Iden'tity,  n.  sameness.  |  Iden'tical,  a.  the  very  same. 

Iden'tify,  v.  to  prove  to  be  the  same. 


\jr-  Ig'nis — FiKE. 

Ignite',  v.  to  set  on  fire. 
Ig'neous,  a.  containing  fire. 
Igni'tion,  n.  the  state  of  red  heat. 


Igni'tlble,  pjpr.  capable  of  being  set 
on  tire. 


Inia^go,  imag^inis — an  Image 

Im'age,  n.  a  picture ;  an  idol. 
Imag'ine,  ©,  to  form  an  idea  in  the 
mind. 


Imagina'tion,  n.  fancy  ;  idea. 
Imag'inary,  a.  existing  only  in  fancy. 


Em'pire,  n.  the  dominion  of  an  em- 
peror, or  of  a  mighty  nation. 
Impe'rial,  a.  royal ;  regal. 


Im'pero,  imper a' turn— to  Command. 

Em'peror,  n.  a  commander ;  a  mon 

arch. 
Imper'ative,  a.  commanding. 

Impe'rious,  a.  overbearing. 

In^sula—an  Island, 

In'sular,  a-  belonging  to  an  island. 
In'sulate,   v.   to  detach  from   sur 
rounding  objects. 


I'soLATED,  a.  placed  by  itself. 
Penin'sula,  n.  land  almost  surrouded 
by  water. 


In'teger — Whole;  Entire;  Unbroken. 

In'teger,  n.  a  whole  number.  I  Integ'rity,  n.  honesty :  purity. 

In'tbgral,  a.  whole ;  complete.  |  In'tegrate,  ia.  to  make  entire. 

In^tus — Within. 

Inte'rior,  a.  inner;  inland.  I  In'timate,  v.  to  hint. 

Inter'nal,  a.  inward ;  within.  I  In'timacy,  n.  close  familiarity. 

In'timate,  a.  inmost ;  familiar.  I  Intrin'sic,  a.  internal ;  real. 

I^ra — Anger. 

Ire,  n.  anger ;  rage.  |  Ir'ritable,  a.  easily  provoked. 

Iras'ciblb,  a.  easily  made  angry.        |  Ir'ritate,  v.  to  tease;  to  fret. 


Ja^cio,  jacftum — ^to  Throw  or  Cast. 

I 
I 


Ab'ject,  a.  thrown  away ;  mean.         j  Interjec'tion,  n.  an  exclamation, 
Ad'jective,  n.  a  describing  word.       |  Object',  v.  to  oppose, 
Conjec'ture,  ??.  to  guess. 
Deject',  v.  to  cast  down. 
Dejec'tion,  n.  lowness  of  spirits. 
Eject',  'c.  to  throw  out. 
Inject',  ■».  to  throw  in.        • 
Ejac'ulate,  V,  to  utter  abruptly. 


Subject',  v.  to  put  under. 


Ob'ject,  n.  purpose ;  design. 
Pro'ject,  n.  scheme ;  contrivance. 
Project',  'c.  to  cast  forward  ;  to  plan. 
Pro JEC 'tile,  n.  a  body  thrown  for- 
ward. 
Reject',  «j.  to  refuse. 


256  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Ja^ceo — to  Lie. 

Ja'cent,  a.  lying  at  length.  I  Circumja'cent,  a.  lying  round. 

Adja'cent,  a.  lying  next.  |  Interja'cent,  a.  lying  between. 

fTo^cus — a  Joke  ;  Sport. 

Jocose',  a.  merry ;  waggish.  I  Joc'ular^  a.  sportive ;  merry. 

Joke,  n.  a  merry  trick.  I  Joc'und,  a.  gay;  lively. 


Jii^dico,  judica^twm— to  Judge  ;  to  Decide. 

Adjudge',  v.  to  pass  a  sentence. 
Adju'dicate,  v.  to  try  and  decide. 
Judge,  v.  to  decide. 
JuDi'cious,  a.  guided  by  judgment. 


JuDi'ciAL,  a.  pertaining  to  courts  of 

justice. 
TuDi'ciARY,  n.  the  system  of  courts 

of  justice. 


Prej'udice,  n.  a  prejudgment. 

tTu'gufti—d^  Yoke. 

Con'jtigal,  a.  pertaining  to  marriage.  |  Con'jugate,  v.  to  join  together. 
Sub'jugate,  -y.  to  put  under  the  yoke. 


Junc'tion,  n.  union. 
Join,  v.  to  unite ;  to  combine. 
Joint,  n.  a  joining ;  a  connection  al- 
lowing motion. 
Adjoin'ing,  a.  next ;  contiguous. 
Ad'junct,  71.  something  joined. 


Jun'go,  junc^tum — to  Join. 

Conjoin,'  t.  to  unite ;  to  associate. 
Disjoin',  v.  to  separate. 
Enjoin',  v.  to  direct ;  to  order. 
Injuno'tion,  n.  precept ;  order. 
Subjoin',  t.  to  add  at  the  end. 
Sub  JUNO 'tive,  a.  conditional. 


tTu^ro — to  Swear, 

Abjure',  v.  to  renounce  upon  oath. 
Adjure',  v.  to  charge  solemnly. 
Conjure',  v.  to  summon  in  a  solemn 
manner. 


Con  JURE,  ■».  to  practice  secret  arts. 
Ju'ry,  n.  a  set  of  men  sworn  to  give 

a  true  verdict. 
Ju'ror,  n.  a  member  of  a  jury. 


Just,  a.  equitable ;  honest. 
Just'ice,  n.  right. 
Injust'ice,  n.  wrong. 
Jus'tify,  v.  to  clear  from  guilt. 


Per'jury,  n.  false  swearing. 

Jus,  ju^ris — Right  ;  Justice  ;  Law. 

Adjust',  v.  to  set  right. 


In'jure,  v.  to  treat  unjustly. 
Inju'rious,  a.  hurtful. 
Jurisdic'tion,  n.  legal  authority. 


Ju'venis — Young. 
Ju'vBNiLE,  a.  youthful.  (  Ju'nior,  n.  one  younger. 

Ju'vOf  ju^tum — ^to  Help  or  Aid. 
Ad'jtjtant,  n.  a  major's  aid.  |  Coadju'tor,  n.  a  fellow  helper. 

La'hor,  lap^sus— to  Fall  ;  to  Slip  ;  to  Glide. 

Lapse,  n.  a  slip  ;  a  fault.  I  Elapse',  v.  to  pass  away. 

Collapse',  v.  to  fall  inward.  |  Relapse',  v.  to  fall  back  again. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  257 

La^hor — Labob. 

La'bok,  n.  work ;  toil.  I  Lab'oratort,  n.  a  chemist's  work- 

Labo'rious,  a.  fatiguing.  I      room. 

Elab'orate,  a.  much  labored  upon. 

Lac,  Idcftis — Milk. 
Lac'teal,  a.  pertaining  to  milk.  |  Lactif'erous,  a.  bearing  milk. 

lianfgueo — to  Droop  ;  to  Languish. 

Law'guid,  a.  drooping ;  weak.  |  Lan'guish,  v.  to  grow  feeble. 

Lan'guor,  n.  faintness ;  weakness. 

La^pis,  lapHdis—a.  Stone. 

Lapidary,  n.  a  worker  in  precious  I  Dilapida'tion,  n.  ruin ;  decay, 
stones.  1 

La^ttLS — a  Side. 
Lat'eral,  a.  pertaining  to  the  side.    |  Collat'eral,  a.  placed  by  the  side. 

La^tus — Wide;  Broad. 
Dilate',  v.  to  widen  apart.  I  Lat'itude,  n.  breadth. 

r.  Laus,  lau^dis — Praise. 

Laud,  v.  to  praise ;  to  extol.  I  Lau'dable,  a.  praiseworthy. 

Lau'datory,  a.  oestowing  praise. 

La^vOf  lo'tum — to  Wash. 
Lave,  «.  to  wash  ;  to  bathe.  |  Lo'tion,  n.  a  medicinal  wash. 

Laxftis — Loose;  Slack. 

Lax,  a.  loose ;  dissolute.  I  Relax',  v.  to  slacken ;  to  remit.     • 

Prolix',  a.  loosened  out ;  lengthy.      |  Relaxa'tion,  ri.  ease ;  remission. 

-4^        !-<''.*,  lega'tuvfi — to  Send  as  an  Ambassador ;  to  Bequeath. 


Allege',  «.  to  affirm. 
Allegation,  n.  affirmation. 
Col'league,  n.  a  partner. 
Alle'giance,  n.  the  duty  of  a  subject. 
Del'egate,  n.  a  deputy. 


Del'egate,  ■».  to  send  on  an  embassy. 
Leg'acy,  n.  a  gift  made  by  will. 
Leg' ATE,  n.   an   ambassador  of  th« 
Pope. 


Lev'ity,  n.  lightness ;  gayety. 
Alle'viate,  tJ.  to  make  easy  to. 
El'evate,  id.  to  raise  up.    ^ 
Leav'en,   n.   a  substance   to    make 
bread  light. 


Le^vis — Light;  East. 

Leav'en,  «.  to  make  light,  as  bread. 
Le'ver,  n.  a  mechanical  power. 
Lev'y,  «.  to  raise ;  to  collect. 
Rel'evant,  a.  applicable. 
Relieve',  v.  to  ease  ;  to  succor. 


Relief',  n,  ease ;  assistance. 


258 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


f 


L^gOf  le&tuni — to  Gather  ;  to  Read  ;  to  Choose. 


Collect',  v.  to  gather  together. 
Di'alect,  n.   subdivision   of  a  lan- 
guage. 
Dil'igent,  a.  industrious. 
Elec'tion,  n.  the  act  of  choosing. 
El'igible,  a.  fit  to  be  chosen. 
In'tellect,  n.  understanding. 
Intel 'ligent,  a.  able  to  understand. 
Intel'ligence,  n.  information. 
Lec'tuke,  n.  a  discourse. 


Selec'tion,  n.  choice. 


Le'gend,  n.  a  wild  narrative. 
Leg'ible,  a.  that  can  ])e  read. 
Le'gion,  n.  a  body  of  soldiers. 
Neglect',  v.  to  pass  over  carelessly. 
Neglect',  n.  inattention  ;  slight. 
Neg'ligent,  a.  careless ;  heedless. 
Predilec'tion,  n.   a   liking  before 

hand. 
Recollect',  v.  to  bring  to  mind. 
Select',  «).  to  choose  out. 


J/e'ms— Mild;  Gentle. 
Le'neent,  a.  mild ;  soothing.  |  Len'ity,  n.  mildness  of  temper. 


Le'gal,  a.  lawful. 
Ille'gal,  a.  unlawful. 
Legal'ity,  n.  lawfulness. 
Le'galize,  v.  to  make  lawful. 
Leg'islate,  v.  to  make  laws. 


LeXf  le'gis—2i  Law  or  Rule. 

Leg'islature,   n.   the    law  making 

power. 
Legit'imate,  a.  lawful ;  genuine. 
Legit 'iMACY,  71.  lawfulness  of  birth, 
Priv'ilege,  n.  a  special  advantage. 


LVber,  lib^ri — a  Book. 

Li'brary,  n.  an  apartment  for  books.  I  Libra'rian,  n.  one  who  has  charge 
Li'bel,  n.  a  defamatory  writing.  |      of  a  library. 

Li'belous,  a.  defamatory. 


LVber — Free. 


Lib'eral,  a.  free ;  generous. 
Lib'erty,  n.  freedom. 


Lib'erate,  v.  to  set  free. 
Illib'eral,  a.  mean ;  suspicious. 


LVbra — a  Pound  ;  a  Balance. 
Delib'eratb,  v.  to  weigh  mentally.     |  Equilib'rium,  n.  an  equal  balancing, 


LVceo,  li(fitum — to  be  Lawful  or  Permitted. 


Illic'it,  a.  unlawful. 
Li'cense,  n.  permission. 


Li'cense,  v.  to  grant  authority  to. 
Licen'tious,  a.  unrestrained. 


Alle'giance,  n.  the  binding  of  a  sub- 
ject to  his  government. 
League,  n.  a  binding  or  union. 
Li' ABLE,  a.  bound ;  responsible. 


Li' go,  liga'tufn — to  Bind  ;  to  Tib. 

Ob'ligate,  v.  to  bind  by  contract. 
Ob'ligatory,  a.  binding. 
Oblige',  v.  to  gratify  ;  to  corapeL 
Relig'ion,  n.  duty  to  God. 


LVmen,  limHnis — a  Threshold. 
Elim'inate,  v.  to  put  out  of  doors.     |  Prelim'inary,  a.  introductory. 


LATIN   BOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


259 


lA'nea — a  Linen  Thread.    LVnuni  -Flax. 


Delin'eate,  «.  to  describe. 
Interline',  v.  to  write  between  lines. 
Line,  n.  a  rank ;  a  row  ;  extension  in 

length. 
Lin'eal,  a.  descending  in  a  line. 


Lin'eament,  n.  feature ;  outline. 
Lin'eage,  n.  race  ;  progeny. 
Lin'en,  n.  cloth  made  of  flax. 
Lin'seed,  n.  the  seed  of  flax. 
Lint,  n.  down  scraped  from  linen. 


Litifgua — the  Tongue  ;  a  Language. 
Lan'guage,  n.  a  using  the  tongue ; 


speech. 


Lin'go,  n.  corrupt  language. 
Lm'GUiST,  n.  one  skilled  in  languages. 


Lin'quOf  li&tum — to  Leave  ;  to  Forsake. 


Delin'quent,  a.  failing  in  duty. 
Delin'quent,  n.  an  offender. 
Derelic'tion,  n.  a  forsaking. 


Rel'ic,  n.  something  left. 
Rel'ict,  n.  a  widow. 
Relin'quish,  v.  to  forsake ;  to  quit. 


LVqueo — to  Melt  ;  to  Flow,  as  water. 

Liq'uefy,  v.  to  make  liquid.  I  Liq'uid,  //.  a  fluid. 

Liq'uor,  n.  a  liquid  substance.  I  Liq'uid,  a.  flowing  like  water. 

Liq'uir  ATE,  V.  to  clear  away ;  to  pay. 

LiSf  Wtis — Stripe  ;  a  Lawsuit. 
Lit'igate,  v.  to  contest  in  law.  |  Litiga'tion,  n.  a  suit  at  law. 


Litig'ious,  a.  given  to  litigation.         |  Lit'igant,;^.  one  engaged  in  a  lawsuit 


lAtfera — a  Letter. 

Let'ter,  n.  a  character  representing 

some  sound ;  an  epistle. 
Literal,  a.  exact  to  the  letter. 
Literary,  a.  relating  to  letters. 


Lit'erature,  n.  learning. 
Litera'ti,  n.  men  of  learning. 
Illit'erate,  a.  unlearned. 
Oblit'erate,  ^.  to  rub  out. 


Lo'cus—2i  Place. 


Lo'cal,  a.  relating  to  place. 
Lo'cate,  t).  to  place  ;  to  fix. 
Local'ity,  n.  situation  ;  place. 
Col'locate,  v.  to  place  together. 
Dis'locate,  T).  to  put  out  of  joint. 


Locomo'tion,  n.  the  power  of  chang- 
ing place. 

Locomo'tive,  n.  a  steam  engine  on 
wheels. 


Lo'qifor,  locu^tus — to  Speak 
circuit    of 


Circumlocu'tion,   n.   a 
words. 

Col'loquy,  n.  a  speaking  together. 

Collo'quial,  a.  relating  to  conversa- 
tion. 

El'oquent,  a.  having  the  power  of 
oratory.  • 

Note.— Ventriloquism  is  the  art  of  modifying  the  natural  voice  so  that  it  seems 
to  come  from  a  greater  or  less  distance,  and  from  different  directions, 


Elocu'tion,  n.  a  speaking  out. 
Loquac'ity,  n.  talkativeness. 
Ob'loquy,  n.  blame ;  slander. 
Solil'oquy,  n.  a  speech  to  one's  sel£ 
Ventril'oquism,  n.  the  act  of  speak- 
ing from  the  stomach. 


260 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Long,  a.  having  length. 
Long,  'd.  to  desire  earnestly. 
Elon'gate,  v.  to  lengthen. 
LoNGEv'iTT,  n.  length  of  life. 


Lonfgus — Long. 

Ob'long,  a.  longer  than  broad. 
Prolong',  xi.  to  lengthen  out. 
Lon'gitude,  n.  length  ;  distance  east 
or  west. 


Lu^crum — Gain:  Profit. 


Lu'cRE,  n.  gam ;  money. 


Lu'cRATiVE,  a.  profitable. 


Lu^dOf  lu^sum — to  Play  ;  to  Deceive  ;  to  Cheat. 


Allude',  v.  to  refer  to. 
Allu'sion,  n.  a  reference  to. 
Collu'sion,  n.  dishonest  agreement. 
Delude',  v.  to  deceive ;  to  mislead. 
Delu'sive,  a.  deceptive. 


Elude',  t).  to  escape  by  deception. 
Illu'sion,  n.  a  deceptive  appearance. 
Lu'dicrous,  a.  laughable. 
Prel  ude,  n.  something  introductory. 
In'terlude,  n,  a  play  between. 


Lu'minous,  a,  giving  light. 
Lu'minary,    n,    anything  that  gives 

light. 
Illumina'tion,  n,  a  lighting  up. 


Lu'ciD,  a.  bright ;  shining. 
Lu'cifer,  n.  the  morning  star ;  Satan. 
Elu'cidate,  d.  to  clear  up. 
Pellu'cid,  a.  clear. 


Translu'cent,  a.  transparent. 


Lu'na — ^the  Moon. 

Lu'nar,  a.  relating  to  the  moon.  I  Lu'nacy,  n.  madness. 

Luna'tion,  n.  a  month.  |  Lu'natic,  n.  a  madman. 

Sub'lunary,  a.  beneath  the  moon. 


Lu^o,  lu'tuTYi — to  Wash. 


Ablu'tion,  n.  a  washing, 
Allu'vium,  n.  soil  deposited  by  water- 
Allu'vial,  a.  deposited  by  water. 


Dilute',  v.  to  make  thin  or  weak. 
Dil'uent,  a.  that  which  dilutes. 
Pollute',  'o.  to  make  unclean. 


Lus'trOf  lustra^ turn — to  Purify  : 


to  Make  Clean  or  Bright. 


Lus'tre,  n.  brightness  ;  splendor, 
Illus'trious,  a.  very  distinguished. 


Illus'trate,  d.  to  explain. 
Lustra'tion,  n.  a  cleansing. 


Luxu'^ria — Lux  ury. 


Lus'cious,  a.  sweet  to  excess. 
Luxury,   n.   a    great    or    excessive 
pleasure. 


Luxu'riance,  n.  rank  growth. 
Magis^ter — a  Master  ;  a  Ruler. 


Luxu'riant,  a.  growing  rank. 
Luxu'rious,  a.  voluptuous. 
Luxuriate,  v.  to  revel ;  to  wanton. 


Mag'istrate,  n.  a  civil  officer. 
Mag'tstracy,  n.  the  office  of  a  mag- 
istrate. 


Magisterial,  a.  having  the  air  of 

authority. 
Mas'ter,  n.  one  v;ho  controls. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


261 


Mag'neSf  magne^tis— Loadstone. 

Mag'net,  n.  the  loadstone.  |  Magnet'ic,  a.  attractive. 

Mag'netism,  n.  the  power  of  attraction. 

Mag'fius — Great;  Large;  Grand. 


Mag'nitude,  n.  size  ;  greatness. 
Mag'nify,  v.  to  make  greater. 
Magnaist'imous,  a.  of  noble  mind. 
Magnif'icence,  n.  grandeur. 
Magnif'icejsit,  a.  splendid. 
Ma'jor,  a.  greater. 


Ma'jor,  n.  a  military  officer. 
Major'ity,  n.  the  greater  number. 
May'or,  n.  the  chief  magistrate  of 

city. 
Maj'esty,  n.  dignity. 
Majes'tic,  a.  grand;  stately. 


Ma'gi,  n.  a  wise  man. 
Mag'ic,  n.  enchantment. 


Ma^gus — a  Divine  or  Enchanter  ;  a  Priest. 

Mag'ic AL,  a.  produced  by  enchant- 
ment. 
Maqi'cian,  n.  a  sorcerer. 


3Ia'le — Badly;  III. 


Dis'mal,  a.  sorrowful ;  gloomy. 
Maledic'tion,  n.  a  curse. 


Malefac'tor,  n.  a  criminal. 
Malev'olence,  n.  ill  will. 


Jlalig^nus—ENYiovs 

Malign,  a.  having  malice  and  envy. 
Malig'nant,  a.  hostile  to  life. 
Malig'nity,  ?i.  violent  hatred. 


Fatal  to  Life. 

Malig'nantly,  ad.  with  ill  intention. 
Mal'ice,  n.  desire  to  injure. 
Mali'cious,  a.  ill  disposed. 


MaVleus — a  Hammer.    MaVleo — to  Beat. 


Mall,  n.  a  large  wooden  hammer ;  a 

beetle. 
Mal'let,  n.  a  little  mall. 


Mal'leable,  a.  that  may  be  spread 
by  hammering. 


t 


Man^do,  manda^tutn — ^to  Commit  ;  to  Command. 

Demand',  v.  to  ask  with  authority. 
Demand',  n.  a  call  of  authority. 
Remand',  v.  to  send  back. 
Recommend',  v.  to  commend  to  an- 
other. 


Man'date,  n.  a  command. 
Command',  t?.  to  govern ;  to  order. 
Commend',  v.  to  praise. 
Commenda'tion,  n.  praise. 


Countermand',  «j.  to  revoke  a  com- 
mand. 

Ma^neo,  manf sum— to  Stay  ;  to  Abide. 

Man'sion,  n.  a  house  ;  a  residence.      I  Remain',  «.  to  stay ;  to  continue, 
Per'manent,  a.  durable ;  lasting.        |  Rem'nant,  n.  that  which  is  left. 


Marine',  a.  belonging  to^the  sea. 
Mar'iner,  n.  a  seaman. 
HafJitime,  a.  near  the  sea. 


Ma^re — the  Sea. 

Submarine',  a.  under  the  sea. 
Transmarine',  a.  across  the  sea. 
Ultramarine',  a.  across  the  sea. 
Ultramarine',  n.  a  very  fine  blue. 


262 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Manifest tus — Cleab;  Evident. 

Man'ifest,  a.  plain  ;  open.  |  Man'ipest,  n.  a  list  of  a  cargo. 

Manipes'to,  n.  a  declaration. 

Ma'nus — ^the  Hand.     Manip^ulus—a  Handful. 


Man'ual,  a.  performed  by  the  hand. 
Manufac'ture,  n.  anything  made  by 

art. 
Maintain',  v.  to  support. 

Man'acle,  v.  to  handcuff. 
Man'age,  v.  to  conduct. 
Manip'ulate,  v.  to  handle. 


Eman'cipate,  v.  to  set  free. 
Manumis'sion,  n.  giving  liberty  to 

slaves. 
Manumit',  v.  to  set  free. 
Manure',  v.  to  fertilize. 
Man'uscript,  n.  a  writing. 
Manceu'vre,  n.  a  skillful  movement. 


Mar'gOf  mar'ginis — a  Brink  or  Edge. 
Mar'gin,  n.  the  border ;  the  edge.       |  Mar'ginal,  a.  on  the  margin. 

Master,  mat'ris — a  Mother  ;  a  Matron. 

Mater'nal,  a.  motherly.  I  Ma'tron,  n.  an  elderly  woman. 

Mat'rimony,  n.  marriage.  I  MAT'RiciDE,7i.the  murder  of  a  mother. 

Matxi^rus — Ripe  ;  Mature. 

Mature',  a.  ripe ;  complete.  I  Immature',  a.  not  ripe. 

Matu'rity,  n.  ripeness.  I  Premature',  a.  ripe  too  soon. 


Me'deop — ^to  Heal  ;  to  Cure.     Med'icus — a  Physician. 


Med'icine,  n.  any  substance  used  in 

curing  disease. 
Medic'inal,  a.  having  the  power  of 

healing. 


Reme'dial,  a.  affording  remedy. 


Med'ical,  a.  relating  to  medicine. 
Med'icated,  a.  tinctured  with  med' 

icine. 
Rem'edy,  n.  a  cure. 


Me^dins — Middle  ;  Between.     Medioc'ris — Middling. 

Imme'diate,  a.  instant ;  direct. 
Interme'diate,  a.  coming  between. 
Medioc'rity,  n.  middle  rate. 


Me'diuisi,  n.  the  middle  point. 
Me'diate,  «.  to  interpose. 
Me'diate,  a.  put  between 


Mediterra'nean,  a.  between  lands. 

Med'itor,  medita^tus— to  Muse  ;  to  Think  Upon. 
Medita'tion,  n.  deep  thought.  |  Premed'itate,^.  to  think  beforehand 

3Ie^ trior — Mindful  ;  Keeping  in  Mind. 


Mem'ory,  n.  the  faculty  of  recollect- 
ing. 

Mem'orable,  a.  worthy  to  be  remem- 
bered. 

Memo'rial,  n.  something  to  keep  in 
memory. 


Memoir',  n.  a  short  account. 
Immemo'rial,  a.  beyond  memory. 
Memen'to,  71.  a  memorial. 
Men'tion,  v.  to  speak  of 
Remem'ber,  v.  to  bear  in  mind. 
Reminis'cence,  n.  recollection. 


Commem'orate,  v.  to  hold  in  memory. 


LATm   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


263 


Mens,  men'^tis — the  Mind;  Keason. 


Men'tal,  a.  relating  to  the  mind. 
Demen'tate,  v.  to  make  insane. 
Dement'ed,  p.  a.  insane. 

Ve'hemence,  n 


Com'ment,  n.  note ;  explanation. 
Com'mentary,  n.  a  writing  to  explain 

another, 

force:  ardor. 


Mensu'ra — a  Measure.    Me^tior — to  Meastjre. 


Mete,  v.  to  measure. 

Me'ter,  n.  a  measure. 

Meas'ure,  ?;.  to  compute  quantity  by 

a  rule. 
Commen'surate,  a.  equal. 


Mensura'tion,  n.  the  art  of  measur- 
ing. 
Dimen'sion,  n.  bulk  ;  extent. 
Immense',  a.  very  great ;  vast. 
Immen'sity,  n.  unlimited  extent. 


3£er^cor,  nierca^tus — to  Buy  ;  to  Trade. 


Mer'cantile,  a.  relating  to  trade. 
Mar'ket,  n.  a  place  of  sale. 
Mer'cenary,  n.  one  who  is  bought ; 

actuated  by  the  hope  of  gain. 
Mer'cer,  n.  a  dealer  in  silks. 
Mer'cury,  n.  the  god  of  commerce. 

Note. — Mebcury,  an  ancient  heathen  deity,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  and  the 
god  of  eloquence,  commerce,  travelers,  etc. 


Com'merce,  n.  trade ;  intercourse. 

Commer'cial,  a.  relating  to  com- 
merce. 

Mer'chant,  n.  a  trader. 

Mer'chandise,  n.  things  bought  and 
sold. 


Mer^go,  mer^sutn — to  Plunge  or  Dep  ;  to  Sink. 


Merge,  v.  to  swallow  up  ;  to  sink. 
Emerge',  v.  to  rise  out  of 
Emer'gency,  71.  sudden  occasion. 
Immerse',  v.  to  put  under  water. 
Submerge',  v.  to  put  under  water. 


Immer'sion,  n.  the  act  of  putting  be- 
low the  surface  of  a  fluid. 

Submer'sion,  n.  the  state  of  being 
wholly  covered  by  a  fluid. 


Me'reOf  mer^itum — to  Earn  ;  to  Deserve. 

Bemer'it,  n.  fault;  vice.  |  Mer'it,  v.  to  deserve. 

Merito'rious,  a.  full  of  merit. 


MVgrOf  migra^tum — to  Change  One's  Abode  or  Dwelling 

Mi'grate,   v.   to   remove    from    one 

place  to  another. 
Em'igrate,   v.  .  to   remove   out  of  a 

country. 


Migra'tion,  n.  change  of  residence. 
Im'migrate,   v.    to    remove    into    { 

country. 
Em'igrant,  n.  one  who  removes. 


Mil'itant,  a.  fighting. 
Mil'itary,  a.  relating  to  soldiers. 


MVleSf  iniVitls — a  Soldier. 

I  Mil'itate,  v.  to  operate  against. 


Mili'tia,  n.  citizen  soldiers. 


Minis^^er — a  Servant  ;  a  Helper. 

Min'ister,^.  a  servant  of  the  church.  I  Admin'ister,   v.   to    supply   to;    to 
Min'istry,  n.  the  body  of  ministers.    |      manage  or  rule. 
Administra'tion,  n.  government. 


264: 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Em'inent,  a.  distinguished ;  high. 
Im'minent,  a.  near ;  at  hand. 


MVneo — to  Jut  Out;  to  Hang  Oveb. 


Prom'inence,  n.  distinction. 
Prom'inent,  a.  standing  out. 


MinfuOf  ininu^tum — to  Lessen  or  Diminish. 


Dimin'ish,  v.  to  lessen. 
Diminu'tion,  n.  a  growing  less. 
Dimin'utive,  a.  small. 
Min'iature,  n.  a  small  portrait. 
JVIin'imum,  n.  the  smallest  quantity. 
Mi'nor,  n.  one  under  age. 


Minu'tle,  n.  small  particulars. 
MVrus — Strange  ;  Wonderful. 


Minor'ity,  n.  the  less  number. 
Min'uend,  n.  the  number  to  be  di- 
minished. 
:Mi'nus,  a.  diminished  by. 
Minute',  a.  very  small. 
Min'ute,  n.  a  portion  of  time. 


Admire',  v.  to  regard  with  wonder  or 

esteem. 
Mir'aclb,  n.  a  supernatural  event. 


affection    mingled 


AdMIRA'tION,    71. 

with  wonder. 
MiRAc'uLous,  a.  supernatural. 


Mis' ceo,  mioo'tum — to  Mix ;  to  Mingle. 


Mix,  «.  to  mingle. 
Mix'ture,  n.  a  mixed  mass. 
Min'gle,  v.  to  mix ;  to  join. 
Commix',  v.  to  mingle ;  to  blend. 
Intermix',  v.  to  mingle  together. 


Mis'cELLANY,  71.  a  coUcction  of  va- 
rious things. 

Miscella'neous,  a.  of  various  kinds. 

Promis'cuous,  a.  mingled  indiscrim- 
inately. 


Mit'to,  mis' sum — to  Send  ;  to  Let  Go  or  Come. 


Admit',  v.  to  suffer  to  enter. 

Admit'tance,  n.  entrance. 

Commit',  v.  to  intrust. 

CoMMis'sioN,  n.  a  trust;  authority 
given, 

Commit'tee,  n.  persons  selected  to  ex- 
amine or  manage  any  matter. 

Com 'promise,  n.  an  adjustment  by 
concessions  on  each  side. 

Demise',  n.  death ;  decease. 

Demise',  v.  to  grant  at  one's  death. 

Dismiss',  v.  to  send  away. 

Dismis'sion,  n.  discharge. 

Em'issary,  n.  one  sent  out  as  a  secret 
agent. 

Emis'sion,  n.  a  sending  out. 

Emit',  v.  to  send  forth. 

Intermis'sion,  n.  cessation  for  a  time. 

Intermit'tent,  a.  ceasing  at  intervals. 

Manumis'sion,  n.  sending  away  from 
bondage. 

Manumit',  'd.  to  release  from  slavery. 


Mis'siVE,  n.  a  letter  sent. 
Mis'sn.E,  n.  that  may  be  thrown. 
Mis'siON,  n.  a  being  sent  by  authority. 
Mis'sionary,  n.  one  sent  to  propa- 
gate religion. 
Omit',  v.  to  leave  out. 
Omis'sion,  n.  neglect ;  failure. 
Per'mit,  n.  a  written  permission. 
Permit',  v.  to  grant  permission, 
PERMis'sroN,  n.  leave  granted. 
Premise',  v.  to  state  beforehand. 
Prom'ise,  v.  to  engage  to  do. 
Prom'issory,  a.  containing  a  promise. 
Remiss',  a.  slack  ;  careless. 
Remit',  i).  to  relax ;  to  forgive. 
Remis'sion,  n.  abatement ;  pardon. 
Remit'tance,  n.  a  sum  sent  back. 
Submit',  v.  to  yield  to  authority. 
SuBMis'srvE,  a.  humble ;  yielding. 
Surmise',  n.  a  suspicion. 
Transmit',  v.  to  send  over. 
Transmis'sion,  n.  a  sending  over. 


Mo'lior,  moWtus — to  Heap;  to  Build, 
Demol'ish,  v.  to  destroy.  |  Demoli'tion,  n.  destruction. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


£t>5 


Mi'ser — Wretched. 


AIis'ert,  n.  wretchedness. 

Mi'sER,    n.    one    who    is 

through  covetousness. 


wretched 


Mi'sERLY,  a.  very  covetous. 
Mis'erable,  a.  unhappy. 
Commis'erate,  v.  to  pity. 


Mo^dus — a  Measure  ;  a  Limit  ;  a  Mode  or  Manner. 


Mode,  n.  a  manner  or  fashion. 

Mood,  n.  temper  of  mind. 

Mod'el,  n.  a  copy  to  be  imitated. 

Mod'ify,  v.  to  alter ;  to  soften. 

Mod'ulate,  v.  to  vary  sound. 

Mod'erate,  a.  temperate;   not  do- 
lent. 

Mod'est,  a.  restrained  by  a  sense  of 
propriety. 

Mod'esty,  n.  decency ;  diflSdence. 

Remod'el,  «. 


Mod'icum,  n.  a  small  portion. 

Commo'dious,  a.  convenient, 

Commod'ity,   n.   an   article  of  mer- 
chandise, 

Accom'modate,  v.  to  make  conven- 
ient to. 

Discommode',  «.  to  put  ':o  trouble. 

Incommode',  v.  to  disturb ;  to  annoy. 

Immod'erate,  a.  excessive. 

Immod'esv,  a.  wanting  modesty, 
to  model  anew. 


MoVlis — Soft. 
Emol'lient,  a.  softening. 


MoVlio — to  Soften. 
I  Mol'lify,  v.  to  assuage  ;  to  soften. 


Mo^neo,  mon'itum — ^to  Remind  ;  to  Warn. 

Admonition,  n.  gentle  reproof. 
Premoit'itory,    a.    giving    warning 
beforehand. 


Mon'itor,  n.  one  who  warns 
Mon'ument,  n.  a  memorial. 
Admon'ish,  «.  to  warn ;  to  reprove. 


Sum'mon,  «.  to  call  by  authority. 
MonSf  tnonftis — a  Mountain  ;  a  High  Hill. 


Mount,  n.  a  hill. 

Moun'tain,  n.  a  very  large  hill. 

Mound,  n.  a  heap  or  bank  of  earth. 

Amount',  n.  the  sum. 

Dismount',  v.  to  alight  from  a  horse. 

Par'amount,  a.  above  all  others. 


Prom'ontory,  n.  high  land  jutting 

into  the  sea. 
Remount',  v.  to  mount  again. 
Surmount',  v.  to  rise  above. 
Tan'tamount,  a.  equal  in  value  or 

meaning. 


Mon'strOf  tnonstra^ turn— to  Show  ;  to  Declare. 

Remon'strate,  v.  to  present  reasons 
against. 


Demon'strate,  v.  to  show  plainly, 
Mon'ster,  n.  something  unnatural. 
Mon'strous,  a.  unnatural ;  huge. 


Mor'deo,  tnor'sum — to  Bite. 


Mor'sel,  n.  a  little  bite. 
Remorse',  n.  a  biting  again ;  sorrow 
for  a  fault. 


Mor'dant,  n.  any  substance  to  hold 
colors  in  dyeing. 


MorSf  mor^tis — Death. 

Mor'tal,  a.  subject  to  deajja, 
Mor'tify,   v.    to    lose    vitality  ;    to 
shame  or  vex. 

Immor'talize,  v. 


Mortal'ity,  n.  death, 
Mur'der,  tJ,  to  put  to  death. 
Immor'tal,  a.  exempt  from  death, 
to  make  immortal. 


26d 


SMITH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


MoSf  mo'ris — Manner;  Custom. 


Mor'al,  a.  conformed  to  law  and 

rectitude. 
Moral'ity,  n.  correctness  of  life 


Mor'alize,  v.  to  apply  to  moral  sub 

jects. 
Immoral,  a.  vicious. 
Demor'alizb,  v.  to  make  immoral. 


Mo^veOf  mo^tutn — to  Move. 


Move,  «.  to  put  out  of  one  place  into 

another. 
Move'ment,  n.  change  of  place. 
Mo'tion,  n.  change  of  place. 
Mo'tive,  n,  cause ;  reason. 
Mob,  n.  a  disorderly  multitude. 
Momen'tum,  n.  force  of  motion. 


Commo'tion,  n.  tumult. 
Emo'tion,  n.  disturbance  of  mind. 
Promote',  v.  to  advance ;  to  exalt. 
Promo 'tion,  n.  advancement  to  high 

er  rank. 
Remote',  a.  at  a  distance. 
Remove',  «.  to  put  from  its  place. 


MuVtus- 

Multi'tude,  n.  a  great  number. 
Mul'tiply,  v.  to  increase  in  number. 


Many;   Numerous;  Much. 

Multifa'rious,  a.  having  great  vari- 
ety. 


Mu^fiuSf  mu^neris — a  Gift  ;  an  Office. 


Munif'icent,  a.  very  liberal. 
Commune',  v.  to  talk  together. 
Commu'nicate,  v.  to  impart. 
Com'mon,  a.  shared  by  all. 


Commu'nion,  n.  intercourse. 
Commu'nity,  n.  the  commonwealth. 
Immu'nitt,  n.  exemption. 
Remu'nerate,  v.  to  reward. 


Mu^rus — a  Wall. 
Mu'ral,  a.  pertaining  to  a  wall.  |  Immure',  v.  to  imprison. 


Mu'table,  a.  changeable. 
Muta'tion,  n.  change. 
Commute',  i).  to  exchange. 
Mu'tual,  a.  reciprocal. 


-to  Change. 

Mu'tiny,  v.  to  rise  against  authorit}'. 
Permuta'tion,  n.  exchange. 
Transmute',  v.  to  change  from  on& 
nature  into  another. 


Nas^cor,  na^tus — to  be  Born  ;  to  Spring  Up  ;  to  Grow. 


Na'tal,  a.  relating  to  one's  birth. 
Na'tion,  n.  a  distinct  people. 
N a'tive,  a.  conferred  by  birth. 
Na'tive,  n.  one  who  is  born  in 

country. 
Nativ'ity,  n.  birth. 
Nat'ural,  a,  made  by  nature. 


Supernat'ural,  a.  above  nature. 


Na'ture,  n.  original  quality ;  the 
power  which  produces  or  causes 
things  to  grow. 

Innate',  a.  bom  with  us. 

Nat'uralist,  n.  a  student  of  nature. 

Nat'uralize,  v.  to  intrust  with  the 
rights  of  a  native. 


-fr 


Na'vy,  n.  the  ships  of  war  of  a  na 

tion. 
Na'val,  a.  relating  to  ships. 
Naviga'tion,  n.  traveling  by  ships. 
Nav'igable,  a.  passable  by  ships. 


Na^vis — a  Ship  or  Vessel. 

Nau'tical,  a.   pertaining  to  sailors 

or  sailing. 
Nau'sea,  n.  sea-sickness. 
Nau'seous,  a.  loathsome. 
Nau'tilus,  n.  tlie  sailor-fish. 


LATIN    BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


267 


Nec'essary,  a.  needful. 
Neces'sitate,  v.  to  make  necessary 
Neces'bitous,  a.  needj. 


Neces'se — Necessary  ;  Inevitable. 

Neces'sity,  n.  compulsion  ;  want. 
Nefa'rious,  a.  wicked. 
UimEc'EssARY,  a.  not  needed. 


NetftOf  nexfum — to  Tie  or  Bind  ;  to  Kjnit. 
Gonnect',  v.  to  join  together.  |  Disconnect',  v.  to  sever. 


Connec'tion,  n.  a  joining ;  relation.    |  Annex',  v.  to  unite  at  the  end. 


Nef(jo,  nega'tUTYi—io  Deny  ;  to  Refuse. 

Nega'tion,  n.  a  denial.  I  Neg'ative,  n.  that  which  denies. 

Neg'ative,  a.  denying.  I  Deny',  'o.  to  contradict ;  to  refuse. 

Neu^ter,  neu^trum — Neither. 

Neu'ter,  a.  neither  one  or  the  other. 


Neu'tral,  a.  of  neither  side  or  party. 
Neu'tralize,  v.  to  destroy  the  pecu- 
liar properties  of. 


Neutral 'iTY,  n.  the  state  of  being 
neutral. 


No'CENT,  a.  hurtful. 
Noxious,  a.  hurtful. 
Inno'cent,  a.  guiltless. 


No^ceo — to  Hurt;  to  Offend. 

Obnox'ious,  a.  hateful ;  offensive. 
In'nocence,  n.  purity ;  simplicity. 
Nui'sANCE,  n.  something  offensive. 


Nor' una — a  Rule  or  Square. 
Nor'mal,  a.  according  to  rule.  |  Enor'mous,^.  beyond  rule  or  measure. 

No'men,  nornHnis—a  Name. 


Denom'inate,  v.  to  name  down. 
Denom'ination,  n.  a  name ;  a  class. 
Ig'nominy,  n.  disgrace ;  shame. 
Name,  n.  the  term  by  which  we  dis- 
tinguish things. 
Nom'inal,  a.  in  name  only. 


I  No'menclature,  n.  a  system  of 
I      names. 

Nom'inate,  «.  to  name ;  to  propose. 

Renowned',  a.  named  again  an6. 
again. 


Nos'co,  no'tum — to  Understand  ;  to  Know.    No'hilis — Noble. 


No'ble,  a.  high  in  rank ;  generous. 
Nobil'ity,  n.  dignity  ;  rank. 
Igno'ble,  a.  of  low  birth. 
No'tice,  id.  to  observe. 


Rec'ognize,  v.  to  know  agaJn. 


No'tify,  v.  to  give  notice  to. 
No'tion,  n.  thought ;  idea. 
Notorious,  a.  known  or  famous  (in 
a  bad  sense.) 


Nov'el,  a.  new ;  unusual. 
N'ov'el,  n.  a  tale ;  a  romance. 
Xov'eltst,  n.  a  writer  of  nojtels. 
Nov'elty,  n.  newness. 
Novi'tiate,  n.  the  time  of  learning 
rudiments. 


3ro't;«*s— New. 

Nov'iCE,  n.  one  new  in  the  business. 
Renew',  v.  to  make  again. 
Renova'tion,  n.  renewal. 
In'novate,  v.  to  introduce  novelties 
or  change. 


^6S  SMl'TH'S   HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY* 

No^ta—B.  Mabk. 

Denote',  v.  to  mark  down.  I  No'tice,  n.  observatiorii 

No'table,  a.  worthy  to  be  noted.        |  No'tary,  n.  one  who  notes. 

NodCf  no&tis — Night. 

Noctur'nal,  a.  nightly.  I  E'quinox,  n.  the  time  of  equal  day 

Night,  n.  the  time  of  darkness.  |      and  night. 

Equlnoc'tial,  a.  pertaining  to  the  equinox. 

Nu^hOf  nup^tuni — to  Marry. 

Connu'bial,  a.  pertaining  to  mar-  I  Nup'tial,    a.    pertaining    to    mar- 
riage. I      riage. 

Nu^dus — Naked;  Bare. 
Denude',  v.  to  strip ;  to  make  bare.    |  Nu'dity,  n.  nakedness. 

NuVlus — None  ;  Null  or  Yoid. 

Null,  a.  void ;  of  no  force.  I  Nul'lify,  v.  to  make  null  or  void. 

Nul'lity,  n.  nothingness.  I  Annul',  v.  to  make  void. 


Num'ber,  n.  more  than  one  thing, 
Num'ber,  v.  to  count ;  to  reckon. 
Nu'merous,  a.  containing  many. 
Numera'tion,  n.  the  art  of  number 
ins. 


Nu^merus — a  Number. 

Numer'ical,  a.  denoting  number. 
Num'eral,  a.  relating  to  number. 
Enu'merate,  'd.  to  reckon  up  singly. 
Innu'merable,  a.  too   many  to   be 
counted. 


Nun^ciOy  nuncia'tuin — to  Bring  News  ;  to  Tell. 

Announce',  v.  to  give  notice. 
Denounce',  v.  to  declare  against. 
Denuncia'tion,  n.  public  threat. 
Enun'ciate,  v.  to  tell  or  speak  out. 


Pronounce',  «.  to  tell  or  speak  out. 
Pronuncia'tion,  n.   mode   of  utter- 
ance. 
Renounce',  v.  to  disown. 


Nu'triOf  nu'tritum — to  Nourish  ;  to  Suckle. 
Nu'triment,  n.  food. 


Nour'ish,  v.  to  support  by  food. 
Nurse,  n.  a  person  who  has  the  care 
of  infants  or  sick  persons. 


Nutri'tion,  n.  the  act  of  nourishing. 
Nutri'tious,  a.  nourishing. 


Oc'uLAR,  a.  known  by  the  eye ;  evi 

dent. 
Oc'uLiST,  n.  an  eye  doctor. 


O&ulus — an  Eye  ;  a  Bud. 

BiNOc'uLAR,  a.  having  two  eyes. 
Inoo'ulate,  v.  to  insert  an  eye  or  bud 
of  one  tree  in  another. 


O'leo,  oritum — to  Emit  Odor  ;  to  Grow. 


Abol'ish,  ■».  to  do  away  with, 
Aboli'tion,  n.  a  doing  away. 
Adult',  n.  one  full  grown. 


Ob'solete,  a.  out  of  use. 
Olfac'tory,  a.  pertaining  to  smell. 
Red'olent,  a.  diflPusing  odor. 


LATIN   BOOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  26i? 

O'di— to  Hate. 
O'dious,  a.  hateful.  |  O'dium,  n.  hatred  ;  dislike. 

O^merif  omHnis — a  Sign  ;  an  Omen. 

O'men,  n.  a  sign ;  a  prognostic.  I  Abom'inate,  v.  to  loathe  extremelj 

Om'inous,  a.  foreboding  evil.  I  Abom'inable,  a.  hateful. 

Oni^nis — All;  Every. 


Omnip'otent,  a.  having  all  power. 
Omnipres'ent,     a.     present     every- 
where. 


Omnis'cient,  a.  knowing  all  things. 
Om'nibus,  n.  a  public  coach. 


O^nuSf  on^eris — a  Burden  or  Load. 
On'erous,  a.  burdensome.  |  Exon'erate,  «.  to  disburden. 

Op'era — Work. 

Op'erate,  t).  to  work  or  act.  |  Opera'tion,  n.  action ;  effect. 

Coop'erate,  «?.  to  work  together,        |  Operator,  71.  one  who  works. 
Op'era,  n.  a  dramatic  work  set  to  music. 

OpVnor — to  Think  ;  to  Believe. 
Opine',  'g.  to  think.  |  Opin'ion,  n.  belief;  judgment. 

Op^to — ^to  Wish;  to  Choose. 

Op'tion,  n.  choice ;  preference.  I  Adopt',  v.  to  choose  or  take  to  one's 

Op'tative,  a.  expressing  desire.  |      self. 

Adop'tion,  n.  the  act  of  adopting. 

Orchis — a  Circle  ;  a  Wheel  ;  an  Orb. 


Orb,  n.  a  circle ;  a  globe. 
Or'bit,  n.  the  track   or  path  of  a 
planet. 


Exor'bitant,  a.   going   beyond  the 
regular  path  or  limit ;  enormous. 


Or^dOf  or^ dints — Order;  Rank. 

Or'der,  n.  regularity. 
Ordain',  «?.  to  appoint ;  to  decree. 
Or'dinal,  a.  noting  order. 
Or'dinance,  n.  a  pubhc  law. 
Or'dinary,  a.  common  ;  usual, 
Subor'dinate,  a.  in  a  lower  rank. 


Coor'dinate,  a.   holding  the    same 

rank. 
Inor'dinate,  a.  excessive. 
Extraor'dinary,  a.  beyond  the  usual 

course. 
Disor'der,  v.  to  confuse. 


Orior — ^to  Rise  or  Spring  From. 

O'rient,  n.  the  east ;  the  rising  sun.    I  Or'igin,  n.  source ;  beginning. 
O'riental,  a.  eastern.  |  Orig'inal,  a.  first ;  primary. 

Orig'inate,  v.  to  bring  into  being. 


Or' no,  otpna'tum — to  Deck  ;  to  Adorn, 

Adorn',  v.  to  decorate. 
Or'nament,  n.  that  which  adorns. 
Or'nate,  a.  beaiy^iful. 


Suborn',  i).  to  induce  a  person  to 
swear  falsely. 


270  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Ora'tion,  n.  a  formal  speech. 
Or'ator,  n.  a  public  speaker. 
Or'ison,  n.  a  prayer. 
Or'acle,  n.  one  famed  for  wisdom. 
O'ral,  a.  delivered  by  mouth. 


O^ro,  or a^ turn — to  Pray;  to  Beg. 

Adore',  «?.  to  worship. 
Adora'tion,  n.  worship. 
Or'ifice,  n.  an  opening. 
Inex'orable,  a.  not  to  be  moved  bj 
entreaty. 


Os,  os^sis—a.  Bone. 
Os'seous,  a.  bony.  |  Os'sify,  'v.  to  change  into  bone. 

Ostium — Ease  ;  Repose  ;  Retirement  from  Business. 

Ease,  n.  quiet ;  facility.  |  Nego'tiate,  v.  to  transact  business. 

Disease',  n.  malady. 

(Yvum — an  Egg. 

O'vAL,  a.  shaped  like  an  egg.  \  OVary,  n.  the  seat  of  eggs. 

Ovip'arous,  a.  producing  eggs. 

FaVleo — to  be  Pale. 
Pal 'lid,  a.  pale ;  not  bright.  |  Pal'lor,  n.  paleness. 

JPaVlium — Mantle  or  Cloak  ;  a  Covering. 

Pall,  n.  a  covering  for  the  dead.         I  Pal'liate,  «.  to  put  a  cloak  upon 
Pallia'tion,  n.  mitigation.  |      to  cover  with  excuse. 

PaVpo — to  Touch  Gently  ;  to  Feel. 
Pal 'p ABLE,  a.  that  may  be  felt.  |  Pal'pitate,  v.  to  beat ;  to  flutter. 


Tanfdo,  pan' sum — to  Open  ;  to  Spread. 

Expan'sive,  a.  having  power  to  ex- 
pand. 


Expand',  'd.  to  spread ;  to  open. 
Expan'sion,  n.  a  spreading  out. 


Expanse',  n.  a  wide  extent 

Pa'nis — Bread. 

Compan'ion,  n.  one  who  eats  bread 
with  another ;  an  associate. 

Com'pany,  n.  a  number  of  compan- 
ions. 

Accom'pany,  «.  to  go  with. 


Pana'da,  n.  bread  boiled  and  sweet- 
ened. 

Pan'try,  n.  the  place  where  bread  is 
kept. 


Panfnus — Cloth  ;  a  Patch  or  Piece  of  Cloth. 


Pan'el,  n.  a  patch  or  piece ;  a  piece 
of  parchment  on  which  the  names 
of  jurors  were  written  ;  a  piece  of 
board  inserted  into  a  frame. 


Impan'el,  v.  to  enrol  as  jurors. 
Pane,  n.  a  piece  of  thin  cloth  used 

in  windows ;  a  piece  or  square  of 

glass  for  windows. 


iPa'riOf  par" turn— to  Bring  Forth;  to  Generate;  to  Produce. 
Pa'rent,  n.  that  which  produces ;  a  father  or  mother. 


LATIN  EOOTS   AND   DEEIVATIVES. 


271 


Far — Like;  Equal. 


Pair,  n.  two  things  like  each  other. 
Par'itt,  n.  likoness ;  equality. 
Dispar'ity,  n.  inequality. 
Compare',  v.  to  examine  together. 


Compeer',  n.  an  equal. 


Dispar'age,  n.  to  cause  disgrace. 
Peer,  n.  an  equal ;  a  nobleman. 
Peer'less,  a,  without  an  equal. 
Peer'age,  n.  the  rank  of  a  peer. 


Pa^reo,  par^itum — ^to  Become  Visible  ;  to  Appear. 
Appear',  v.  to  become  visible  to.         |  Appari'tion,  n.  a  spectre ;  a  ghost. 


Appar'ent,  a.  visible ;  evident.  |  Disappear',  v.  to  become  invisible. 

Transpa'rent,  a.  that  can  be  seen  through. 


Pa^rOf  para^tum — ^to  Get  Ready  or  Prepare. 


Appara'tus,  n.  necessary  instruments 

for  any  trade  or  art. 
Apparel,  n.  dress;  clothing. 
Sev'er,  t.  to  separate. 
Dissey'er,  v.  to  part  in  two. 
Insep'arable,  a.  not  to  be  parted, 


Sey'eral,  a.  many ;  distinct. 


Irrep'arable,  a.  not  to  be  repaired. 
Prepare',  v.  to  make  ready. 
Repair',  v.  to  mend ;  to  restore. 
Parade',  n.  military  preparation. 
Prepara'tion,  n.  act  of  getting  ready. 
Sep'arate,  v.  to  divide ;  to  part. 


Pars,  parous— 

Part,  n.  a  portion ;  a  share. 
Par'ticle,  n.  a  little  part. 
Partic'ipate,  v.  to  take  part. 
Par'ty,  n.  a  set  of  persons  engaged 

in  one  design. 
Par'tisan,  n.  a  party  man. 
Par'tial,  a.  inclined  to  favor  one 

party. 
Apart',  ad.  separately ;  asunder. 
Part'ner,  n.  a  sharer. 
Copart'ner,  n.  a  sharer. 


a  Part  ;  a  Share. 

Depart',  v.  to  go  away ;  to  leave. 

Depart 'URE,  n.  a  going  away. 

Impart',  v.  to  give. 

Impar'tial,  a.  just;  equitable. 

Par'cel,  n.  a  small  package. 

Por'tion,  n.  a  part ;  a  share. 

Partic'ular,  a.  pertaining  to  a  part ; 
exact. 

Propor'tion,  n.  the  portion  or  meas- 
ure of  one  thing  considered  in  com- 
parison  with  some  other  thing. 


Pas^sus — a  Pace  ;  a  Step. 


Pass,  v.  to  move  in  space ;  to  go. 
Pace,  v.  to  measure  by  steps. 
Com'pass,  v.  to  go  round ;  to  grasp. 
Encom'pass,  v.  to  surround. 
Pas'sage,  n.  a  way  or  channel. 
Pas'senger,  n.  one  who  goes. 


Pass'port,  n.  a  permission  of  passage. 
Pas'time,  n.  amusement. 
Surpass',  «.  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 
Tres'pass,   v.   to  pass    beyond;    to 
transgress. 


Palter,  pa^tris — a  Father. 


Pater'nal,  a.  fatherly. 
Pat'rimony,  n.  an  inherited  estate. 
Pa'triot,  n.  a  lover  of  one's  country. 
Compa'triot,  n.  a  fellow  countryman. 
Expa'triate,  v.  to  put  out  of  one's 
country. 


Pa'tronize,  v.  to  protect ;  to  support. 


Par'ricide,  n.  the  murder  of  a  par- 
ent. 

Patri'cian,  n.  a  nobleman. 

Pa'triarch,  n.  the  father  and  ruler 
of  a  family. 

Pa'tron,  n.  a  protector. 


273 


smith's    hand-book   of    ETYMOLOaY. 


Pas^cOf  pas^tutn — to  Feed  ;  to  Eat. 

Pas 'tor,  n.  a  shepherd ;  a  clergyman.  I  Pas'ture,  n.  land  on  which  cat>,ie 
Pas'toral,  a.  relating  to  shepherds.   |      graze. 

Repast',  n.  an  eating  again ;  a  meal. 


Pa'tior,  pas'sus — to  Suffer  ;  to  Endure. 


Pa'tience,  n.  calm  endurance. 
Pa'tient,  a.  enduring  without  com- 
plaint. 
Pa'tient,  n.  a  sick  person. 
Impa'tient,  a.  hasty ;  fretful. 
Pas'sion,  n.  anger ;  zeal. 


Pas'sive,  a.  suffering  without  resist- 
ance. 

Pas'sion  ATE,  a.  easily  moved  to  an 
ger. 

CoMPAs'siON,  n.  pity ;  sympathy. 

DisPAs'siONATE,  a.  Calm. 


Pau'per,  n.  a  poor  person. 
Poor,  a.  indigent;  lean. 


Tau'per — Poor. 

Pov'erty,  n.  indigence ;  want. 
Impov'erish,  'd.  to  make  poor. 


JPax,  panels — Peace. 

Peace,  n.  quiet ;  rest.  *  I  Pac'ify,  v.  to  calm ;  to  quiet. 

Pacif'ic,  a.  mild ;  gentle.  I  Appease',  «.  to  quiet ;  to  still. 

Pe&tus,  pe&toris — the  Breast  ;  the  Chest. 
Pec'toral,  a.  belonging  to  the  breast.  |  Expec'torate,  v.  to  cough  up. 


PeVlo,  piiVsuni- 

Pulse,  n.  the  throbbing  of  the 

ries. 
Pulsa'tion,  n.  a  throbbing. 
Compel',  ti.  to  force ;  to  drive. 
Compul'sory,  a.  forcing. 
Dispel',  n.  to  drive  away. 
Expel',  'o.  to  drive  out. 
Expul'sion,  n.  a  driving  out. 


to  Drive  ;  to  Strike  or  Beat. 

arte-    Impel',  id.  to  urge  forward. 
Im'pulse,  n.  force  given. 
Impul'sive,    a.    moved    by    sudden 

thought. 
Propel',  -y.  to  drive  forward. 
Repel',  'o.  to  drive  back. 
Repulse',  n.  a  rejection. 
Repul'sive,  a.  forbidding  in  manners. 

Perpendlc^ulum — a  Plumb  Line. 

Impend',  v.  to  hang  over. 
Indepen'dent,  a.  free. 
Propen'sity,  n.  inclination. 
Suspend',  i).  to  hang ;  to  delay. 
Suspense',  n.  uncertainty. 
Suspen'sion,  n.  a  hanging  up  ;  a  stop. 
Perpendic'ular,  a.  directly  down- 
wards. 


-Peit'cieo— to  Hang;  to  Lean. 

Pen'dent,  a.  hanging. 

Pen'dulum,  n.  a  body  to  swing  to 

and  fro. 
Pend'ing,  a.  remaining  undecided. 
Append',  v.  to  hang  or  join  to. 
Append'ix,  n.  something   added  at 

the  end. 
Depend',  v.  to  hang  from ;  to  rely  on. 
Depend'ence,  n.  trust. 

Note.— A  Plumb  Line  is  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  or  a  line  directed  to 
the  center  of  gravity  of  the  earth. 

Penfna~2,  Feather  ;  a  Wing. 
Pen,  n.  an  instrument  of  writing.        |  Pen'nate,  a.  winged. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


273 


Ten^do,  penfsunt — to  Weigh  ;  to  Lay  Out. 


Compend'ium,  n.  an  abridgment. 

Com'pensate,  «.  to  give  an  equiva- 
lent. 

Dispense',  i).  to  distribute.  To  dis- 
pense WITH,  to  do  without. 

Expend',  t).  to  spend ;  to  lay  out. 


Sti'pend,  n.  wages ;  stated  pay. 


Expend'iture,  n.  amount  expended. 
Expanse',  n.  cost ;  charges. 
ExpEN'srvE,  a.  costly. 
Pen'sive,  a.  thoughtful ;  sad. 
Pen'sion,  n.  annual  allowance. 
Recompense,  n.  reward. 


Pe'nal,  a.  enacting  punishment. 
Pen'alty,  n.  suffering  or  loss  in  con- 
sequence of  crime. 
Peniten'tiary,  n.  a  prison. 


Pc^na — Punishment. 

Pen'ance,  n.  voluntary  suffering  on 

account  of  sin. 
Pen'itent,  a.  contrite  for  sin. 
Repent',  v.  to  sorrow  for  sin. 


Perpetfiius — Unceasing  ;  Perpetual. 

Perpet'ual,  a.  never  ceasing.  |  Perpet'uate,  v.  to  make  perpetual. 

Perpetu'ity,  n.  duration  to  all  futurity. 


JPerso^na — the  Mask  Worn  by  Players. 

Per'son,  n.  a  human  being.  I  PERsoN'rFY,  v.  to  make  or  regard  as 

Per'sonate,  v.  to  represent  by  action.  |      a  person. 
Pbr'sonally,  ad.  in  person. 


Pes,  pefdis — a  Foot. 


Ped'al,  n.  a  key  designed  to  be  moved 

by  the  foot. 
Ped'estal,  n.  the  foot  of  a  column 

or  statue. 
Pedes'trian,  a.  going  on  foot. 
Ped'igree,  n.  lineage. 
Bi'PED,  n.  a  two  footed  animal. 
Quad'ruped,  n.  a  four  footed  animal. 


Imped'iment,  n.  hindrance. 


Expe'dient,  a.  facilitating  or  helping. 

Expe'dient,  n.  contrivance. 

Expedi'tion,  n.  a  hastening;  an  en- 
terprise on  which  one  undertakes 
a  journey. 

Ex'pEDiTE,  V.  to  hasten. 

Expedi'tious,  a.  quick. 

Impede',  v.  to  hinder ;  to  retard. 


Pe^to,  petVtunn — to  Seek  ;  to  Strive  For  ;  to  Ask. 


Peti'tion,  n.  an  asking. 
Ap'petitEjW.  hunger;  desire. 
Compat'ible,  a.  suitable  to. 
Compete',  io.  to  strive  for  together. 
Compet'itor,  n.  one  who  strives  with 
another. 


Com'petent,  a.  fit ;  capable. 
Com'petence,  n.  sufficiency. 
Incom'petent,  a.  nv)t  capable. 
Im'petus,  n.  force  from  motion. 
Impet'uous,  a.  violent ;  fierce. 
Repeat',  «.  to  do  again. 


Tinfgo,  pic'tuTn — to  Paint. 

PiCT,  n.  a  painted  person.  •  1  Pig'ment,  n.  paint ;  color. 

Pic'ture,  n.  a  painting.  |  Depict',  v.  to  paint ;  to  describe* 

Picturesque',  a.  like  a  picture.  I  Paint,  v.  to  describe ;  to  color. 

Picto'rial,  a.  containing  pictures. 


274 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


PVo,  pia'tutti — to  Atone  Fob. 
Ex'piATB,  «.  to  atone  for.  |  Ex'piatory,  a.  atoning. 

JPis^cis — a  Fish. 
Piscato'rial,  a.  relating  to  fishermen.  |  Pis'catory,  a.  relating  to  fishes. 


Pla^ceo — to  Please 

Plac'id,  a.  pleasing  to  one's  self ;  se 

rene;  gentle. 
Compla'cence,  n.  satisfaction. 
Com'plaisant,  a.  desirous  to  please. 
Please,  v.  to  delight ;  to  gratify. 


Displease',  v.  to  make  angry. 
Pleas'ant,  a.  gay ;  agreeable. 
Pleas'antry,  n.  gayety  ;  mirth. 
Pleas'ure,  n.  that  which  pleases  or 
delights. 


JPlan^go,  plan&tum — to  Beat  ;  to  Bemoan. 

Complain',  ®.  to  murmur ;  to  lament. 
Complaint',  n.  a  lamentation. 
Plaint,  n.  a  lamentation. 


Plain'tiff,  n.  the  one  who  begins  a 

lawsuit. 
Plain'tive,  n.  lamenting. 


Planfta — the  Bottom  op  the  Foot  ;  a  Plant. 


Plant,  n.  a  vegetable. 

Plant,  v.  to  put  into  the  ground  to 

grow. 
Displant',  v.  to  pluck  up. 


Implant',  v.  to  set ;  to  insert. 
Supplant',  v.  to  displace. 
Transplant',  v.  to  move  and  plant 
in  another  place. 


Planta'tion,  n.  a  place  planted. 

JP^a'nws— Smooth ;  Plain;  Evident. 

Plane,  i>..to  make  smooth.  I  Explain',  «.  to  make  plain  or  clear. 

Plain,  n^  a  level  region ;  evident.        |  Explana'tion,  n.  act  of  explaining. 

Plau'dOf  plau^sum — to  Praise  by  Clapping  Hands. 


Plau'dit,  n.  loud  praise. 
Applaud',  v.  to  praise ;  to  extol. 
Applause',  n.  approbation. 
Plaus'ible,  a.  right  in  appearance. 


Explode',  i).  to  burst  with  a   loud 

report. 
ExPLo'siON,  n.  violent  bursting. 
ExpLo'srvE,  a.  causing  explosion. 


Ple'o,  ple^tuni— 

Ple'nary,  a.  full ;  complete. 
Plen'ty,  n.  abundance. 
Plen'itude,  n.  fullness. 
Plen'teous,  a.  abundant. 
Keplen'ish,  v.  to  fill  again. 
Accom'plish,  ti.  to  finish  entirely. 
Complete',  a.  full ;  perfect. 
Com'plement,  n.  full  quantity. 


to  Fill.     Ple^nus — Full. 

Com'pliment,  n.  an  act  of  civility. 
Ex'pletive,  n.  a  word  added  to  fill 

up. 
Im'plement,  n.  a  tool ;  a  utensn. 
Incomplete',  a.  not  finished. 
Deple'tion,  n.  an  emptying. 
Replete',  a.  completely  full. 
Supply,  v.  to  fill  up ;  to  furnish. 


Sup'pLEMENT,  n.  an  addition. 

Plu'ma — a  Feather  ;  a  Plume. 
Plume,  n.  a  feather.  I  Plu'mage,  n.  feathers. 


LATIN  ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


275 


JPlVco,  plica^tunt — to  Fold  ;  to  Knit. 


Accom'plice,  n.  one  united  with  an- 
other in  a  crime. 

Apply',  v.  to  put  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  to  seek  or  ask  for. 

Applicant,  n.  one  who  applies. 

Applica'tion,  n.  the  thing  applied. 

Com'plex,  a.  twined  or  knit  together. 

CoMPLEx'iON,  n.  the  texture  and  color 
of  the  skin. 

Com'plicate,  v.  to  entangle. 

Comply',  v.  to  yield  to. 

Compli'ance,  n.  submission. 

Display',  t).  to  unfold  ;  to  exhibit. 

Doub'le,  v.  to  make  twice  as  much. 

DuPLic'iTY,  n.  doubleness  of  inten- 
tion. 

Du'PLicATE,  n.  a  second  thing  of  the 
sort. 

Tkip'let,  n.  three  together 

Note. — Supplicate,  to  fold  or  bend  the  knees  under 


ExpLic'iT,  a.  unfolded  ;  plain. 
Imply',  v.  to  express  indirectly. 
Im'plicate,  v.  to  involve. 
lMPLic'iT,a.  trusting  without  reserve. 
Mul'tiply,  v.  to  make  many  fold. 
MuLTiPLic'iTY,  n.  a  great  variety. 
Pekplex',  v.  to  entangle  ;  to  vex. 
Pli'ant,  a.  yielding  ;  easily  bent. 
Pli'able,  a.  flexible ;  pliant. 
Ply,  v.  to  keep  busy. 
Reply',  v.  to  answer. 
Sim'ple,  a.  plain  ;  artless. 
Simplic'ity,  n.  innocence. 
Sim'plify,  v.  to  make  easier. 
Sup'pLiCATE,  V.  to  entreat. 
Suppliant,  n.  a  petitioner. 
Triple,  a.  three-fold. 
Treb'le,  v.  to  multiply  by  three. 


Plo^ro,  plora^tutn — to  Weep  ;  to  Lament. 

Deplore',  v.  to  lament  about.  I  Explore',  v.  to  search  out  carefully. 

Deplor'able,  a.  lamentable ;  sad.       |  Implore',  v.  to  weep  or  lament  to. 


Plum/huin — Lead. 

Plumb,  n.  a  piece  of  lead  attached  I  Plum'met,  n.  a  little  plumb, 
to  a  line.  I  Plumba'go,  n.  black  lead. 

Plumb,  a.  perpendicular  to  the  horizon. 

Plus,  plii^ris — More. 


Plu'ral,  a.  containing  more  than  one. 

Sur'plus,  n.  that  which  remains  over 

the  necessary  quantity. 


Plural'ity,  n.  the  greater  number. 
Non'plus,  n.  a  situation  in  which  no 
more  can  be  done. 


Non'plus,  v.  to  confound ;  to  puzzle. 


Po^wiujii — an  Apple. 

Pom'ace,  n.  the  substance  of  ground  i  Pomegran'ate,  n.  a  fruit, 
apples.  I  Pom'mel,  n.  a  knob  or  ball. 

Note. — Pomegranate,  an  apple  having  many  grains  or  seeds. 


Pop'ulus — the  People.     Puh'licns — Common  to  All. 


Peo'ple,  n.  persons ;  a  nation. 
Popula'tion,  n.  the  whole  number 

of  inhabitants.  • 

Pop'uLACE,  n.  the  common  people. 
Pop'uLAR,  a.  liked  by  the  people. 
Pop'uLOus,  a,  full  of  people. 


Poput.ar'ity,  n.  favor  of  the  people. 
Depop'ulate,  v.  to  deprive  of  people. 
Pub'li€,  a.  open  to  ail. 
Public 'ity,  n.  open  to  the  knowledge 

of  all. 
Pub'lish,  v.  to  make  known. 


276 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Ponfdus,  ponfderis — a  Weight  ;  a  Pound. 

Pound,  n.  a  weight.  I  Pon'der,  v.  to  weigh  in  the  mind, 

Pon'derous,  a.  heavy.  I  Prepon 'derate,  «.  to  outweigh. 

Poise,  v.  to  weigh  ;  to  balance. 


Po^nOf  posHiutn — to  Put  ;  to  Place. 


Posi'tion,  n.  place  ;  attitude. 

Pos'itiv'e,  a.  set ;  certain. 

Post,  n.  a  place ;  office. 

Postpone',  v.  to  put  off;  to  delay. 

Pos'ture,  n.  attitude ;  condition. 

Compose',  v.  to  put  together. 

CoMPOs'iTOR,  n.  one  who  sets  types. 

Com'post,  n.  a  putting  together;  a 
mixture. 

Compo'sure,  n.  tranquillity. 

Decompose',  v.  to  separate  into  orig- 
inal elements. 

Depo'nent,  n.  a  witness  on  oath. 

Depose',  'd.  to  put  down. 

Depot',  n.  a  place  of  deposit. 

Depos'it,  n.  to  lay  down ;  to  place. 

Discompose',  v.  to  disorder ;  to  vex. 

Dispose',  v.  to  place  in  order. 

Dispos'al,  n.  control. 

Disposi'tion,  n.  management;  tem- 
per of  mind. 

Expose',  v.  to  lay  open. 

Expos'iTOR,  n.  an  explainer. 

Expound',  v.  to  explain ;  to  clear. 


Impose',  v.  to  put  upon ;  to  cheat. 

Imposi'tion,  n.  a  cheat. 

Im'post,  n.  a  tax  on  imported  goods. 

Impos'tor,  n.  a  deceiver. 

Impos'ture,  ?i.  a  fraud ;  a  cheat. 

Interpose',  «.  to  put  between. 

Oppose',  v.  to  act  against. 

Oppo'nent,  n.  an  adversary. 

Op'posite,  a.  on  the  other  sicle ; 
facing. 

Propound',  v.  to  offer  for  considera- 
tion. 

Propose',  «.  to  offer  for  consideration. 

Propo'sal,  n.  an  offer. 

Proposi'tion,  n.  a  thing  proposed. 

Pur'pose,  n.  intention  ;  design. 

Repose',  v.  to  rest ;  to  place  out  of 
the  way. 

Repos'itory,  n.  a  place  for  laying  up 
things. 

Suppose',  v.  to  imagine. 

Transpose',  v.  to  put  each  into  the 
place  of  the  other. 


JPons,  ponftis — a  Bridge. 


Pon'tiff,  n.  a  high  priest ;  the  pope. 


Pontoon',  n.  a  boat  used  for  making 
floating  bridges. 

Note. — The  first  bridge  over  the  Tiber  was  constructed  and  consecrated  by  the 
chief  priest. 


Possum,  pot^ui — to  be  Able. 


Pos'siBLE,  a.  that  can  be  done. 
Po'tent,  a.  powerful. 
Im'potent,  a.  j)owerless. 
Omnip'otent,  a.  having  infinite  j)ow- 
er. 


Impos'sible,  a.  that  cannot  be. 
Pos'sE,  n.  aii  armed  power. 
Po'tentate,   n.    one    having    great 

power. 
Poten'tial,  a.  relating  to  power. 


Pos^terus — After  ;  Coming  After. 

t*08rE'Ri0R,  a.  coming  after.  |  Post'ern,  n.  a  back  door  or  gate. 

Poster'ity,w.  succeeding  generations.  I  Prepos'terous,  a.  absurd. 

JPo^tOf  pota^ta^n — to  Drink. 
Po'tion,  n.  a  draught ;  a  dose,  |  Pota'tion,  n.  a  drinking. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


277 


For^to,  porta'tum — to  Carry  ;  to  Bear  ;  to  Bring. 


Por'ter,  n.  a  carrier ;  a  doorkeeper. 
Port'able,  a.  easily  carried. 
Port'ly,  a.  bulky ;  corpulent. 
Por'tal,  n.  a  gate ;  a  door. 
Por'tico,  n.  a  covered  walk. 
Portman'teau,  n.  a  portable  bag. 
Port'hole,  n.  a  gun  liole  in  a  ship. 
Port,  n.  a  harbor. 

Portfo'lio,  n.  a  case  for  loose  papers. 
Pur'port,  n.  meaning. 
Comport',  'd.  to  suit ;  to  bear. 


Deport 'ment,  n.  conduct. 
Export',  v.  to  carry  out. 
Import',  v.  to  bring  in. 
Impor'tant,  a.  weighty. 
Importune',  v.  to  solicit  earnestly. 
Opportu'nity,  n.  fit  time. 
Opportune',  a.  well  timed. 
Report',  n.  a  rumor. 
Support',  v.  to  bear ;  to  uphold. 
Transport',  v.  to  carry  from  place  to 
place. 


Pra'vt*«— Crooked  ;  Wicked. 
Deprave',  v.  to  make  wicked.  |  Deprav'ity,  n.  corruption. 

I^re^ciutn — a  Price,  Value  or  Worth. 

Appraise',  ?j.  to  set  a  price  upon.        I  Price,  n.  value ;  rate. 
Pre'cious,  a.  of  great  value.  j  Prize,  v.  to  value  highly, 

Pre^cor,  preca^tus — to  Entreat  ;  to  Pray. 

Dep'recate,  v.  to  dread  or  regret.      I  Preca'rious,  a.  uncertain. 
Im'precate,  v.  to  pray  curses  upon.    |  Preach,  v.  to  proclaim. 

Pre' da — Prey;  Plunder. 


Prey,  n.  plunder. 
Pred'atory,  a.  plundering. 


Dep'redate,  v.  to  rob ;  to  pillage. 
Dep'redator,  n.  a  robber. 


Prehen'dOf  prehenfsum — to  Take  Hold  Oi  ;  to  Seize. 


Apprehend',  «.  to  seize ;  to  suspect 

with  fear. 
Apprshen'sion,  n.  seizure  ;  fear. 
Apprise',  v.  to  give  notice. 
Appren'tice,  n.  one  bound  to  learn 

an  art  or  trade. 
Comprehend',  v.  to  understand;  to 

include. 
Comprehen'sive,  a.  capacious ;  full. 
Comprise',  v.  to  include. 
En'terprise,  n.  an  undertaking. 

Surprise',  v. 


Impreg'nable,  a.  not  to  be  taken. 
Incomprehen'sible,  a.  not  to  be  un- 
derstood. 
Pris'on,  n.  a  place  of  confinement. 
Impris'on,  v.  to  confine. 
Misapprehend',  v.  to  misunderstand. 
Prize,  n.  something  taken  or  won. 
Repri'sal,  n.  a  seizure  in  retaliation. 
Reprehend',  «.  to  blame. 
Reprehen'sible,  a.  blame- worthy. 
Reprieve',  v.  to  respite, 
to  astonish. 


Press,  v.  to  squeeze ;  to  urge 
Impress',  v.  to  imprint. 
Impression,   n.   a 

pressure. 
Compress',  v.  to  force  togettier 
Depress',  v.  to  bear  dow^n. 


JPre'mOf  pres^sum— to  Press. 


iiit. 
mark  made    by 


Depres'sion,  n.  dejection 


Express',  v.  to  squeeze  out ;  to  de- 

clare. 
ExpREs'srvE,  a.  showing  with  force. 
Print,  v.  to  stamp  with  letters. 
Imprint',  v.  to  press  on. 
Repress',  v.  to  force  back. 
Suppress',  v.  to  subdue ;  to  conceal. 
Oppress',  v.  to  crush  by  severity. 


278 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


JPre^tiuni — Price  ;  Reward. 

Price,  n.  the  money  asked  or  paid    Appre'ciate, 

for  anything.  ue  on. 

Pre'cious,  a.  valuable  ;  costly.  Depre'ciate,  i 


.  to   set  a  just  vaU 
to  undervalue. 


Prl'mus — First.     JPrin'ceps,  prin^cipis — Original;  Chief. 


Prime,  a.  first  rate ;  highest. 
Prime,  v.  to   apply   a  first  coat  of 

paint. 
Prim'br,  n.  a  child's  first  book. 
Prime'val,  a.  original. 
Prim'itive,  a.  original. 
Prince,  n.  a  king's  son. 
Pri'mate,  n.  an  archbishop. 


Prem'ier,  n.  a  prime  minister. 
Prim,  a.  formal ;  precise. 
Pri'mary,  a.  first ;  chief. 
Prin'ciple,  n.  original  cause ; 

ment. 
Prin'cipal,  a.  chief;  main, 
Pri'or,  a.  preceding  in  time. 
Prior'ity,  n.  state  of  being  first. 


ele- 


Pris'tine,  a.  first ;  original. 

PrVvus—^mGJM ;  Belonging  to  One's  Self  Alone. 
belonging    to 


Pri'vate,    a.    secret ; 

one's  self  alone. 
Pri'vacy,  /I.  secrecy. 
Priva'tion,  n.  loss ;  absence 


Priv'ilege,  n.  a  peculiar  advantage. 
Priv'y,  a.  sharing  in  a  secret ;  secret. 
Priv'ily,  ad.  in  a  secret  manner. 
Deprive',  v.  to  take  from. 


Privateer',  n.  a  private  ship  of  war. 
Pro'bo,  pvoba'tu^n — to  Prove  ;  to  Try.     Pro'hus — Honest. 


Prob'ity,  n.  honesty  ;  integrity. 
Probe,  «,  to  search  into. 
Prob'able,  a.  likely. 
Proba'tion,  n.  trial. 
Prove,  v.  to  confirm  by  experiment. 
Proof,  n.  that  which  renders  certain. 
Approve',  v.  to  like ;  to  be  pleased 

with. 
Approval,  n.  the  act  of  approving. 


Approba'tion,  n.  the  act  of  approv- 
ing. 

Disprove',  v.  to  show  to  be  false. 

Disapprove',  v.  to  account  deserving 
censure. 

Improve', 

Reprove', 

Reprobate',  a.  lost  to  virtue. 

Reproof',  n.  open  censure. 


to  make  better. 

to  blame :  to  chide. 


Pro^pe — Near.     JProxHmus — Nearest  or  Next. 

Propin'quity,  n.  nearness. 
Prox'imate,  a.  nearest ;  next. 
Approx'imate,  «j.  to  come  near. 
Approach',  «.  to  draw  near  to. 


Proxim'ity,  n.  nearness. 
Propi'tious,  a.  favorable. 
Propitiate,  v.  to  conciliate. 
Reproach',  v.  to  censure. 


Pro'prius—O's^^s.  Own  ;  Peculiar  ;  Fit. 


Appro 'pRi ate,  v.  to  take  for  one's 

own  use. 
Appro'priate,  a.  peculiar;  suitable. 
Prop'er,  a.  suitable;  tit. 
Improp'er,  a.  unbecoming. 


Impropri'ety,  n.  unfitness. 
Propri'ety,  n.  fitness ;  justness. 
Prop'erty,   n.   that  which   is  one's 

own. 
Propri'etor,  n.  an  owner. 


Pug^nus — the  Fist.    Pug'no — to  Fight  or  Contend. 

Pu'gilist,  n.  one  who  fights  with  his  I  Pugna'cious,  a.  quarrelsome, 
fist,  I  Impugn',  «?.  to  attack ;  to  oppose. 

Reptjg'nancb,  n.  opposition  of  mind. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


279 


Tun' go,  punc'tum — to  Prick  ;  to  Sting. 


Pun'gent,  a.  pricking ;  sharp. 
Punct'ure,  n.  a  hole  pierced. 
Punct'ual,  a.  exact;  precise. 
Punctil'ious,  a.  exact  to  excess. 
Compunc'tion,  n.  sting  of  conscience. 
Expunge',  v.  to  rub  out. 


Poig'nant,  a.  severe ;  intense. 
Point,  n.  the  sharp  end  of  anything. 
Point,  v.  to  aim  ;  to  direct. 
Pon'iard,  n.  a  dagger. 
Pounce,  v.  to  fall  on  and  seize. 
Punch,  v.  to  perforate. 


Fu'niOf  punVtufn — to  Punish. 

Pun'ish,  v.  to  inflict  pain  for  evil  I  Impu'nity,  n.  freedom  from  punish- 
conduct.  ment. 


JPur'go — to  Cleanse  ;  to  Clear. 

Purge,  ■».  to  make  clear  or  pure.         |  Pur'gative,  n.  a  purging  medicine. 
Expur'gate,  v.  to  cleanse  from. 


JPu^'rus- 

PuRE,  a.  free  from  mixture. 
Pu'rify,  v.  to  make  pure. 


-Clean;   Pure. 

Pu'ritt,  n.  cleanness. 
Impure',  a.  not  pure ;  unholy. 


Ba'to,  puta'tum — to  Cut  or  Prune  ;  to  Think  ;  to  Reckon. 


Account',  n.  a  reckoning;  a  narra- 
tive. 

Am'putate,  ®.  to  cut  off. 

Compute',  v.  to  count  or  reckon. 

Count,  «?.  to  number. 

Dep'utt,  n.  one  appointed  to  act  for 
another. 


Recount',  v.  to  relate. 


Depute',  v.  to  empower  to  act. 
Dis'couNT,  ti.  to  count  off;  to  deduct. 
Dispute',  t.  to  contend  in  argument. 
Repute',  n.  character ;  name. 
Reputa'tion,  n.  character  by  report. 
DisREp'uTABLE,  a.  dishonorable. 
Impute',  «.  to  charge  upon. 


JPu'tris — ^Rotten. 

Pu'trid,  a.  rotten. 
Putrid'ity,  n.  rottenness; 


Pu'treo — to  be  Rotten. 

Pu'trefy,  v.  to  make  rotten. 
Putres'cent,  a.  growing  rotten. 


Qua'lis — of  What  Sort  ;  Such  As. 


Qual'ity,  n.  degree  of  excellence. 
Qual'ify,  ^.  to  render  fit. 


Qualifica'tion,  n.  fitness. 
Disqual'ify,  2).  to  render  unfit. 


Qua'tuor — Four.     Qua(Vra — a  Square. 

Quad'rant,  n.  a  quarter  of  a  circle. 
Quadrille',  n.  a  dance. 
Quadroon',    n.    a    person    quarter 

blooded. 
Quad'uuple,  a.  fourfold. 
Quad'ruped,  n.  a  fourfooted  animal. 


Quart,  n.  one-fourth  of  a  gallon. 
Quar'ter,  n.  the  fourth  part. 
Squad'ron,  n.  part  of  a  fleet. 
Square,  n.   a  figure   of  four  equal 

sides  and  four  right  angles. 
Quar'antine,  n.  forty  days. 


Quefror,  que^tus — to  Complain. 
Quar'rel,  v.  to  contend  angrily.         |  Quer'ulous,  a.  full  of  complaint. 


2S0  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Quest,  n.  search  ;  inquiry. 
Qpe'ky,  n.  an  inquiry, 
Ques'tion,  n.  something  asked. 
Que'rist,  n.  an  inquirer. 


Quce^rOf  qucesVtum — to  Seek  ;  to  Ask. 

Ex'quisite,  a.  excellent ;  fine. 
In'quest,  n.  a  judicial  inquiry. 
Inquire',  v.  to  seek  out. 
Inquisi'tion,  n.  search  ;  trial. 


Acquire',  «.  to  obtain.  !  Inquis'itive,  a.  curious ;  prying, 


Acquisi'tion,  n.  the  thing  acquired. 
Con'quer,  v.  to  gain  by  force 
Con'quest,  n.  victory 


Per'quisite,  n.  a  fee  of  office. 
Request',  v.  to  ask ;  to  solicit. 
Require',  to  demand  ;  to  claim. 


Req'uisite,  a.  necessary. 

QuVeSy  quie^fis — Rest  ;  Ease. 

Qui'et,  a.  still ;  calm.  I  Acquiesce',  v.  to  quietly  assent. 

Qui'etude,  n.  rest ;  repose.  I  Disqui'et,  v.  to  make  uneasy. 

Re'quiem,  n.  a  hymn  for  the  dead.     . 

Quot — How  Many  ;  So  Many. 


Al'iquot,  a.  measuring  without  a  re- 
mainder. 

Quo'rum,  n.  a  competent  number  to 
do  business. 


Quo'ta,  n.  a  just  part  or  share. 

Quo'tient,  n.  the  number  which 
shows  how  many  times  the  divisor 
is  contained  in  the  dividend. 


Ila'ilius — ^the  Spoke  of  a  Wheel  ;  a  Beam  or  Ray  op  Light. 


Ha'dius,  n.  the  semi-diameter  of  a 

circle. 
Ray,  n.  a  line  of  light. 


Ra'diate,  v.  to  emit  rays, 
Ra'diance,  n.  sparkling  luster. 
Irra'diate,  v.  lo  illumine. 


JRa^diQCf  rad^icis — a  Root  ;  a  Foundation. 
Rad'ical,  a.  pertaining  to  the  root.     ]  Erad'icate,  v.  to  root  out 

Ma^do,  ra^sum — to  Shave  ;  to  Scrape. 

Abrade',  ti.  to  rub  or  wear  off,  I  Erase',  ■».  to  rub  out. 

Abra'sion,  n.  the  act  of  rubbing  off.  |  Raze,  v.  to  destroy  utterly. 
Ra'zor,  n.  a  tool  for  shaving, 

Ma^mus — a  Bough  or  Branch. 
Ram'ify,  i).  to  branch  out.  |  RjsI^ifica'tion,  n.  a  branoli* 

Ran' ceo — to  be  Stale  ;  Strong  Scented. 

Ran'cid,  a.  having  a  rank  smell.  I  Rank,  a.  strong  to  the  taste. 

Ran'cor,  71,  spite ;  malice.  |  Ran'kle,  v.  to  fester. 

Ka'piOf  rap' turn,— to  Snatch  ;  to  Seize  ;  to  Hurry  Away. 

Rap'ture,  n.  extreme  delight. 


Rap'ine,  n.  plunder. 
Rapa'cious,  a.  plundering ;  greedy. 
Rav'enous,  a.  hungry  to  rage. 
Rapt,  a.  seized  with  rapture 


Enrap'ture,  v.  to  delight  highly. 
Rap'id,  a.  hurrying  away ;'  swift. 
Rav'age,  v.  to  lay  waste. 


Rav'ish,  «.  to  take  away  by  violence. 


LATllT   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES. 


281 


Ita^rus — Scattered;  Scarce;  Thin. 


RAR'BFt,  V.  to  make  thin. 


Rar'ity,  n.  thinness. 


Mefgo,  re&tum — to  Govern  ;  to  Rule. 

Rec'titude,  n.  uprightness ;  virtue. 
Re'gent,  n.  a  governor. 
Rec'tor,  n.  a  minister  of  a  pariah. 
Reg'icide,  n.  the  murderer  of  a  king. 
Reg'imen,  n.  course  of  diet. 
Reg'ular,  a.  agreeable  to  rule. 
Reg 'UL ate,  v.  to  adjust  by  rule. 
Regular'ity,  n.  conformity  to  rule. 
Regula'tion,  n.  method  ;  rule. 
Reign,  v.  to  rule,  as  a  king. 
Right,  a.  just ;  true ;  not  wrong. 
Right,  n.  freedom  from  error ;  justice 
Rule,  v,  to  govern ;  to  control. 


Re'gal,  a.  royal ;  kingly. 
Correct',  v.  to  make  right. 
Direct',  v.  to  guide ;  to  order. 
Direct',  a.  straight. 
Direct'ly,  ad.  immediately. 
Direc'tion,  n.  aim  ;  order. 
Erect',  a.  upright. 
Incor'rigible,  a.  bad   beyond  cor- 
rection. 
Incorrect',  a.  not  exact ;  wrong. 
Indirect',  a.  not  direct. 
Irreg'ular,  a.  not  regular. 
Rec'tify,  v.  to  make  right. 


Rega'lia,  n.  ensigns  of  royalty. 


Me^or,  vastus— to  Think  ;  to  Judge. 

Rate,  n.  a  fixed  price. 
Rate,  v.  to  appraise. 
Rat'ift,  v.  to  confirm. 
Ratifica'tion,  n.  confirmation. 


Ra'tional,  a.  agreeable  to  reason. 
Ra'tion,  n.  a  fixed  allowance. 
Ra'tio,  n.  proportion  ;  rate. 
Rea'son,  n.  the  faculty  of  judging. 


Rea'son,  v.  to  examine  by  arguments, 

Me^pOf  rep'tum— to  Creep. 
Rbp'ttle,  n.  a  creeping  animal. 

B,es — a  Thing. 

Re'al,  a.  actually  existing.  I  Re'alize,  v.  to  feel  strongly,  or  con. 

Real'ity,  n.  actual  existence.  |      sider  as  real. 

Be'te- 

Ret'icule,  n.  a  small  bag. 
Ret'iform,  a.  having  the  form  of  a 
net. 


a  Net. 
Ret'ina. 


n.  one  of  the  coats  of  the 


eye,  like  a  net. 


RVdeOf  rVsutn — to  Laugh;  to  Smile. 

Rid'icule,  a.  to  make  sport  of.  I  Ris'ible,  a.  laughable. 

RiDic'uLOUs,  V.  worthy  of  ridicule.      |  Deride',  v.  to  laugh  at ;  to  mock. 
Deris'ion,  n.  contempt. 


MVgeo — to  be  Cold  or  Stiff. 

Rig'id,  a.  stiff;  strict.  I  Rig'or,  n.  stiffness ;  severity. 

Rigid'ity,  n.  stifl&iess ;  harsly;iess.        |  Rig'orous,  a.  severe ;  exact. 

Mo^bur,  ro^boris — an  Oak  ;  Strength. 
Corrob'orate,  v.  to  confirm.  |  Robust',  a.  strong ;  vigorous. 


282 


smith's  hakd-book  of  etymology. 


MVvus — a  Stbeam  or  River. 


Riv'er,  n.  a  large  stream. 
Rrv'uLET,  n.  a  little  stream. 
Arrite',  v.  to  come  to. 


Derive',  v.  to  deduce  ;  to  draw. 

Ri'vAL,  n.  a  competitor. 

Ri'vAL,  1).  to  try  to  equal  or  excel. 


Mo^do,  ro^sum — ^to  Gnaw  ;  to  Eat  Away. 
Corrode',  v.  to  eat  away  slowly.         |  Corro'sion,  n.  the  act  of  corroding. 

Ko^gOf  roga'tu7n — to  Ask  ;  to  Demand  or  Claim. 


Ab'rogate,  v.  to  repeal ;  to  annul. 
Ar'rogate,  v.  to  claim  proudly. 
Ar'rogant,  a.  haughty ;  conceited. 
Der'ogate,  1).  to  detract. 


Prorogue',  «.  to  put  off. 


Derog'atory,  a.  tending  to  lessen. 
Inter'rogate,  v.  to  question. 
Prerog'ative,  n.  an  exclusive  priv 
ilege. 


Mo^ta — a  Wheel  ;  a  Circle. 

Ro'tary,  a.  turning  on  its  axis,  as  a 

wheel. 
Rote,  a.  a  mere  repetition  of  words 

without  attending  to  the  sense. 


Rota'tion,  n.  a  turning  round. 
Rotund',  a.  round ;  circular. 
Rotund'ity,  n.  roundness. 
Rotund'o,  n.  a  round  building. 


Routine',  n.  a  round  of  business. 

Mu^dis — Rude;  Unwrought;  Untaught. 

Rude,  a.  rough ;  coarse ;  unfinished.  I  Erudi'tion,  n.  learning. 
Er'udite,  a.  learned.  |  Ru'diment,  n.  a  first  principle. 

Ru^ga — a  Wrinkle. 
Cor'rugate,  v.  to  wrinkle.  |  Cor'rugated,  p.  a.  furrowed. 

Mu'mfpo,  rup^tum — to  Break  ;  to  Burst. 

Rup'ture,  n.  a  breaking. 
Abrupt',  a.  broken  off  short. 
Bank'rupt,  n.  one  who  cannot  pay 

his  debts. 
Corrupt',  «.  to  deprave. 


Corrup'tion,  n.  depravity. 
Erup'tive,  a.  a  bursting  forth. 
Erup'tion,  n.  a  bursting  out. 
Irrup'tion,  n.  a  bursting  in. 
Interrupt',  ■».  to  stop ;  to  hinder. 


Hus,  rn'rls — the  Country. 

Ru'ral,  a.  relating  to  the  country.      I  Rustic'ity,  n.  want  of  refinement. 
Rus'tic,  a.  plain ;  rude.  I  Rus'ticate,  n.  to  reside  in  the  country. 

Saucer,  sa^crl—BA.CRm) ;  Holy. 


Sa'cred,  a.  holy ;  inviolable. 

Con'secrate,  «.  to  make  sacred. 

Des'ecrate,  «.  to  pervert  from  a  sa- 
cred purpose. 

Desecra'tion,  n.  a  profaning. 

Sacerdo'tal,  a.  belonging  to  the 
priesthood. 


Ex'ecrate,  «.  to  make  hateful. 
Sac'rament,  n.  the  Lord's  supper. 
Sac'ripice,  n,  a  religious  ofiering. 
Sac'ripice,  «.  to  offer  to  heaven. 
Sac'rilege,  n.  a  violation  of  sacred 
things. 


LATIN    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


283 


Sa^gio — to  Perceive  Quickly  ;  to  Foresee. 


Sage,  a.  wise ;  prudent ;  solemn. 


Sage,  n.  a  wise  man. 


Sagacious,  a.  discerning  quickly. 
Sagac'ity,  n.  quick  discernment. 
Presage',  'd.  to  foretell. 


Sal — Salt;  Seasoning;  Wit. 

Sal  ad,  n.  raw  herbs  eaten  as  a  relish 

to  other  food. 
Sal'ary,  n.  yearly  wages. 


Saline',  a.  like  salt. 
Sauce,  n.  something  to  give  relish  to 
food. 


Sa^liOf  sal^tum — to  Leap  ;  to  Jump  ;  to  Spring. 


Assail^,  v.  to  attack. 
Assault',  ii.  an  attack. 
Des'ultory,   a.  jumping  from   one 

thing  to  another. 
Exult',  v.  to  leap  for  joy. 


Insult',  v.  to  leap  upon ;  to  abuse. 
Result',  v.  to  spring  back. 
Sal'ly,  v.  to  issue  out. 
Sa'lient,  a.  leaping  ;  projecting. 
Salm'on,  n.  a  leaping  tish. 


Salta'tion,  n.  a  leaping  or  jumping. 


Sarins,  salu'tis 

Sal'utary,  a.  healthful. 
Safe,  a.  free  from  danger. 
Salu'brity,  n.  healthfulness. 
Salute',  v.  to  wish  health  to. 
Sal'vage,  n.  an  allowance  for  saving 
goods  from  a  wreck. 


Safety;  Health;  Welfare. 

Saluta'tion,  n.  a  greeting. 
Salva'tion,  n.  preservation  from  des- 
truction. 
Sal'vo,  n.  an  exception. 
Salve,  n.  an  ointment. 
Save,  v.  to  preserve ;  to  rescue. 


Sav'iour,  n.  a  deliverer, 
Sa'n/cio,  san&tum — ^to  Make  Sacred  ;  to  Confirm. 


Saint,  n.  a  holy  person. 
Sanc'tify,  v.  to  make  holy. 
Sanc'timony,  n.  holiness. 


Sanc'tion,  n.  confirmation. 
Sanc'tity,  n.  holiness. 
Sanc'tuary,  n.  a  sacred  place. 


San^guis,  san^guinis — Blood. 

San'guinary,  a.  bloody.  |  Consanguin'ity,  n.  relationship. 

San'guine,  a.  full  of  blood ;  ardent.   |  Ensan'guine,  v.  to  stain  with  blood. 


Sa^nus — Sound;  Healthy. 


Sane,  a.  sound ;  having  reason. 
San'ity,  n.  soundness  of  mind. 


Insane',  a.  disordered  in  mind. 
Insan'ity,  n.  madness. 


Sa^pio — to  Savor  or  have  Taste  ;  to  be  Wise. 
Insip'id,  a.  tasteless. 


Sa'pient,  a.  wise ;  knowing. 
Sa'pience,  n.  wisdom, 
Sap'id,  a.  having  taste. 
Saporif'ic,  a.  producing  taste. 


Sa'vor,  n.  taste  or  oder. 
Sa'vory,  a.  pleasing  to  the  taste  or 
smell. 


Sca'ta — a  Ladder  ;  a  Stair. 

Escalade',  n.  an  assault  of  a  fortress  I  Scale,  «.  to  mount  by  a  ladder, 
by  means  of  ladders.  I 


284 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Sa'tis — Enough  ;  Sufficient. 

Sate,  v.  to  give  enough.  Sati'ety,  n.  an  excess  of  gratification, 

Sa'tiate,  v.  to  fill  beyond  natural  de-    Sat'urate,  i).  to  supply  fully, 
sire.  Sat'isfy,  v.  to  make  or  give  enough. 

Insa'tiable,  a.  not  to  be  satisfied. 


Scan' do,  scan' sum — to  Climb;  to  Mount. 

Transcend',  v.  to  rise  beyond. 
Scan,  v.  to  examine  nicely. 
Condescen'sion,  n.  a  voluntary  stoop- 
ing from  dignity. 


Ascend',  v.  to  climb  or  go  up. 
Ascent',  n.  an  eminence. 
Descend',  v.  to  go  down. 
Descent,  n.  declivity. 
Condescend',  v.  to  stoop. 


Scin'dOf  scis'sum — to  Cut  ;  to  Divide. 
Scis'soBS,  n,  small  shears.  |  Rescind',  v.  to  revoke. 


Sci'o — to  Know. 

Sci'ence,  n.  knowledge. 
Scientif'ic,  a.  relating  to  science. 
Sci'oLiST,  n.  a  smatterer. 
Con'scious,  a.  knowing, 


Scien'tia — Knowledge. 

Con'science,  n.  the  knowledge  of 

right  and  wrong. 
Conscien'tious,  a.  obedient  to  the 

dictates  of  conscience. 


Omnis'cient,  a.  all-knowing. 


Scri'bOf  scrip'tufu — to 

Scribe,  n.  a" writer;  a  secretary. 
Scrib'ble,  v.  to  write  carelessly. 
Script'ure,  n.  a  writing ;  the  Bible. 
Scrip,  n.  a  small  writing. 
Subscribe',  v.  to  sign  ;  to  attest. 
Subscrip'tion,   n.   the  act  of   sub- 
scribing. 
Ascribe',  v.  to  attribute  to. 
Circumscribe',  v.  to  limit. 
Describe',  v.  to  give  an  account  of. 
Inscribe',  v.  to  write  upon. 
Inscrip'tion,  n.  an  address. 


Write  ;  to  Draw  or  Paint. 

Man'uscript,  n.  a  paper  written. 

Prescribe',  v.  to  give  a  written  di- 
rection. 

Prescription,  n.  a  medical  receipt. 

Proscribe',  v.  to  censure  and  con- 
demn. 

Transcribe',  ti.  to  copy. 

Tran'script,  n.  a  copy. 

Superscrip'tion,  n.  a  writing  on  the 
outside. 

Post'script,  n.  something  written  af- 
terwards. 


Scru'tor,  scruta'tus — to  Search  Closely. 

Scru'tiny,  n.  close  examination.  |  Scru'tinize,  v.  to  examine  closely. 

Inscru'table,  a.  unsearchable. 


Scur'ra — a  Scoffer  ;  a  Buffoon. 
Scurrel'ity,  n.  abusive  language.        |  Scur'rilous,  a.  vulgar ;  indecent. 


Se'co,  se&tufn- 

Sec'tion,  n.  a  part. 
Sect,  n.  a  division  ;  a  party. 
Seg'ment,  71.  a  part  cut  off. 
Sec'tary,  71.  one  of  a  sect. 
Dissect',  v.  to  cut  in  pieces. 


-to  Cut  ;  to  Divide  or  Separate. 

Bisect',  v.  to  divide  into  two  equal 

parts. 
In'sect,  n.  a  small  animal. 
Intersect',  v.  to  cut  mutually. 
Venesec'tion,  n.  blood-letting. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


285 


ScuVpo,  sculp^tum — to  Cakve. 

Sculp'tob,  n.  a  carver  of  wood  or  |  Sculp'ture,  n.  the  art  of  carving, 
stone. 


Sefdeo,  se^sum — ^to  Sit  ;  to  Light  or  Settle. 

Possess',  v.  to  hold ;  to  own. 
Preside',  v.  to  direct  or  control. 
Reside'^  v.  to  live  in  a  place. 
Ees'idue,  71.  that  which  is  left. 
Subside',  v.  to  settle  down ;  to  sink 

away. 
Subsid'iary,  a.  aiding. 
Sub'sidize,  ?j.  to  hire  with  a  subsidy. 
Sub'sidy,  n.  aid  in  money. 


Sed'entary,  a.  sitting ;  inactive. 
Ses'sion,  n.  a  sitting. 
Sedate',  a.  settled ;  calm. 
Sed'iment,  n.  that  which  settles. 
Sed'ulous,  a.  diligent. 
Assid'uous,  a.  constant  in  applica- 
tion. 
Assess',  v.  to  set  a  tax  or  duty. 
Insid'ious,  a.  sly ;  deceitful. 


Supersede',  v.  to  take  the  place  of 


Seamen,  semHnis — Seed. 

Sem'inal,  a.  pertaining  to  seed.  |  Sem'inary,  n.  a  place  of  education. 

Dissem'inate,  v.  to  scatter  apart,  as  seed. 


Se^neoc,  se^nis — an  Old  Person. 


Se'nior,  n.  one  older  than  another. 
Se'nile,  a.  pertaining  to  old  age. 


Sen'ate,  n.  a  body  of  senators. 
Seign'ior,  n.  a  nobleman. 


Sen^tio,  sen' sum — to  Perceive  ;  to  Feel  ;  to  Think. 


Sen'timent,  n.  thought ;  opinion. 
Sentimen'tal,  a.  reflective. 
Sense,  n.  perception  ;  meaning. 
Sens'ual,  a.  pleasing  the  senses. 
Sen'sitive,  a.  easily  affected. 
Sen'sible,  a.  intelligent. 


Consent',  v.  to  yield. 
Dissent',  v.  to  differ  in  opinion. 
Dissen'sion,  n.  strife ;  quarrel. 
Present'iment,  n,  a  perceiving  be- 
forehand. 
Resent',  v.  to  be  angry  at. 
Scent,  v.  to  perceive  by  the  smell. 


Se^quoVf  secu' 

Se'quel,  n.  that  which  follows. 

Se'quence,  n.  a  following. 

Sub'sequent,  a.  coming  after. 

Consec'utive,  a.  following  in  regu- 
lar order. 

Con'sequent,  a.  following  as  an  ef- 
fect. 

Ensue',  d.  to  follow. 

Ex'ecute,  '0.  to  carry  into  effect. 


tus — to  Follow. 

Obse'quious,  a.  servilely  obedient. 
Ob'sequies,  n.  funeral  solemnities. 
Per'secute,  «.  to  pursue  with  hatred. 
Pros'ecute,  v.  to  follow  with  a  view 

to  accomplish. 
Pursue',  v.  to  follow  ;  to  chase. 
Sue,  v.  to  prosecute  by  law. 
Suit,  n.  a  petition  ;  a  set. 
Suite,  n.  attendants  following. 


Se'rOf  ser^tum- 

m 
Se'ries,  n.  a  succession  of  things. 
Ser'mon,  n.  a  religious  discourse. 
Assert',  v.  to  declare ;  to  affirm. 


-to  Knit  ;  to  Join. 

Desert',  v.  to  forsake. 
Disserta'tion,  n.  a  treatise. 
Insert',  v.  to  set  in  or  among. 


286 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Ser^po- 

Ser'pent,  n.  a  creeping  animal. 


-to  Creep. 

I  Ser'pentine,  a.  winding;  spiral. 


Sei'^vio,  servi^tum — to  Serve  ;  to  Obey. 


Serve,  v.  to  assist ;  to  wait  on. 


Serf,  n.  a  kind  of  slave. 


Ser'vile,  a.  meanly  submissive. 
Ser'vitude,  n.  slavery. 
Deserve',  v.  to  be  worthy  of. 


Subserve',  v.  to  serve  slightly. 
Ser^vo,  serva'tmn — to  Keep  ;  to  Save. 


Conserve',  v.  to  preserve  entire. 
Con'serve,  n.  a  sweetmeat. 
Conserv'ative,  a.  opposing  injury. 
Observe',  v.  to  watch ;  to  keep. 


Preserve',  v.  to  keep ;  to  save. 
Reserve',  v.  to  hold  back. 
Reservoir,  n.  a  place  where  any- 
thing is  stored. 


Seve'rus — Severe. 


Severe',  a.  sharp  ;  harsh. 
Persever'ance,  n,  constancy  in  a 
pursuit. 


Sever'ity,  n.  harshness;  strictness. 
Persevere',  «.  to  persist  in  an  at- 
tempt. 


Si^dus,  sid'eris — a  Stab. 
Side'eeal,  a.  relating  to  the  stars.       |  Desire',  -zj.'to  request ;  to  wish. 


Consid'er,  «.  to  think  of. 


Desidera'tum,  n.  something  needed. 


Sig^nuin — a  Mark  or  Sign. 


Sign,  n.  a  token ;  a  mark. 
Sign,  «.  to  mark  with  one's  name. 
Sig'nal,  n.  a  sign  to  give  notice. 
Sig'nal,  a.  remarkable ;  eminent. 
Sig'nify,  v.  to  express  ;  to  mean. 
Insignif'icant,  a.  unimportant. 
Sig'nalize,  v.  to  make  eminent. 
Sig'nature,  n.  a  sign  or  mark  im- 


Significa'tion,  n.  meaning. 
Sig'net,  n.  a  seal. 
Assign',  v.  to  mark  out. 
Assign'ment,  n.  a  making  over. 
Consign',  v.  to  commit  to  another's 

care. 
Design',  v.  to  purpose  ;  to  plan. 
Des'ignate,  v.  to  point  out. 
Resign',  v.  to  give  up  ;  to  yield. 


SifnHlis — Like 

Sim'ilar,  a.  like ;  resembling. 
Sim'ile,  n.  a  comparison. 
Assim'ilate,  v.  to  make  like  to. 
Dissem'ble,  v.  to  hide  under  a  false 
appearance. 


Simula'tion,  n.  a  counterfeiting. 
Sis^to — to  Stand  ;  to  Stop. 


Dissim'ilar,  a.  unlike. 
Dissimula'tion,  n.  hypocrisy. 
Simil'itude,  n.  resemblance. 
Fac  sim'ile,  n.  an  exact  imitation. 
Resem'ble,  v.  to  be  like. 


Assist',  v.  to  help. 
Consist',  v.  to  be  composed  of. 
Desist',  «.  to  cease  from ;  to  stop 
Exist',  v.  to  have  being. 


Resist',  v.  to  make  opposition. 


Consis'tent,  a.  agreeing  together. 
Insist',  v.  to  stand  upon ;  to  be  un- 
yielding. 
Persist',  v.  to  stand  to  the  end. 


LATIN   KOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  287 

SVnus — ^the  Bosom  ;  a  Bend. 

Si'nus,  n.  a  bay.  I  Insin'uate,  v.  to  introduce  slowly 

SiNUOs'iTY,  n.  a  bending  in  and  out.   |      and  artfully. 
Insinua'tion,  n.  a  hint. 

^  So^cius — a  Companion. 

So'ciABLE,  a.  familiar  ;  friendly.  I  Soci'ety,  n.  a  collection  of  persons. 

So'ciAL,  a.  relating  to  society.  I  Asso'ciate,  v.  to  unite. 

Sol — the  Sun. 
So'lar,  a.  belonging  to  the  sun.  j  Sol'stice,  n.  the  tropical  point. 

Solic'itus — Uneasy;  Anxious. 
SoLic'iT,  V.  to  ask  with  earnestness.     1  Solic'itous,  a.  anxious. 


Solicita'tion,  n.  entreaty.  |  Solic'itude,  n.  anxiety 

Soridtis—BoijiD :  Firm;  Entire. 


Sol 'id,  a.  hard ;  firm  ;  not  liquid. 
Solid'ity,  n.  hardness ;  firmness. 
Consol'idate,  v.  to  unite  into  a  solid 


Solid'ify,  v.  to  make  solid. 
Sol'der,  v.  to  unite  by  metallic  ce. 

ment. 
Sol'dier,  n.  a  warrior. 

So'lor,  sola^tus — to  Cheer  ;  to  Comfort  ;  to  Soothe. 

Console',  v.  to  comfort ;  to  cheer.       |  Sol 'ace,  n.  a  comfort ;  ease. 
Discon'solate,  a.  sad ;  hopeless. 

•^  So^lus — Alone. 

Sole,  a.  single ;  only.  I  Sol'itude,  n.  a  lonely  place. 

Sol'itary,  a.  alone ;  lonely.  I  Des'olate,  a.  without  inhabitants. 

Solil'oquy,  n.  a  speech  to  one's  self. 

4^  SoVvo,  solu'tum — to  Loose  ;  to  Free  ;  to  Melt. 


Solve,  ».  to  explain. 

Solu'tion,  n.  explanation. 

Soluble,  a.  capable  of  being  dis- 
solved. 

Sol'vency,  n.  ability  to  pay. 

Sol'vent,  a.  able  to  pay  all  debts. 

Sol'vent,  n.  a  fluid  which  dissolves 
a  substance. 


Insol'vent,  a.  unable  to  pay. 
Absolve',  'o.  to  acquit  of  a  crime. 
Ab'solute,  a.  unlimited. 
Absolu'tion,  n.  acquittal. 
Dissolve',  «.  to  melt. 
Dis'solute,  a.  loose  in  morals. 
Resolve',  «.  to  determine. 
Resolu'tion,  n.  determination. 


Res'olute,  a.  fixed  in  purpose. 

Som'mis — Sleep. 

Somnam'bulist,  n.  one  who  walks  in  I  Somnif'ic,  a.  causing  sleep, 
sleep.  I  Som'nolency,  n.  drowsiness. 

Sor^beOf  sorp^tum — to  Suck  or  Imbibe. 
Absorb',  v.  to  suck  up.  I  Absorp'tion,  n.  a  sucking  up. 


288 


SMITH'S    HAJS^D-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


So'^nus— Si  Sound. 


Sound,  n.  a  noise. 
Sono'rous,  a.  loud  sounding. 
Con 'sonant,  n.  a  letter. 
Con'sonant,  a.  consistent. 


Dis 'sonant,  a.  discordant. 
Resound',  v.  to  send  back  sound. 
U'nison,  n.  agreement  of  sound. 
Res'onant,  a.  resounding. 


Sors,  sor^tis — a  Lot  ;  a  Kind  or  Sort. 

Consort',  v.  to  associate. 
Resort',  ^.  to  turn  to. 
Sort,  n.  a  kind  ;  a  species. 


Assort',  v.  to  separate  into  classes. 
Con'sort,  n.  a  companion ;  a  wife  or 
husband. 


Spar'go,  spar'stiiri — to  Scatter 

Sparse,  a.  thinly  spread. 
Asperse',  v.  to   bespatter  with  cal- 
umny. 


Asper'sion,  n.  calumny. 
Disperse',  i).  to  scatter. 
Intersperse',  «.  to  scatter  between. 


Spa^tium — Space;  Room. 


Space,  n.  room ;  extension. 

Expa'tiate, 


I  Spa'cious,  a.  roomy ;  extensive, 
to  enlarge  upon  a  subject. 


Spe^cio,  spe(ftum — to  Look  ;  to  See. 


As'pECT,  11.  look ;  appearance. 
Cir'cumspect,  a.  watchful ;  cautious. 
CoNSPic'uous,  a.  in  full  view. 
Despise',  v.  to  look  down  upon. 
Des'picable,  a.  base ;  mean. 
Espe'cial,  a.  particular. 
Expect',  v.  to  look  for. 
Inspect',  v.  to  look  into. 
Perspec'tive,  n.  a  view  through ;  a 

prospect. 
Perspicu'ity,  n.  clearness. 
Pros'pect,  n.  view  within  reach  of 

the  eye. 
Prospec'tive,  a.  looking  forward. 
Retrospec'tive,  a.  looking  back. 
Respect',  n.  regard  ;  honor 


Disrespect',  n.  want  of  respect. 
Respect'able,  a.  worthy  of  regard. 
Respec'tive,  a.  particular. 
Spe'cial,  a.  particular  ;  uncommon. 
Spe'cies,  n.  a  sort  or  kind. 
Specif'ic,  a.  naming  the  particular 

properties. 
Specif'ic,  n.  an  unfailing  agent. 
Spec'ipy,  v.  to  mention  particulars. 
Spec'imen,  n.  a  sample. 
Spe'cious,  a.  apparently  right. 
Spec'tacle,  n.  a  show ;  a  sight. 
Specta'tor,  n.  a  looker  on. 
Spec'ter,  n.  an  apparition. 
Spec'ulate,  «.  to  meditate. 
Suspect',  t>,  to  mistrust. 


Suspi'cioN,  n.  act  of  suspecting. 
SpVrOf  spira'turti — to  Breathe. 


Spir'it,  n.  the  soul ;  the  life. 
Spir'itual,  a.  belonging  to  the  spirit. 
Sprite,  n.  a  spirit. 
Spir'itualize,  «.  to  refine. 
Spir'acle,  n.  a  breathing  hole. 
Aspire',  'd.  to  aim  at  something  ele- 
vated. 
As'piRANT,  n.  one  who  aspires. 
Aspira'tion,  n.  a  breathing  after. 
Conspir'acy,  n.  a  plot ;  treason. 


Conspire',  «.  to  combine  for  some 
evil  purpose. 

Dispir'it,  v.  to  discourage. 

Expire',  «.  to  die. 

Inspire',  v.  to  breathe  into. 

Inspir'it,  v.  to  animate. 

Perspire',  i).  to  emit  by  the  pores. 

Respire',  x.  to  breathe. 

Transpire',  ti.  to  pass  out;  to  be- 
come known. 


LATIN    ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  289 


Despair',  n.  hopelessness. 
Desperate,  a.  reckless ;  hopeless. 
Despera'do,  n.  a  reckless  villain. 


Spe^ro — to  Hope. 

Pros'per,  V,  to  be  successful. 
Prosper'ity,  n.  success ;  fortune. 
Pros'perous,  a.  thriving. 


SpVna  —a  Thorn  ;  the  Spine  or  Back  Bonk. 

Spine,  n.  the  back  bone.  I  Spi'nal,  a.  pertaining  to  the  back 

Spi'nous,  a.  full  of  thorns.  I      bone. 

Splen'deo — to  Shine. 

Splbn'ded,  a.  shining ;  showy.  |  Splen'dor,  n.  luster ;  elegance. 

Resplen'dent,  a.  very  bright. 

Spo'liuiti — Spoil  ;  Booty. 
Spoil,  n.  plunder;  pillage.  j  Despoil,  v.  to. rob;  to  strip. 


Spon'deo,  sx)on^suni — to  Promise  ;  to  Hope. 

Spon'sor,  n.  one  who  promises  for 

another. 
Spon'sal,  a.  relaring  to  marriage. 
Spouse,  n.  a  husband  or  wife. 
Espouse',  «.  to  take  to  one's  self. 


Correspond',  ??.  to  suit ;  to  answer. 
Despond',  v.  to  lose  courage. 
Despond'ent,  a.  not  hoping. 
Respond',  v.  to  answer. 
Response',  n.  a  reply. 


Respon'sible,  a.  answerable. 

SteVla — a  Star. 

Constellation,  n.  a  cluster  of  stars.  |  Stel'lar,  a.  starry. 
Stel'late,  a.  like  a  star. 

Ster'Uis — Barren. 
Ster'ile,  a.  barren ;  unfruitful.  |  Steril'ity,  n.  barrenness. 


Ster^no,  stra^tum — to  Strew  ;  to  Lay  Flat. 

Substratum,  n.  a  lower  layer. 
Prostrate,  a.  lying  flat. 
Consternation,  n.  great  terror. 


Stra'tum,  n.  a  layer,  as  of  earth. 
Strat'ified,  a.  composed  of  layers. 
Strat'ify,  v.  to  arrange  in  layers. 


StVgo — ^to  Prick  ;  to  Spur. 
In'stigate,  v.  to  stir  up ;  to  urge.       |  Instiga'tion,  n.  a  spurring  on. 

StiVlo,  stilla'tufn — ^to  Drop  or  Trickle  Down. 
Distill',  v.  to  fall  drop  by  drop.         |  Instill',  «.to  drop  in;  to  teach  slowly. 

Stim^ulus — a  Spur. 

Stim'ulus,  n.  something  tlftt  excites.  ]  Stim'ulant,  n.   something  that  ex- 
Stim'ulate,  ®.  to  spur ;  to  urge.  i      cites. 

Stim'ulative,  a.  exciting. 


290 


SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Stin'guOf  stlnc' turn— to  Mark  ;  to  Thrust. 

Distin'guish,  t).  to  mark  difference 

to  make  eminent. 
Distinct',  a.  separate ;  clear. 


Extinct',  a.  put  out ;  destroyed. 
Indistinct',  a.  not  plain ;  confused. 
Extin'guish,  v.  to  quench ;  to  destroy. 


StVnOf  stina'tum — to  Fix;  to  Set. 

Dbs'tinb,  v.  to  fix  unalterably.  f  Ob'stinate,  a.  stubborn. 

Dbstina'tion,  n.  a  purpose  or  end.      [  Predes'tine,  «j.  to  foredoom. 


StirpSf  stir'pis — a  Root  or  Stem. 

Exter'pate,  v.  to  take  out  the  roots ;  I  Extirpa'tion,  n.  total  destruction, 
to  destroy  utterly.  | 

Sto,  sta'^tufn — to  Stand  ;  to  Place  ;  to  Set  Up. 


State,  n.  rank ;  condi.tion. 

Sta'tion,  n.  a  standing  place. 

Sta'tionary,  a.  standing  still. 

Stat'ure,  n.  the  height  of  a  person. 

Stat'ue,  n.  a  standing  image. 

Sta'ble,  a.  able  to  stand. 

Stabil'itt,  n.  firmness. 

Ar'mistice,  n.  a  short  truce. 

Arrest',  v.  to  stop ;  to  seize. 

Cir'cumstance,  n.  a  fact  or  event  at- 
tending something  else, 

Circumstan'tial,  a.  detailing  all  the 
circumstances. 

Con'stant,  a.  unvaried. 

Con'stable,  n.  a  police  ofiicer. 

Consist',  v.  to  be  composed  of. 

Con'stitute,  v.  to  set  or  build  to- 
gether. 

Constitu'tion,  n.  a  building  togeth- 
er ;  the  fundamental  laws  of  a  na- 
tion or  society. 

Contrast',  xi.  to  set  in  opposition. 

Desist',  v.  to  stand  off;  to  stop. 

Des  TiTUTE,  a.  being  in  want. 

Supersti'tion, 


Destitu'tion,  n.  utter  want. 

Dis'tant,  a.  not  near. 

Dis'tance,  n.  space  between  two  ob- 
jects. 

Estab'lish,  v.  to  settle  firmly. 

Exist',  v.  to  be. 

Extant,  a.  now  in  being. 

Insist',  v.  to  stand  upon. 

Instance,  n.  urgency;  example. 

In'stant,  a.  pressing ;  urgent. 

In'stant,  n.  a  moment. 

Instanta'neous,  a.  done  in  an  in- 
stant. 

In'stitute,  v.  to  establish. 

In'terstice,  n.  a  space  between. 

Ob'stacle,  n.  something  standing  in 
the  way. 

Persist',  v.  to  persevere. 

Resist',  «.  to  withstand. 

Pros'titute,  v.  to  devote  to  a  base 
purpose. 

Restitu'tion,  n.  a  placing  back. 

Sub'stance,  n.  being  ;  body. 

Substan'tial,  a.  real ;  solid. 
n.  false  religion. 


Strin^gOf  strict  turn — to  Bind  ;  to  Draw  Tight. 


Strict,  a.  exact ;  severe. 
Astrin'gent,  a.  drawing  together. 
Constrain',  v.  to  bind  or  oblige. 
Constraint',  n.  compulsion. 
Distrain',  v.  to  lay  hold  on. 


Restrain',  ^.  to  draw  or  hold  back. 
Restraint',  n.  hinderance  of  the  will. 
Restrict',  v.  to  limit. 
Restric'tion,  n.  limitation. 
Strain,  i).  to  extend  with  force. 


Stu'deo — ^to  Study. 


Stu'dent,  n.  a  person  studying. 
Stu'pious,  a,  devoted  to  study. 


Stud'y,  v.  to  apply  the  mind. 
Stu'dio,  n.  the  workshop  of  an  artist. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVAITVES.  29i 

Struma,  stru&tuni — to  Build  ;  to  Place  in  Order. 
In'strument,  11.  a  tool. 


Struc'ture,  n.  a  building. 
Construct',  v.  to  build ;  to  form. 
Con'strue,  v.  to  interpret. 
Instruct',  v.  to  teach ;  to  inform. 


Obstruct',  d.  to  block  up. 
Destroy',  t).  to  put  an  end  to. 
Destruc'tion,  n.  waste ;  ruin. 


Stu'peo — to  Be  Dull  or  Senseless. 

Stu'pid,  a.  dull ;  senseless.  I  Stupefac'tion,  n.  dullness. 

Stu'pefy,  v.  to  make  stupid.  |  Stupen'dous,  a.  to  be  wondered  at. 

Sua^deo,  sua^sum — to  Advise. 

Persuade',  v.  to  advise  strongly.         I  Persua'sive,  a.  having  the  power  to 
Dissuade',  «.  to  advise  against.  |      persuade. 

Sua^'vis — Sweet  ;  Pleasant. 
SuAv'iTY,  n.  sweetness  ;  softness.  |  Suav'ify,  v.  to  render  agreeable. 

Su^do,  suda^tum — to  Sweat. 
Exude',  «.  to  sweat  out.  |  Sudorif'ic,  a.  causing  sweat. 

HiifgOf  sufftum — to  Suck  or  Draw  In. 

Suck,  v.  to  draw  into  the  mouth.         1  Suc'tion,  n.  the  act  of  drawing  in. 
Suck'le,  v.  to  nurse  at  the  breast.        |  Suc'culent,  a.  juicy ;  moist. 

SuH — of  One's  Self. 
Su'iciDE,  n.  self-murder.  (  Suici'dal,  a.  self-destroying. 

Sum/ma — the  Chief  Part  ;  the  Whole. 

Consum'mate,  a.  complete ;  finished.  I  Sum'mary,  n.  an  abridgment. 
Sum,  n.  the  whole ;  the  amount.  |  Sum'mary,  a.  short ;  brief 

Sum'mit,  n.  the  utmost  height. 


Su^mOf  sump^tuni — to  Take  ;  to  Spend  or  Consume 

Assume',  v.  to  take  upon  one's  self 
Asbump'tion,  n.   the   act   of  taking 

upon  one's  self. 
ConsuaxE',  v.  to  use ;  to  waste. 
Consump'tion,  n.  a  using  or  wasting. 


Presume',  v.  to  take  for  granted. 
Presump'tuous,  a.  too  bold. 
Resume',  v.  to  begin  again. 
Sump'tuary,  a.  relating  to  expense. 
Sump'tuous,  a.  costly  ;  magnificent. 


Supe'rior,  a.  higher  in  place  or  ex 

cellence. 
Super'latiye,  a.  highesWin  degree. 
Supreme',  a.  highest ;  greatest. 
Suprem'acy,  n.  highest  power. 
Superb',  a.  grand ;  magnificent. 


Supper — Above;  Over;  High. 

Su'perable,  a.  that  may  be  over- 
come. 

Insu'perable,  a.  that  cannot  be  over- 
come. 

Supercil'ious,  a.  haughty ;  over- 
bearing. 


292 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology 


SouKCE,  n.  origin ;  first  cause. 
Surge,  n.  a  rising  mass  of  water. 
I]^sur'gent,  n.  a  rebel. 


Sur^ffOy  surre&tum — to  Rise. 

Insurrec'tion,  n.  a  rebellion. 
Resurrec'tion,  n.  a  rising  again. 


Surge'less,  a.  smooth ;  calm. 


Taher^na — a  Shed  or  Shop  ;  an  Inn. 
Fab  ERNACLE,?i.  a  temporary  dwelling,  j  Tav'ern,  n.  a  drinking  place. 

Tab'ula — a  Board  ;  a  Gaming  Table. 

Ta'ble,  n.  a  board  for  holding  dish-  I  Tab'ular,  a.  in  the  form  of  a  tabla 
es,  etc.  I  Tab'let,  n.  a  little  table. 

Ta'ceo,  ta(fitu^n — to  be  Silent. 
Tac'it,  a.  silent ;  implied.  |  Tac'iturn,  n.  habitually  silent. 

Tan' go,  taciturn — to  Touch. 


Tan'gent,  n.  a  line  touching  a  curve. 
Tan'gible,  a.  that  may  be  touched. 
TACT,?i.peculiarskill;niceperception. 
Intact',  a.  untouched. 
Con'tact,  n.  touch ;  close  union. 
Conta'gion,  n.  communication  of  dis- 
ease by  touch. 


Contig'uous,  a.  touching. 
Contigu'ity,  n.  contact. 
Contin'gent,  a,  accidental. 
Entire',  a.  whole ;   unbroken. 
In'teger,  n.  a  whole  number. 
In'tegral,  a.  whole. 
Integ'rity,  n.  honesty ;  purity. 


Tar'dus — Slow. 
Retard',  v.  to  stay  or  keep  back.         ]  Tar'dy,  a.  slow ;  not  swift. 

Te^go,  tec'tuin — to  Cover. 

Integ'ument,  n.  a  covering.  I  Protect',  v.  to  cover ;  to  defend. 

Teg'ument,  n.  a  natural  covering.       |  Detect',  «).  to  find  out. 
Detec'tion,  n,  discovery. 

Tent/no,  temp'tum — to  Scorn. 
Contemn',  v.  to  despise ;  to  scorn.       |  Contempt',  n.  scorn ;  disregard. 

Tem'pero— to  Temper  ;  to  Regulate. 


Tem'per,  n.  disposition. 
Tem'per,  v.  to  moderate. 
Tem'perance,  n.  moderation. 


Intemperance,  n.  excess. 


I  Tem'perate,  a.  moderate. 

I  Tem'perament,  71.  constitution. 

I  Tem'perature,  n.  state  as  regards 

i      heat  or  cold. 


Distem'per,  n.  disease. 


Tem'piiSf  teni'^por is— Time,  ;  Occasion. 

Contem'porary,  a.  living  at  the  same 
time. 

Extem'pore,  ad.  without  premedita- 
tion. 


Tem'poral,  a.  relating  to  time. 
Tem'porary,  a.  lasting  only  a  time 
Tem'porize,  v.  to  comply  with  times 
and  occasions. 


Extempora'neous,  a.  uttered  without  previous  study. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES. 


293 


Ten^dOf  tenfsuTtt,  or  teri^tiun — to  Stretch  ;  to  Go  Towards. 


Tend,  v.  to  move  towards ;  to  watch. 
Tend'ency,  n.  direction  towards. 
Attend',  v.  to  listen  ;  to  regard. 
Atten'tion,  n.  regard ;  care. 
Contend',  v.  to  strive. 
Conten'tion,  n.  strife. 
Distend',  v.  to  expand. 
Extend',  v.  to  spread ;  to  enlarge. 
Extent',  n.  size ;  compass. 
Exten'sive,  a.  large ;  wide  spread. 
Intend',  v.  to  mean ;  to  design. 
Inten'tion,  n.  design. 
Intent',  «.  eager  in  pursuing. 
Intense',  a.  strained ;  ardent. 
Inten'sity,  n.  ardor ;  violence. 


Osten'sible,  a.  seeming ;  plausible. 
Ostenta'tion,  n.  vain  show. 
Portend',  v.  to  foreshow. 
Portentous,  a.  foretokening  ilL 
Portent',  n.  an  omen  of  ill. 
Pretend',  v.  to  feign. 
Pretense',  n.  a  feigning. 
Preten'sion,  n.  a  claim. 
Subtend',  v.  to  extend  under. 
Superintend',  v.  to  have  the  direc- 
tion of 
Ten'don,  n.  a  sinew. 
Tense,  a.  stretched  to  stiffness. 
Ten'sion,  n.  tightness. 
Tent,  n.  a  portable  dwelling. 


-ft- 


Te^neOf  ten' turn — ^to  Hold  ;  to  Keep. 


Abstain',  v.  to  keep  from. 
Ab'stinence,  n.  the  act  of  keeping 

from. 
Abste'mious,  a.  temperate ;  sober. 
Appertain',  v.  to  belong  to. 
Contain',  v.  to  hold  ;  to  comprise. 
Content',  a.  satisfied. 
Contin'ue,  v.  to  remain  ;  to  last. 
Continual,  a.  uninterrupted. 
CoNTiNu'iTY,  n.  unbroken  connection. 
Coun'tenance,  n.  features ;  look. 
Detain',  v.  to  keep  back. 
Deten'tion,  n.  a  detaining. 
Entertain',  v.  to  receive  into  one's 

house. 
Maintain',  v.  to  support ;  to  persist 

in. 
Obtain',  v.  to  gain ;  to  get. 


Pertain',  t).  to  belong  to. 
Per'tinent,  a.  to  the  purpose. 
Imper'tinent,  a.  not  pertinent;  ill 

mannered. 
Pertina'cious,  a.  obstinate. 
Pertinac'ity,  n.  obstinacy. 
Retain',  «.  to  keep  ;  to  hold. 
Reten'tive,  a.  having  the  power  tc 

retain. 
Sustain',  v.  to  hold  up  ;  to  support. 
Sus'tenance,  n.  support. 
Ten'ant,  n,  an  occupier. 
Ten'dril,  n.  the  clasper  of  a  vine. 
Tena'cious,  a.  holding  fast. 
Ten'ement,  n.  a  dwelling. 
Ten'et,  n.  an  opinion  ;  a  principle. 
Ten'ure,  n.  a  holding. 
Ten'ob,  n.  continued  course;  meaning. 


Ten' to,  tenta'tum, — to  Try, 

Attempt',  n.  a  trial ;  an  effort.  ]  Tempt,  v.  to  solicit  to  an  evil  act. 

Ten'tative,  a.  trying. 


Ten'uis — Thin;  Fine. 

Ten'uous,  a.  thin ;  small.  I  Atten'uate,  v.  to  make  thin. 

Tenu'ity,  n.  thinness.  I  Exten'uate,  v,  to  lessen ;  to  palliate. 


Te^ro,  trr turn— to  Wear  by  Rubbing. 

Trite,  a.  worn  out  by  use* 
Attri'tion,  n.  a  wearing   away  by 
rubbing. 


Con'trite,  a.  bruised  in  spirit. 
Det'riment,  n.  loss ;  damage. 
Detri'tus,  n.  matter  worn  off. 


Trit'urate,  v.  to  grind  to  a  powder. 


294 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Ter^minus — an  End  ;  a  Limit  or  BouiroART. 

Term,  n.  an  end  or  limit.  I  Deter'mine,  v.  to  fix ;  to  decide. 

Ter'minate,  v.  to  put  an  end  to.         |  Exter'minate,  v.  to  destroy  utterly. 
Inter'minable,  a.  having  no  end. 


Ter'ra — the  Earth  or  Ground. 


Inter',  «.  to  bury  in  the  earth. 
Disinter',  v.  to  unbury. 
Ter'race,  n.  a  platform  of  earth. 
Terres'trial,  a.  earthly. 
Ter'ritory,  n.  a  tract  of  land. 
Terra'queous,  a.  composed  of  land 
and  water. 


Mediterra'nean,  a.  encircled  with 
land. 

Subterra'nean,  a.  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth. 

Terrier,  n.  a  dog  that  hunts  under 
ground. 


Ter^reo — to  Make  Afraid  ;  to  Frighten. 

Deter',  ».  to  stop  by  fear.  1  Ter'rible,  a.  frightful. 

Ter'ror,  n.  extreme  fear.  I  Ter'ripy,  v.  to  frighten. 

Terrif'ic,  a.  causing  fear. 


Tes^tis — a  Witness. 


Attest',  v.  to  bear  witness. 
Contest',  ??.  to  dispute ;  to  struggle. 
Detest',  v.  to  abhor. 
Detesta'tion,  n.  abhorrence. 
Testa'tor,  n.  one  who  makes  a  will. 
Tes'tament,  n.  a  will. 


Intes'tate,   a.  not  having  made  a 

will. 
Protest',  v.  to  declare  against. 
Prot'estant,  n.  one  who  protests. 
Testimo'nial,  n.  a  certificate. 
Tes'tify,  'd.  to  bear  witness. 


Tes'timony,  n.  evidence. 


TexfOf  tex^tum — to  Weave  ;  to  Knit. 

Context',  a.  knit  or  woven  together.  I  Pre'text,  n.  pretence. 
Con'text,  n.  the  connected  passages.  |  Text,  n.  a  passage  of  Scriptur«. 
Text'ure,  n.  the  thing  woven. 

Tifti^eo—to  Fear. 

Tim'id,  a.  fearful.  |  Tim'orous,  a.  cowardly. 

Intim'idate,  v.  to  make  fearful. 


Tin^gOf  tin&tum — to  Dip  or  Steep  ;  to  Dye  ;  to  Stain. 

Tinge,  v.  to  color  slightly.  Tinc'ture,  n.  a  steeping  or  dyeing. 

Tint,  n.  a  slight  coloring.  Attaint',  v.  to  fix  a  stain  upon. 

Taint,  n.  a  stain  or  blemish.  Attain'der,  n.   a    putting   a  stain 
Taint,  v.  to  corrupt ;  to  infect.  upon. 


ToVerOf  tolera^tum— to  Bear  With  or  Suffer 

Tol'erate,  v.  to  bear  with  that  which 

is  not  approved. 
Toleration,  n.   allowance  of  that 
"  which  is  not  approved. 


Intol'erable,  a.  that  can  not  be 
borne. 

Intol'erant,  a.  that  can  not  toler- 
ate. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


295 


TWulus — a  Title  ;  an  Inscription. 

Ti'tle,  n.  a  name ;  a  claim  of  right.    I  Tit'ular,  a.  relating  to  a  title. 
Enti'tle,  t>.  to  give  a  claim  to.  j  Unti'tled,  a.  having  no  title. 


Tor'peo- 

Tor'pid,  a.  inactive ;  numbed. 
Tor'por,  n.  numbness. 


-to  Be  Numb  or  Torpid. 

I  Tor'pitude,  n.  sluggishness. 
I  Torpe'do,  n.  an  electric  fish. 


Tor^reo — to  Parch  ;  to  Roast  ;  to  Boil. 

Tor'rid,  a.  dried  by  heat.  |  Tor'refy,  v.  to  dry  by  a  fire. 

Tor'rent,  n.  a  rapid  stream. 


Tor'queOf  tor^tum — to  Twist  ;  to  Writhe. 


Contor'tion,  w.  a  twisting. 
Distort',  v.  to  twist  out  of  shape. 
Extort',  v.  to  wrest  from  one. 
Extor'tion,  n.  illegal  exaction. 
Retort',  n.  a  severe  reply. 


Retort',  v.  to  throw  back  a  charge 

or  argument. 
Tor'ment,  71.  extreme  pain. 
Tort'ure,  n.  extreme  pain. 
Tort'uous,  a.  twisted  ;  winding. 


Tortus— the  Whole  ;  All. 

To'tal,  a.  whole ;  entire ;  full.    •        |  Facto'tum,  n.  a  person  for  all  kinds 
To'tally,  ad.  wholly ;  entirely.  I      of  work. 

Surtout',  n.  an  overcoat. 


Tra'JiOf  tracftum — to  Draw  ;  to  Take. 


Abstract',  'd.  to  draw  from. 

Ab'stract,  a.  existing  in  the  mind 
only. 

Abstrac'tion,  n.  absence  of  mind. 

Attract',  id.  to  draw  to ;  to  allure. 

Attrac'tfve,  a.  having  power  to  at- 
tract. 

Contract',  id.  to  draw  together. 

Detract',  v.  to  take  from. 

Distract',  «.  to  draw  apart. 

Distrac'tion,  n.  derangement  of 
reason. 

Extract',  v.  to  draw  out. 

Portray',  «.  to  draw  forth  or  exhibit. 


Por'trait,  n.  a  likeness. 

Protract',  «?.  to  draw  out  or  length- 
en in  time. 

Retract',  ?j.  to  draw  back. 

Subtract',  «.  to  take  a  part  from  the 
rest. 

Trace,  n.  a  mark  left. 

Track,  n.  a  footprint ;  a  path. 

Tract,  n.  a  region  •  a  treatise. 

Tract'able,  a.  docile. 

Tract'ile,  a.  ductile. 
j  Trail,  v.  to  draw  along  the  ground. 
I  Trait,  n.  a  feature ;  a  line. 

Treat,  t.  to  use :  to  discuss. 


Treat'y,  n.  a  contract  or  league. 


Tre^mo — to  Shake  ;  to  Tremble. 

Trem'ble,  t).  to  quake ;  to  quiver.       I  Tremen'dous,  a.  to  be  trembled  at 
Tre'mor,  n.  a  trembling.  I      or  feared. 

Trem'ulous,  a.  shaking ;  quivering. 

TrepHdus — Agitated  ;  Trembling. 
Intrep'id,  a.  not  trembling ;  fearless.  |  Trepida'tion,  n.  fear ;  tremor. 


SMITH  S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 


Tres,  trVa — Thbee. 


Tbeb'le,  a.  threefold. 
Trip'le,  a.  threefold. 
Tri'ad,  n.  the  union  of  three. 
Tri'angle,  n.  a  figure  with  three  an- 
gles. 
Tri'une,  n.  three  in  one. 


Tri'o,  n.  three  united. 


Tri'pod,  n.  a  three  legged  stool. 
Tri'dent,  n.  an  instrument  haring 

three  prongs. 
Trin'ity,  n.  a  union  of  three  in  one. 
Triv'iai,,  a.  unimportant. 
Trisect',  «.  to  divide  into  three  parta 


TrWuOf  trihu'tum — to  Give  ;  to  Pay. 


Trib'ute,  n.  a  tax  paid  to   a  con- 
queror. 
Trib'utary,  a.  paying  tribute. 
At'hrib'ute,  v.  to  ascribe. 


Retribu'tion,  n.  a  paying  back. 


Contrib'ute,  v.  to  give  with  others. 
Distrib'ute,  v.  to  deal  out. 
Distribu'tion,  n.  a  giving  to  severaL 
Retrib'utive,  a.  repaying. 


TrVbus — a  Tribe. 

Tribe,  n.  a  distinct  body  of  people.    |  Trib'une,  n.  a  Roman  officer. 
Tribu'nal,  n.  a  court  of  justice. 

Note.— Tribus,  originally  a  third  part  of  the  Roman  people,  afterwards  a  tribe; 
Tres,  three.  Tribune,  an  officer  chosen  by  the  common  people  to  protect  them 
from  the  oppression  of  the  nobles. 


Tru^dOf  tru^sum — to  Thrust  ;  to  Push. 


Abstruse',  a.  difficult  to  be  under- 
stood. 

Detrude',  v.  to  thrust  down. 

Intrude',  v.  to  thrust  in. 

ExTRu'siON,  n.  the  act  of  thrusting 
out. 


Protrude',  «.  to  thrust  forward. 


Intru'sion,  n.  the  act  of  intruding. 
Obtrude',  v.  to  thrust  on. 
Obtru'sion,  n.  act  of  obtruding. 
Obtkusive,  a.  bold;  coming  unin- 
vited. 
Intru'sive,  a.  entering  without  right. 


Tu^her — a  Swelling. 


Tu'ber,  n.  a  knob  in  roots. 
Tu'bercle,  n.  a  small  tumor. 


Protu'berance,  n.  a  swelling  out. 
Tu'berous,  a.  having  tubes. 


Note. — Tuber,  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  having  eyes 
or  buds,  as  a  potato. 


Tu^eor,  tuVtus — to  Watch  ;  to  Guard. 

Tui'tion,  n.  instruction. 
Intui'tion,  n.  immediate  perception 

of  truth. 
Tu'telage,  n.  guardianship. 


Intu'itive,  a.  having  the  power  to 

discover  things  untaught. 
Tu'telar,  a.  protecting. 
Tu'tor,  n.  a  teacher ;  a  guardian. 


Tu'mid,  a.  swollen ;  pompous. 
Tu'mor,  n.  swelling. 
Tu'mult,  n.  a  commotion. 
Tumult'uary,  a.  disorderly. 
Con'tumely,  n.  haughty  behavior. 


u^meo — to  Swell. 

Con'tumacy,  n.  contempt  of  author- 


ity. 
Contuma'cious,  a.  stubborn. 
Tomb,  n.  a  grave ;  a  burial  place. 
Entomb',  v.  to  put  m  a  tomb. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  297 

TunfdOf  tu^sutn— to  Beat  ;  to  Bruise. 
CoNTu'siON,  n.  a  bruise.  |  Obtuse',  a.  dulled  or  blunted. 

Tur^ba — a  Crowd  :  Confusion. 


Disturb',  v.  to  disquiet. 
Disturb'Ance,  n.  confusion. 
Perturba'tion,  n.  agitation  of  mind. 


Troub'le,  n.  perplexity. 
Tdr'bid,  a.  muddy  ;  not  clear. 
Tur'bulent,  a.  full  of  confusion. 


Tur'bulence,  n.  violence. 

Tur^geo — to  Swell  ;  to  be  Inflated. 
Tur'gid,  a.  bloated ;  swollen.  |  Tur'gent,  a.  swelling ;  tumid, 

Wher — Fruitful;  Plentiful. 
Exu'berant,  a.  very  plentiful.  |  U'berty,  n.  fruitfulness. 

Ulte^rior — Further.     Ul^timus — Furthest  or  Last. 

Ulte'rior,  a.  further.  I  Ul'timately,  ad.  in  the  end. 

Ul'timate,  a.  furthest ;  final ;  last.      I  Ultima'tum,  n.  a  final  proposition. 

TJmfhra — a  Shadow  or  Shade. 


Um'brage,   n.   suspicion  of  injury; 

offence. 
Umbra'geous,  a.  shady. 


Umbrel'la,  n.  a  shade  or  screen  car- 
ried in  the  hands. 


Unfda — a  Wave. 
Un'dulate,  v.  to  move  like  waves.        Abun'dance,  n.  more  than  enough. 


Un'dulating,  a.  rising  and  falling. 
Un'dulatory,  a.  moving  like  waves. 
Abound',  t).  to  be  in  great  plenty. 
Abun'dant,  a,  plentiful. 


Inun'date,  «.  to  flow  upon. 
Inunda'tion,  n.  a  flood. 
Redound',  ^.  to  be  sent  back,  as  k 
wave ;  to  result. 


Redun'dant,  a.  full  to  overflowing. 

TJWguO)  urnftum — ^to  Anoint. 

Unc'tion,  n.  an  anointing.  I  Un'guent,  n.  ointment. 

Unc'tuous,  a.  oily ;  greasy.  |  Oint'ment,  n.  a  salve. 

TTnus — One  ;  Alone. 


TJ'nit,  n.  a  single  thing. 

U'nity,  n.  oneness. 

Unite',  v.  to  make  one ;  to  join. 

Disunite',  v.  to  separate. 

Reunite',  v.  to  unite  again. 

Unanim'ity,  n.  agreement  in  opinion. 


U'niform,  a.  even ;  regular. 
U'nion,  n.  concord  ;  agreement. 
Unique',  a.  the  only  one  of  its  kind. 
U'nison,  n.  concord  of  sounds. 
U'niverse,  n.  the  whole  system  of 
things. 


Unan'imous,  a.  of  one  mind.  i  Univer'sal,  a.  pertaining  to  all. 

Note.— Union,  the  upper,^niicr  corner  of  a  flag,  the  rest  being  called  the^?/.  The 
union  of  the  U.  S.  flag  is  a  blue  field  with  white  stars,  representing  the  confederation 
of  the  States,  one  for  each  State,  and  the  fly  is  composed  of  thirteen  alternate  white 
and  red  stripes,  representing  the  original  thirteen  states. 


^^ 


SMITHES    HAIfD-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY 


"^h  JJrbs,  ur^his — a  City. 

Uk'ban,  a.  pertaining  to  a  city.  I  TJrban'ity,  n.  politeness. 

Urbane',  a.  civil ;  polite ;  refined.      |  Sub'urbs,  n.  the  out  part  of  a  city. 


Wtor,  u^sus — to  Use. 


Use,  v.  to  employ. 
Use'ful,  a.  serviceable. 
U'suAL,  a.  customary, 
U'sAGE,  n.  established  custom. 
Abuse',  v.  to  use  improperly. 
Disuse',  v.  to  cease  to  use. 


Uten'sil,  n.  that  which  is  used. 


Misuse',  v.  to  treat  ill. 
Util'ity,  n.  usefulness. 
Inutil'ity,  n.  uselessness. 
Peruke',  v.  to  read. 
U'suRY,  n,  illegal  interest. 
Usurp',  v.  to  seize  without  right. 


Va^cOf  vaca'tutn — to  Be  Empty  ;  to  Be  at  Leisure. 

Va'cant,  a.  empty.  I  Vac'uum,  n.  an  empty  space. 

Vaca'tion,  n.  being  at  leisure ;  recess.  |  Evac'uate,  «.  to  make  empty. 

Va'do,  va'sum, — to  Go. 

Evade',  d.  to  go  from  or  shun,  I  Invade',  -».  to  enter,  as  an  enemy. 

Eva'sion,  n.  an  artifice  to  elude.  j  Inva'sion,  n.  a  hostile  entrance. 

Pervade',  ti.  to  pass  through. 


Va'grant,  n.  an  idle  wanderer, 
Va'grant,  a.  wandering ;  unsettled. 
Vague,  a.  indefinite ;  uncertain. 


Vaga'ry,  n.  a  whim  ;  a  caprice 


Va'gus — Wandering, 

Vag'abond,  n.  a  worthless  person. 
Extrav'agant,  a.  wasteful ;   exces- 
sive. 
Extrav'agance,  n.  excess. 


Va^leo — ^to  Be  "Well  or  Strong  ;  to  Be  Worth. 


Avail',  v.  to  take  advantage  of;  to 

be  of  use  to. 
In'valid,  n.  a  sick  person. 
Inval'id,  a.  of  no  force, 
Inval'idate,  v.  to  make  weak  or  null. 
CoNVALEs'cENT,  a.  recovering  health 

and  strength, 
Equiv'alent,  a.  equal  in  value. 
Prevail',  v.  to  overcome;   to  have 

effect. 
Prev'alent,  a.  widely  existing. 


Prev'alence,  71,  general  existence. 

Valedic'tion,  n.  a  farewell. 

Val'iant,  a.  brave ;  strong, 

Val'id,  a.  of  full  force;  good  in 
law. 

Yalid'ity,  n.  soundness ;  strength. 

Val'or,  n.  bravery. 

Yal'ue,  n.  worth  ;  price, 

Inval'uable,  a.  precious  above  esti- 
mation. 


Vacuus — Vain;  Empty. 


Vain,  a.  empty ;  worthless. 
Van'ity,  71.  petty  or  empty  pride. 


Van'ish,  v.  to  disappear. 

EvANEs'cENT,  a.  fleeting. 


Va^rius — Changeable;  Diverse;  Different. 


Va'ry,  T).  to  make  different. 
Va'riance,  n.  disagreement. 


Va'riegate,  v.  to  diversify. 
Vari'ety,  a.  change ;  diversity. 


LATIN    KOOTS   AND    DERIVATIVES. 


299 


Va^por — Steam;  Fume. 
Va'pob,  n.  fume ,  steam ;  mist ;  fog.    |  Evap'orate,  v.  to  pass  away  in  vapor. 

Vas^tus — Yery  Large;  Desert. 


Vast,  a.  very  large ;  great. 
Devas'tate,  «.  to  lay  waste. 


Devasta'tion,  n.  waste ;  havoc. 
Waste,  n.  a  desolate  country. 


Ve^ho,  ve&tutn—to  Carry  ;  to  Bear. 

Inveigh',  v.  to  carry  or  bring  charges 

against. 
Ve'hemence,  n.  ardor;  violence. 


Convey',  v.  to  carry. 

Convey'ance,  n.  that  which  conveys. 

Invec'tivb,  n.  angry  abuse. 


Ve'hicle,  n.  a  carnage. 

VeVlo,  vuVsum — to  Pull  ;  to  Pluck. 
Convulse',??,  to  give  violent  motion  to.  |  Revul'sion,  n.  a  drawing  back. 


Ve^lo — to  Cover;  to  Conceal 

Veil,  v.  to  hide ;  to  cover. 
Veil,  n.  a  curtain. 
Devel'op,  v.  to  unfold ;  to  unclose. 
Devel'opment,  n.  an  unfolding. 


Envel'op,  t.  to  wrap  up. 

Reveal',  h.  to  draw  back  the  veil ;  to 

make  known. 
Revel a'tion,  n.  discovery. 


Ven^do— to  Sell. 


Vend,  v.  to  sell. 
Vender,  n.  one  who  sells. 


Vendue',  n.  an  auction. 

Ve'nal,  a.  that  may  be  bought  or  sold. 


Ven'om,  n.  poison. 


Vene^num — Poison;  Venom. 

I  Ven'omous,  a.  poisonous. 
Enven'om,  v.  to  poison. 


Ve^niOf  ven^tum — to  Come  ;  to  Go. 


Ad'vent,  n.  a  coming. 
Advent'ure,  n.  a  hazard  or  risk. 
Adventi'tious,  a.  accidental. 
Av'enue,  n.  a  passage. 
Circumvent',  v.  to  come  round. 
Contravene',  v.  to  hinder. 
Convene',  v.  to  assemble. 
Conven'tion,  n.  a  coming  together. 
Conve'nient,  a.  fit ;  suitable. 
Conven'tional,  a.  customary. 
Cov'enant,  n.  a  mutual  agreement. 


Event',  n.  that  which  happens. 
Event'ual,  a.  happening  as  a  result. 
Event'ually,  ad.  in  the  event. 
Event'uate,  v.  to  terminate. 
Intervene',  v.  to  come  between. 
Invent',  v.  to  devise. 
Prevent',  v.  to  hinder. 
Rev'enue,  n.  the  income  of  a  state. 
Ven'ture,  v.  to  run  a  hazard;  to 

dare. 
Ven'turous,  a.  daring  ;  bold. 


Verb,  n.  a  part  of  speecl^ 
Ver'bal,  a.  uttered  by  the  mouth. 
Ver'biage,  n.  an  unnecessary  profu 
aion  of  words. 


Ver^bum — a  Word. 

Verbose',  a.  full  of  words. 


^d'verb,  n.  a  part  of  speech. 
Verba'tim,  ad.  word  for  word. 


300 


SMITHES    HAND-BOOK  OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


Venftus — the  WmD. 


Vent,  n.  an  air  hole. 
Ven'tiduct,  n.  a  passage  for  air. 


Ven'tilate,  1).  to  cause  a  circulation 
of  air. 


Ve'reor — to  Fear  ;  to  Stand  in  Awe  Of. 


Revere',  v.  to  respect  greatly, 
Rev'erence,  n.  great  respect ;  awe. 
Rev'erend,  a.  worthy  of  reverence. 


Reveren'tial,  a.  expressing  rever« 
ehce. 


Ver'go— to  Turn  or  Tend  Towards. 


Verge,  n.  brink ;  border ;  edge. 
Verge,  v.  to  bend  towards. 


Converge',  v.  to  tend  to  one  point. 
Diverg'ent,  a.  going  apart. 


Ver^mis 

Ver'min,  n.  noxious  animal. 
Ver'mifuge,  n.  a  medicine  to  destroy 
worms. 


-a  Worm. 

Vermic'ular,  u.  resembling  a  worm. 
Vermicel'li,  n.  a  paste  in  the  form 
of  worms. 


Ver^to,  ver^sum — ^to  Turn. 


Advert',  i).  to  turn  to. 

Inadver'tence,  n.  heedlessness. 

Ad'verse,  a.  opposed  ;  hostile. 

Ad'verstty,  n.  misfortune. 

Ad'versary,  n.  an  enemy. 

Advertise',  v.  to  publish  a  notice. 

Animadver'sion,  n.  censure. 

Avert',  v.  to  turn  away. 

Aver'sion,  n.  dislike. 

Controvert',  v.  to  dispute. 

Con'troversy,  n.  disputation. 

Convert',  d.  to  change  from  one  con- 
dition to  another. 

Converse',  «.  to  discourse  with. 

Con'verse,  n.  an  opposite  proposi- 
tion. 

Divert',  v.  to  turn  off;  to  amuse. 

Diver'sion,  n.  amusement. 

Di'vERS,  a.  several ;  more  than  one. 

Di'vERSE,  a.  varied ;  unlike. 

Diver'sity,  n.  variety  ;  difference. 

Diver'sify,  v.  to  vary. 

Invert',  v.  to  turn  upside  down. 


Pervert',  v.  to  turn  to  a  wrong  use. 

Perverse',  a.  obstinately  wrong. 

Perver'sion,  n.  a  wrong  use. 

Revert',  v.  to  turn  back. 

Reverse',  v.  to  turn  the  front  part 
back. 

Rever'sion,  n.  a  turning  or  falling 
back. 

Subvert',  v.  to  overthrow. 

Subver'sive,  a.  tending  to  over- 
throw. 

Transverse',  a.  lying  across. 

Trav'erse,  d.  to  pass  over. 

Ver'satile,  a.  easily  turning  to  a 
new  task. 

Verse,  n.  a  line  of  poetry. 

Ver'sify,  v.  to  make  verse. 

Ver'sion,  71.  a  translation. 

Ver 'terra,  n.  a  joint  of  the  spine. 

Ver'tex,  n.  the  top. 

Ver'tical,  a.  overhead. 

Ver'tigo,  n.  giddiness.  ! 

Vor'tex,  n.  a  whirlpool.  ; 


Ver'ity,  n.  truth. 

Verac'ity,  n.  habitual  observance  of 

truth. 
Vera'cious,  a.  observant  of  truth. 


Vefrus — True. 

Ver'dict,  n.  the  report  of  a  jury. 
Ver'ify,  t.  to  prove  true. 
Ver'ily,  ad.  in  truth. 


Aver',  'g.  to  declare  positively. 


Ver'itable,  a.  true ;  genuine. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


301 


VestVgitini — a  Footstep  ;  a  Tkack  or  Trace. 
Ves'tige,  n.  a  track ;  a  trace.  |  Inves'tigate,  v.  to  search  into. 


Ves'^tis 

Invest',  v.  to  clothe  m. 
Vest,  n.  an  outer  garment. 
Veb'ture,  n.  a  garment ;  a  robe. 


a  Garment  :  Clothing. 

Divest',  v.  to  strip ;  to  deprive. 
Ves'try,  n.  a  room  in  a  church 
the  sacred  garments,  etc. 


:or 


Ve'tus,  vetf er is— OijD. 


Vet'eran,  n.  an  old  soldier. 


Invet'erate,  a.  fixed  by  long  con- 
tinuance. 


rva- 

De'viate,  t).  to  turn  aside. 
De'vious,  a.  wandering. 
En'voy,  n.  a  public  messenger. 
Per'vious,  a.  penetrable. 
Imper'vious,  a.  not  admitting  a  pas- 
sage through. 


a  Way. 

Ob'viate,  v.  to  remove. 
Ob'vious,  a.  plain  to  be  seen. 
Pre'vious,  a.  antecedent. 
Vi'aduct,  n.  a  structure  supporting 
a  passage  way. 


Vic'ar,  n.  a  substitute. 
Vicege'rent,  n.  a  deputy. 


Weis — a  Change  ;  in  Stead. 

I  Vice  ROY,  n.  a  king's  deputy  gov- 


ernor. 


Vicis'siTUDE,  n.  change. 


Vis'iON,  n.  sight. 
Vis'iBLE,  a.  that  can  be  seen. 
Vis'ioNARY,  a.  not  real. 
Vis'it,  v.  to  go  to  see. 
Vis'uAL,  a.  pertaining  to  sight. 
Vi'soR,  n.  a  mask. 
Vis'ta,  n.  a  view  ;  a  prospect. 
Vis' AGE,  n.  the  countenance. 
View,  n.  a  seeing  or  sight. 
Ev'iDENT,  a.  plain  ;  apparent. 
Invis'ible,  a.  not  to  be  seen. 
Provide',  v.  to  see  to  beforehand. 


VVdeo,  Wsurn — to  See. 

Prov'ident,  a.  providing  for. 
Prov'ender,  n.  food  for  cattle. 
Prov'idence,  11.  forethought. 
Provis'ion,  n.  victuals ;  food. 
Provi'so,  n.  something  that  provides 

against. 
Pru'dent,  a.  cautious;  wise. 
Pur'vey,  v.  to  provide. 
Purvey'or,  n.  a  provider. 
Revise',  t>.  to  examine  again. 
Review',  n.  a  critical  examination. 
Supervise',  v.  to  overlook. 


Survey',  v.  to  view  carefully. 


VVdiio — to  Deprive  Of  :  to  Part. 


Avoid',  v.  to  keep  clear  from. 
Devoid',  v.  destitute  of. 
Void,  a.  empty. 


Divide',  v.  to  separate. 
Div'idend,  n.  a  share. 
Individ'ual,  n.  a  single  person. 


^  Vig^or — Strength. 

Vig'or,  n.  strength ;  energy.  I  Invig 'orate,  v.  to  strengthen. 

Vig'orous,  a.  full  of  strength.  ]  Vig'orously,  ad,  with  force. 


303  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

VigHlo — to  Watch  ;  to  Keep  Awake. 
Vig'il,  n.  a  watching.  |  Vig'ilant,  a.  watchful. 

Vi'lis — of  LiTTLB  "Worth  ;  Cheap  ;  Vile. 

Vile,  a.  base ;  mean ;  wicked.  I  Vil'ify,  v.  to  defame ;  to  abuse. 

Vile'ly,  ad.  basely ;  meanly.  |  Revile',  v.  to  vilify  again  and  again. 


Vin^co,  vi&tum — to  Conquer  ;  to  Overcome. 

Invin'cible,  a.  unconquerable. 
Prov'ince,  n.  a  subject  country;  a 

division  of  a  country. 
Van'quish,  1).  to  conquer. 
Vic'tor,  11.  a  conqueror. 
Vic'tory,  71.  conquest. 


Convince',  v.  to  satisfy  by  evidence. 
Convict',  v.  to  prove  guilty. 
Con'vict,  n.  one  found  guilty. 
Convic'tion,  n.   the   state  of  being 

convicted  or  convinced  ;  belief. 
Evince  .  d.  to  show  clearly 


Vic'tim,  n.  a  living  being  sacrificed. 

Vin^deXf  vin^dicis — a  Defender  or  Avenger. 

Vin'dicate,  v.  to  defend ;  to  justify.    I  Revenge',  v.  to  return  an  injury. 
Vindic'tive,  a.  revengeful.  I  Avenge',  v.  to  punish  for  an  injury. 

Ven'geance,  n.  recompense  of  evil. 
Vi^nurn — Wine. 


Vine,  n.  the  plant  which  produces 

grapes. 
Vinous,  a.  having  the  qualities  of 

wine. 


Vin'egar,  n.  sour  wine. 
Vin'tage,  n.  the  crop  of  grapes. 
Vine'yard,  n.  a  plantation  of  grape 
vines. 


Vir — a  Man. 
Vi'rile,  a.  masculine.  |  Vira'go,  n.  a  turbulent  woman. 

VVrus — Poison. 
Vir'ulence,  n.  malignity.  |  Vir'ulent,  a.  full  of  poison. 

VVtium—B.  Vice  ;  a  Fault. 

Vice,  n.  a  fault ;  a  blemish.  j  Vi'cious,  a.  wicked ;  sinful. 

Vi'tiate,  XI.  to  deprave ;  to  spoil. 

V¥to — to  Shun  ;  to  Escape. 
Inev'itable,«.  that  cannot  be  avoided.  |  Inev'itably.  ad.  certainly. 

Vifrum — Glass. 
Vit'reous,  a.  resembling  glass.  |  Vit'rify,  ®.  to  change  into  glasg. 

Wvo,  vie" turn — to  Live. 


CoNviv'iAL,  a.  gay ;  jovial. 
Revive',  v.  to  live  again. 
Survive',  i).  to  outlive. 
Vi'and,  n.  an  article  of  food. 


Vrv'iFY,  V.  to  animate. 


Vict'uals,  n.  food ;  provisions. 
Vi'tal,  a.  necessary  to  life. 
ViVAc'iTY,  n.  liveliness. 
Viv'iD,  a.  active ;  bright. 


LA.TIN   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES. 


3oa 


Ad'vocate,  n.  a  pleader. 

Avoca'tion,  n.  a  calling  or  employ- 
ment. 

Convoca'tion,  n.  an  assembly. 

Convoke',  v.  to  call  together. 

EQUiv'ocAii,  a.  doubtful. 

Equiv'ocate,  V,  to  use  doubtful  ex- 
pressions. 

Evoke',  v.  to  call  forth. 

Invoca'tion,  n.  a  solemn  address  or 
prayer. 


Vo^cOf  voca^tuni— to  Call. 

Invoke',  v.  to  implore. 
Revoke',  v.  to  call  back. 
Irrev'ocable,  a.  not  to  be  recalled. 
Provoke',  v.  to  irritate. 
Provoca'tion,  n.  a  cause  of  anger. 
Vocab'ulary,  n.  a  list  of  words. 
Vo'cAL,  a.  relating  to  the  voice. 
Vocif'erate,  v.  to  cry  out  loudly. 
Voca'tion,  n.  a  business. 
Voice,  n.  sound  from  the  mouth. 
Vouch,  v.  to  attest ;  to  affirm. 


Vol'atile,  a.  easily  evaporated ;  gay ; 
fickle. 


Vow'el,  n.  a  simple  sound. 
Vo'lo,  vola'tum— to  Fly. 

Vol'ley,  n.  a  flight  of  shot. 


Benev'olence,  n.  good  will. 
Malev'olence,  n.  ill  will. 
Voli'tion,  n.  the  power  of  willing. 


yo'lo,  volVtU7n — to  Will  ;  to  Wish. 

Vol'untary,  a.  acting  from  choice. 
Volunteer',  n.  a  voluntary  soldier. 
Invol'untary,  a.  not  willing. 

-Pleasure. 


Volup^tas- 


Volup'tuous,  a.  full  of  pleasure. 


Volup'tuart,  n.   one  given 
pleasure. 


up   to 


VoVvOf  volu^tuin — to  Roll. 


Circumvolu'tion,  n.  a  rolling  round. 
Devolve',  v.  to  deliver  over. 
EvoLVi!}',  V.  to  unroll ;  to  unfold. 
Evolu'tion,  n.  act  of  unfolding. 
Involve',  v.  to  envelop. 


-Revolt',  v.  to  throw  off  subjection. 
Revolve',  v.  to  roll  in  a  circle. 
Revolu'tion,  n.  an  entire  change. 
Vol'uble,  a.  rolling ;  fluent. 
Vol'ume,  n.  a  roll ;  a  book. 


Volu'minous,  a.  great  size ;  bulky. 
Vo^ro,  vora'tum — ^to  Eat  Greedily. 

Devour',  v.  to  eat  up  greedily.  I  Carniv'orous,  a.  eating  flesh. 

Vorac'ity,  n.  greediness  of  appetite.     Omniv'orous,  a.  eating  all  things, 
Vora'cious,  a.  eating  very  greedily,    i  Ossrv'oROUS,  a.  eating  bones. 
Piscrv'oRous,  a.  eating  fish. 

Vo'tum — a  Vow ;  a  Wish. 


Avow',  «.  to  declare  openly. 
Devote',  v.  to  set  apart. 
Devo'tion,  n.  piety ;  affection. 
Devout',  a.  earnest ;  sincere. 


Vo'tary,  n.  one  who  has  vowed. 
Vote,  n.  a  wish  expressed. 
Vo'tive,  a.  given  by  vow. 
Vow,  n.  a  solemn  promise. 


Volca'no,  n.  a  burning  mountam 
VuVgus 

Divulge',  n.  to  make  public. 
Vul'gar,  a.  common;  unrefined. 
Vul'garism,  n.  a  vulgar  expression 


Vulca'nus — the  God  of  Fire. 

I  Volca'nic,  a.  relating  to  a  volcano, 
the  Common  People. 


Vulgar'ity,  n.  coarseness ;  meanness. 
Vul'gate,  n.  an  ancient  Latin  version 
of  the  Bible. 


304  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


GREEK  ROOTS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 


Acadefmia^  {uKadrjula^) — a  Grove  near  Athens,  where  Plato  Taught 

Philosophy. 

Acad'emy,  n.  a  place  of  instruction.    |  Academ'ic,  a.  relating  to  an  academy. 

Al^mef  (uKjuff,) — the  Summit. 
Ac'me,  n.  the  top  ;  the  highest  point. 

Acou'^Of  (uKovo),) — to  Hear. 
Acous'tic,  a.  relating  to  hearing.         |  Acous'tics,  n.  the  science  of  sounds. 

Ac^ron,  (uKpov,) — Summit  ;   Extremity. 

AcROp'oLis,  n.  the  summit  of  a  city ;  I  Acros'tic,  n.  a  kind  of  poem, 
a  citadel.  | 

A^er,  (dr/p.) — the  Air. 

Ae'rial,  a.  consisting  of  air.  |  A'erolite,  n.  a  meteoric  stone. 

A'eronaut,  n.  one  who  sails  in  the  air. 

A^gOf  (a/w,) — to  Lead. 

Dem'agogue,  n.  a  factious  or  sedi-  I  Ped'agogue,  n.  a  schoolmaster, 
tious  leader.  |  Syn'agogue,  n.  a  Jewish  church. 

A^gon,  (dyuv,) — a  Combat  ;  a  Contest. 

Ag'ony,    n.    struggle    under   severe  I  Ag'onize,  v.  to  afflict  with  agony, 
pain.  I  Antag'onist,  n.  an  opponent. 

AVgos,  (aAyof,)— Pain. 
Ceph'alalgy,  n.  the  headache.  |  Ondontal'gia,  n.  the  toothache. 

Alle^lorif  (dAAj/Awv,) — One  Another  ;  Each  Other. 
Par'allel,  a.  equidistant  at  all  points.  |  Unpar'alleled,  a.  unequaled. 

AVlos,  (aAAof,) — Another. 
Al'legory,  n.  a  figurative  narration.  |  Allegor'ical,  a.  not  literal. 

Al'pha,  {d2,<pa,) — the  First  Letter  in  the  Greek  Alphabet. 

Al'phabet,  n.  the  letters  of  a  Ian-  I  Alphabet'ical,  a.  in  the   order  of 
guage.  I      the  alphabet. 


GREEK   ROOTS    AND   DERIVATIVES.  305 


Ang'eloSf  {ayyeTM^^ — a  Messenger  ;  a  Bring er  of  Tidings. 

Evan'gelist,   n.   a   preacher  of  tin 

gospel. 
EvANGEL'icAii,  a.  Contained  in   the 

gospel. 


An'gel,  n.  a  spiritual  messenger. 
Archan'gel,  n.  a  chief  angel. 
Ev an'gel,  n.  good  tidings  ;  the  gos- 
pel of  Christ. 


Evan'gelize,  v.  to  teach  the  gospel  to. 

An^thos,  (dv^of,)— a  Flower. 

Anthol'ogy,  n.  a  discourse  on  flow-  I  Polyan'thus,  n.  a  plant  with  many 
ers.  I      flowers. 

Helian'thus,  n.  the  sun-flower. 

Anthro^pos,  {dvdpuTroc,) — a  Man  ;  a  Human  Being. 


Mis'anthrope,  n.  one  who  hates  the 
human  race. 

Misan'thropy,  n.  hatred  of  the  hu- 
man race. 


Philan'thropist,  n.  one  who  loves 
inankind. 

Philan'thropy,  n.  love  of  the  hu- 
man race. 


Ar^c/ie,  (dpxvd — the  Beginning  ;  Government. 


Ar'chitect,  n.  one  skilled  in  the  art 

of  building. 
Ar 'chives,  n.  records. 
Mon'arch,  n.  a  sovereign ;  a  king. 
Pa'triarch,  n.  the  head  of  a  family. 


An'arch,  n.  an  author  of  confusion. 
An'archy,  n.  want  of  government. 
Arch,  «.  chief ;  principal;  shrewd. 
Archbishop,  n.  the  chief  bishop. 
Archduke',  n.  a  chief  prince. 

Ar'chetype,  n.  the  original. 

Ar&tos,  (dpKTog,) — a  Bear  ;  the  North. 
Arc'tic,  a.  northern.  |  Antarc'tic,  a.  southern. 

Note.— Literally  relating  to  the  constellation  of  the  Bear. 

Ar'gos,  (dpybf,) — Sluggish;  Inactive. 
Leth'argy,  n.  morbid  sleepiness.         |  Lethar'gic,  a.  dull ;  sluggish. 

Aris^tos,  (dpioTog,) — Noblest;  Blest. 

Aristoc'racy,  n.  the  government  of  I  Aris'tocrat,  n.  one  who  favors  an 
the  nobles.  I      aristocracy. 

ArithfmoSf  (dpidfio^,) — a  Number. 

Arith'metic,  n.  the  science  of  num-  I  Arithmeti'cian,  n.  a  master  of  aritb- 
bers.  I      metic. 

Aro^ma,  (dpufiay) — any  Seasoning  ;  Spice  ;  Sweet  Herb. 

Aro'ma,  n.  a  pleasant  odor.  I  Aromat'ic,  a.  spicy ;  fragrant. 

Aromat'ics,  n.  fragrant  spices.  |  Aro'matize,  v.  to  scent  with  spiceai 

AlfmoSf  (dT/ioc) — Vapor;  Air. 

At'mosphere,  n.  the  air,  etc.,  above  I  Atmospher'ic,  a.  relating  to  the  at 
us  I      mosphere. 


306  SMITH'gi    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Ath^loSf  (ad?i,og,) — a  Combat. 
Ath'lete,  71.  a  wrestler.  |  Athlet'ic,  a.  strong  of  body. 


Ar^trofif  (doTpov,) — a  Star. 

As'terisk,  n.  a  mark,  lik''  a  star. 
As'tral,  a.  star-like. 
Astrol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  foretell- 
ing by  the  stars. 


Astron'omy,  n.  the  science  of  th« 
stars. 

Disas'ter,  n.  a  bad  or  evil  star;  mis- 
fortune. 


Au^los,  (uilog,) — a  Pipe. 

Hydrau'lic,   a.    relating    to    water  I  Hydrau'lics,  n.  the  science  of  the 
pipes.  I      motion  and  force  of  fluids. 

Authei^'teo,  {dvdevreo),) — ^to  Have  Authority. 
Authen'tic,  a.  genuire;  true.  |  Authentic'ity,  n.  genuineness. 

Au^tos,  ((ivrof ,)— One's  Self. 

Au'tocrat,  n.  a  sole  ruler.  i  Autom'aton,  n.   a  self-moving  ma- 

Au'tograph,  n.  one's  handwriting.      |      chine. 

Au'topsy,  n.  ocular  evidence. 

SaVsamum,  (jSaTiaafiov,) — a  Fragrant  Resin  ;  an  Ointment. 
Balm,  n.  a  fragrant  ointment.  |  Bal'sam,  n.  a  soothing  ointment. 

Bap' to,  (/3a7rrw,)— to  Dip;  to  Wash. 
Baptize',  v.  to  immerse.  j  Bap'tism,  n.  a  Christian  sacrament. 

Ba'sis,  (jSaaic) — the  Base  or  Foundation. 

Base,  n.  the  bottom.  |  Base,  a.  mean ;  vile. 

Debase',  v.  to  degrade ;  to  lower. 

Blh'loSf  ((3c(3Xoc,)—a  Book. 
Bi'ble,  n.  the  Holy  Scriptures.  |  Bib'lical,  a.  pertaining  to  the  Bibla 

BVos,  (l3ioc,) — Life. 

Amphib'ious,  a.  living  in  two  ele-  I  Biog'raphy,  n.  an  account  of  one's 
ments.  |      life. 

Blap'tO,  (/3Aa7rrw,)— to  INJURE. 
Blaspheme',  v.  to  speak  impiously.     |  Blas'phemy,  n.  impiety  of  speech 


Bo'leOf  (Ba?i?io),) — to  Shoot  ;  to  Throw, 

Em'blem,  n.  a  picture. 
Emblemat'ic,  a.  using  emblems. 
Hyper'bole,  n.  an  exaggeration. 


Sym'bol,  n.  a  sign  ;  an  emblem. 


Par'able,  n.  a  similitude. 
Prob'lem,  71.  a  question  proposed 
Problemat'ical,  a.  uncertain. 


GREEK   ROOTS    AND   DERXVATIVES.  30t 

Hotfane,  (JSoTavij,) — an  Herb  ;  a  Plant. 
Bot'any,  n.  the  science  of  plants.        |  Botan'ical,  a.  relating  to  plants. 

Bron^chos,  (JSpovxog,) — the  Wind-Pipe. 

Bron'chial,    a.    belonging    to    the  I  Bronchi'tis,  n.  inflammation  of  the 
wind-pipe.  I      wind-pipe. 

Cannon,  (Kavuv,) — a  Rule. 
Can'on,  n.  a  rule ;  a  law.  |  Can'onize,  v.  to  declare  one  a  saint. 

Car^dia,  (Kapdia,) — the  Heart. 

Car'diac,  a.  relating  to  the  heart.       I  Pericar'dium,  n,  a  membrane  encloa- 
Cardial'gia,  n.  the  heartburn.  |      ing  the  heart. 

Cau^ticuSf  (KavoTiKog,) — Burning. 
Caus'tic,  a.  burning ;  corroding.         |  Cau'tery,  n.  a  burning  or  searing. 

Cen^trum,  (KevTfyw,) — the  Center. 

Cen'ter,  n.  the  exact  middle.  i  Concen'tric,  a.  having  a  common 

Cen'tral,  a.  relating  to  the  center.      1      center. 

EccENTRic'iTY,  71.  irregularity.  I  Concen'trate,  v.  to  bring  together. 

Eccen'tric,  a.  irregular. 

Cephfale,  {Kti^aT^rj,)  —the  Head. 

CsPHAii'ic,  a.  pertaining  to  the  head.  I  Hydrocephalus,  n.  dropsy  of  the 

I    .  head. 

Cha'os,  Ot^of,) — Confusion. 

Cha'os,  n.  a  confused  mass.  |  Chaot'ic,  a.  confused ;  without  order, 

Ch(ira&ter,  (xapaKr^p,) — Distinctive  Mark. 


Char'acter,  n.  reputation  ;  quality. 
Characte^is'tic,  a.  indicating  char- 
acter. 


Characteris'tic,    n.    a    distinctive 

mark. 
Char'acterize,  v.  to  give  a  character. 


Cha^ris,  {xapi^^ — Grace;  Joy. 

Char'ity,  n.  good  afiection  ;  alms.      |  Char'itable,  a.  kind ;  bountiful. 
Eu'cHARiST,  n.  the  Lord's  Supper. 

Note. — Eucharist,  literall}^  the  act  of  giving  thanks. 

Chimce^ra,  (xcf^aipa,) — a  Fabulous  Monster. 
Chime'ra,  n.  an  absurd  notion.  |  Chimer'ical,  a.  wild ;  fanciful. 

Cheir,  (x^ip,) — the  Hand. 
IJhirog'raphy,  n.  handwriting.  |  Chirur'geon,  ??.  a  surgeon. 


308  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOGY. 

Cho^le,  {xo'kn^ — Bile;  Anger. 

Chol'era,  n.  a  disease.  I  Chol'eric,  a.  irascible. 

Chol'er,  n.  anger ;  rage.  I  Col'ic,  n.  a  pain  in  the  bowels. 

Mel'ancholy,  n.  sadness ;  gloom. 

CJior'day  (xop^v,) — a  Gut  ;  a  String. 

Jhord,  n.  the  string  of  a  musical  in-  I  Cord,  n.  a  small  rope, 
strument.  1  Cord'age,  n.  a  quantity  of  cords. 

Accord',  v.  to  correspond  in  sound. 

Chris" tos,  (Xpioro^,) — the  "  Anointed." 

Christ,  n.  the  Messiah.  -''  I  Christ'mas,  n.  the  festival  of  Christ's 

Christ'en,  v.  to  baptize  and  name.  nativity, 

Chris'tian,  n.  a  disciple  of  Christ.     I  CHRiSTiAN'iTY,?i.thereligionofChrist 

Chro^ma,  {xpufia^ — Color. 
Chromat'ic,  a.  relating  to  colors.        |  Achromatic,  a.  destitute  of  color. 

Chron'os,  (xpovog,) — Time. 

Chron'ic,  a.  of  long  duration.  I  Chronol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  time. 

Chron'icle,  n.  a  record.  I  Chronom'eter,  n.  a  time  piece. 

Anach'ronism,  n.  an  error  in  dates. 

Chy^mos,  (xwog,)—si  Juice  ;  a  Liquid. 

Chem'ist,  n.  one  who  is  versed  in  I  Chem'istry,  n.  the  science  of  the  na- 
chemistry.  |      ture  and  properties  of  bodies. 

Chem'ical,  a.  concerning  chemistry. 

Cle^roSf  (K?irjpoc,) — a  Lot  ;  a  Portion. 

Cler'gy,  n.  the  body  of  divines.  I  Cler'ical,  a.  relating  to  a  writer. 

Cler'ical,  a.  relating  to  the  clergy.    |  Clerk,  n.  a  secretaiy  or  bookkeeper. 

Cosmos,  (Kufiog,) — a  Jovial  Meeting. 

Com'edy,   n.   an    amusing  dramatic  I  Com'ic,  a.  raising  mirth, 
piece.  I  Encomium,  n.  praise. 

Cos'nios,  (koo/lloc) — Order  ;  Ornament  ;  the  World. 


Cosmet'ic,  a.  beautifying. 
Cosmet'ic,  n.  a  wash  to  beautify  the 
skin. 


Cos'mical,  a.  relating  to  the  world. 
Cosmop  'olite,  n.  a  citizen  of  the  world. 
Mi'cROCOSM,  n.  a  little  world. 


CrVteSf  {KpiTTjc,) — a  Judge. 


Crit'ic,  n.  a  judge  in  literature  or 

art. 
Crite'rion,  n.  something  to  judge 

by. 
Cri'sis,  n.  the  deciding  point. 
Crit'icise,  v.  to  judge;  to  censure. 


Hypercrit'ical,  a.  critical  beyond 

reason. 

Hypocrit'ical,  a.  like  a  hypocrite. 

Hyp'ocrite,  ?i.  one  who  falsely  as- 
sumes the  appearance  of  virtue  or 
piety. 


GREEK   BOOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  309 

Cra'nium,  (Kpaviov,) — the  Skttll. 

Cra'nium,  n,  the  skull.  I  Pericra'nium,    n.     the     membraikj 

Craniol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  skulls.  |      which  covers  the  skull. 

CrystaVluSf  {KpvaraXkbg,) — CONGEALED  LIKE  Ice  ;  Transparent. 
Crystal,  n,  a  hard  transparent  sub-  I  Crys'talllne,  a.  bright;  clear. 


stance.  I  Crys'tallize,  v.  to  form  into  crystals 


Cy'cle,  n.  a  circle  or  period  of  time. 

Cy'cloid,  n.  a  curve. 

Cyclopedia,  n.  the  circle  of  sciences. 


Cy^cluSf  (KVKXog,) — a  Circle. 

Encyclope  dia,  n.  the  circle  of  sci- 
ences. 
Encyc'lical,  a.  in  a  circle. 


CylinfcLrus,  {KvXcvdpoc)  -a  Roller. 
Ctl'inder,  n.  a  roller.  |  Cylin'drical,  a.  like  a  cylinder. 

Cj/on,  (kvuv,) — a  Dog. 

Cyn'ic,  n.  a  surly  person;  a  snarler.    I  Cyn'ical,  a.  like  a  dog;  snarling. 
Cyn'ic,  a.  snarling;  satirical.  |  Cyn'osure,  n.  the  dog's  tail. 

Note.;— Cynosure,  figuratively,  signifies  anything  that  attracts  general  notice  o» 
admiration. 

jye'ca,  (SeKtt,) — Ten. 


Dec'ade,  n.  the  number  ten. 
Decalogue,  n.  the  ten  command- 
ments. 


Dec'agon,  n.  a  figure  with  ten  angles. 
Dec'imal,  a.  numbered  by  ten. 
Dec 'iM ATE,  V.  to  take  the  tenth. 


Decem'ber,  n.  the  twelfth  month. 

Note.— Among  the  ancient  Komans,  March  was  taken  as  the  first  month,  conse- 

lently  September  would  b     '  .--...  ,,  .        

ecember  the  tenth  month. 


quently  September  would  be  the  seventh,  October  the  eighth,  November  the  ninth,and 


Democracy,  n.  a  popular  govern 

ment. 
Endem'ic,  a.  peculiar  to  a  place. 


De^mos,  (Swoc,) — the  People. 

Dem'ocrat,  n.  one  who  favors  democ- 
racy. 
Epidem'ic,  n.  a  prevailing  disease. 


Despo^teSf  (dEanoTTjg,) — a  Master  or  Lord. 

Des'pot,   n.   a  tyrant ;    an  absolute  I  Des'potism,  n.  unlimited  monarchy, 
ruler.  | 

Didas^cOf  (didaoKcj,) — to  Teach. 
Didac'tic,  a.  instructive.  |  Didac'tics,  n.  the  art  of  teaching. 

^  Dis,  (Sig,)— Two. 

Dilem'ma,  n.  a  difficult  or  doubtful  |  Diph'thong,  n.  a  union  of  two  vow- 
choice.  I      els  in  one  sound. 
Dissev'er,  v.  to  part  in  two. 


310  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF    ETYMOLOaY. 


Box' a,  ((Jo^a,)— an  Openion  ;  Glory, 

Het'erodox,   a.   holding    erroneous 

opinions. 
Orthodox,  a.  correct  in  opinion. 


Doxol'ogy,  n.  words  of  glory  to  God. 
Par'adox,  n.  something  apparently 
absurd  but  actually  true. 


Dra^fna,  (dpafxa,) — an  Action  ;  a  Play. 
Ora'ma,  n,  a  poem   written  for  the  1  Dramat'ic,  a.  relating  to  plays, 
s^^g^-  I  Dram'atist,  n.  a  writer  of  plays. 

nyn'amis,  ((5wa//if,)— Power  ;  Force. 
Dtnam'ics,  n.  the  science  of  forces.     |  Dynam'ic,  a.  pertaining  to  power. 
Dy'nasty,  n.  power  or  government. 

Dys,  (dvf,)— Difficulty  ;  Pain. 
Dys'entery,  n.  a  disease.  |  Dys'pepsy,  n.  difficulty  of  digestion. 

Elecftrwm,  (jyAe/crpoj',)— Amber. 

Electric,  a.  of  or  like  amber.  1  ELECTRic'iTY,n.  a  subtile  fluid  evolved 

Electrify,  ij.  to  make  electric.  |      by  friction,  first  observed  in  amber. 

E(feo,  (olKEOi.from  oUog,  a  House;  a  Household ;)— to  Dwell. 


Di'ocESE,  n.  a  bishop's  jurisdiction. 
Di'ocESAN,  a.  pertaining  to  a  diocese. 
Econ'omy,  n.  frugality. 


Econom'tcal,  a.  frugal. 

Par'ish,  ??.  an  ecclesiastical  district. 

Paro'chial,  a.  23ertaining  to  a  parish- 


ElegVa,  {kleyeia^ — a  Mournful  Poem. 
El'egy,  n.  a  funeral  song.  |  Elegi'ac,  a.  mournful. 

E^meo,  ((?//£w,)— to  Vomit. 
EatET'ic,  a.  causing  to  vomit.  |  Emet'ic,  n,  a  medicine. 

Epicu^ruSf  (EmKovpoc) — a  Sensual  Philosopher. 
Ep'icure,  n.  one  given  to  luxury.         |  Epicure'an,  a.  luxurious. 

Ep^oSf  (knoc) — a  Word  ;  a  Speech  ;  a  Poem. 
Ep'ic,  a.  narrative ;  heroic.  |  Ortho'epy,  n.  correct  pronunciation. 

Er^emos,  (kprjfiog^ — Lonely;  Alone. 

Er'emite,  n.  one  who  lives  in  seclu-  I  Her'mit,  n.  one  who  lives  in  seclu- 
sion. I      sion. 

Er^gon,  (ipyov,) — a  Work. 

En'ergy,  n.  action  or  activity  with-  I  Met'allurgy,  n.  the  art  of  extract- 
in,  I      ing  metals  from  their'ores. 
Eth^oSf  (edoc) — a  Custom. 
Eth'ics,  n.  the  science  of  morals.         |  Eth'ical,  a.  relating  to  morals. 


GREEK   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  311 

EtNnoSf  (kdvoc) — a  People. 

Eth'nical,  a.  relating  to  the  races  of  I  Ethnol'ogt,    n,    a    description    of 
mankind.  I      races. 

Elfynion,  (krv/iov,) — the  True  Meaning  of  a  Word. 

Et'tmon,  n.  a  primitive  word.  |  Etymol'ogy,   n.    the    derivation  oi 

I      words. 

Bu,  (h,) — Well. 

Eu'logy,  n.  praise.  I  Eulo'gium,  n.  praise. 

Eu'logize,  v.  to  commend ;  to  praise.  I  Eu'phony,  n.  agreeable  sound. 

Ga'^lax,  (yu?ia^,) — Milk. 
Gal'axy,  n.  the  milky  way ;  a  splendid  assemblage. 

Ga^^neOf  (jafieo),) — to  Marry. 

Amal'gamate,  v.  to  mix  metals.  I  Big'amy,  n.  the  crime  of  having  two 

Polyg'amy,  n.  plurality  of  wives.        |      wives  at  once. 

Gas'ter,  {yaar^p^ — the  Belly  ;  the  Stomach. 

Gas'tric,  a.  belonging  to  the  stom-  I  Gastron'omy,  n.  the  art  of  good  liv- 
ach.  I      ing. 


Ge,  (yr),) — the  Earth. 

Geog'raphy,  n.  a  description  of  the 
earth's  surface. 

Geol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  the  struc- 
ture of  the  earth. 

Geom'etry,  n.  the  science  of  magni- 
tude. 


Geopon'ics,  n.  agriculture. 
Ap'ogee,  n.  greatest  distance  from 

the  earth. 
Peri'gee,  n.  nearest  approach  to  the 

earth. 


Ge'nea,  (yevea,) — Birth;  Origin. 

Geneal'ogy,  n.  an  account  of  one's  I  Gen'esis,  n.  origin ;  creation, 
descent.  | 

Glos^sa,  iyluaaa,) — the  ToNGUE. 

Epiglot'tis,  n.  a  cartilage  near  the  I  Gloss'ary,  n.  a  limited  dictionary, 
root  of  the  tongue.  |  Pol'yglot,  a.  having  many  languages. 

Gh/phOf  {y?iv<po),) — to  Curve  or  Engrave. 

Glyph,  n.  a  kind  of  ornament  in  I  Hi'eroglyph,  n.  a  mystical  charac- 
sculpture.  I      ter  or  symbol. 


Go^niaf  (yuvia,) — a  Corner  ;  an  Angle. 

Diag'onal,  n.  a  line  from  angle  to 
angle.  • 

Dec'agon,  n.  a  figure  having  tei.  an- 
gles. 


Pen'tagon,  71.  a  figure  having  five 

angles. 
Pol'ygon,  n,  a  figure  of  many  angles. 
Trigonom'ktki',  'n.  the  measuring  of 

triangles. 


312  smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 

Gno^inon,  (yvwyuwv,)— Something  that  Makes  Known;  a  Pointer, 

Gnome,  n.  an  imaginary  being.  I  Physiog'nomy,  71.  countenance. 

Gno'mon,  n.  the  hand  of  a  sun-dial.    |  Prognostic,  n.  that  which  foreshows. 


Graph' o,  (ypactx^,) — ^to  Write.     Gram' ma,  (jpaju/ia,) — a  Writing. 

Par'agraph,  n.  a  distinct  part  of  a 
discourse. 

Stenog'raphy,  n.  short-hand. 

Tel'egraph,  n.  a  machine  for  con- 
veying intelligence  by  signals. 


Au'tograph,  n.  one's  own  handwrit- 
ing. 

Di'agram,  n.  a  figure ;  a  drawing. 

Engrave',  v.  to  mark  or  scratch  in. 

Ep'igram,  n.  a  short,  witty  poem. 

Gram'mar,  n.  the  science  of  language. 

Graph'ic,  a.  well  delineated. 

Graph'ite,  n.  plumbago. 

Lithog'raphy,  n.  the  art  of  drawing 
on  and  printing  from  stone. 


Tel'egram,  n.  intelligence  by  tele- 
graph. 

Topog'raphy,  n.  a  description  of  a 
place. 

Typog'raphy,  n.  the  art  of  printing. 


Gyni'noSf  (yvjuvoc,) — Naked. 

Gymna'sium,  n.  a  place  for  athletic  I  Gymnas'tic,  a.  pertaining  to  athletic 
exercises.  I      exercises. 

Gy'riiSf  (yvpog,) — a  Circle. 
Gyra'tion,  n.  a  whirling  round.  |  Gy'ral,  a.  whirling, 

Harmo'tiia,  {dp/uovia,) — Harmony. 

HAR'M0NY,7i.  musical  concord ;  agree   I  Harmon 'ic,  a.  musical, 
ment.  I  Har'monize,  v.  to  cause  to  agree. 

Harmo'nious,  a.  musical ;  peaceful. 


He'lioSf  (n^ioc) — the  Sun, 

Aphe'lion,  n.  the  point  farthest  from 

the  sun. 
Perihe'lion,  n.  the  point  nearest  the 

sun. 


Pariie'lion,  n.  a  mock  sun. 
He'liotrope,  n.  a  plant  that  turns 
to  the  sun. 


He^m^a,  (a/^a,)— Blood. 
Hem'orrhage,  n.  a  flow  of  blood.       |  Hem'orrhoids,  n.  bleeding  tumors. 

He'm,era,  (wepa,) — a  Day. 
Ephem'eral,  a.  lasting  but  a  day.       |  Ephem'eris,  n.  a  kind  of  almanac. 

Hem^Hsus,  (v/uiavc) — Half. 
Hem'isphere,  n.  half  a  globe.  |  Hem'icycle,  n.  a  half  circle. 

Hep'ta,  (iTTTa,) — Seven. 

Hep'tagon,  n.  a  figure  having  seven  I  Hep'tarchy,  n.  a    government    by 
angles.  I      seven  persons. 

Her'esis,  (alpeaig,) — an  Opinion. 
Her'esy,  n,  false  doctrine.  |  Her'etic,  n.  one  guilty  of  heresy. 


GREEK   KOOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  313 

HeVeroSf  (krepoc) — Other;  Different;  Contrary. 
Het'eeodox,  a.  heretical.  |  Heteroge  neous, a.  unlike  each  othei. 

Hex,  {i^,)—Six. 

Hexam'etek,  n.  a  verse  of  six  met-  I  Hex'agon,  n.  a  figure  of  six  angles, 
rical  feet.  |  Hexag'onal,  a.  having  six  angles. 

HVeras,  (lepog,) — Sacred. 

Hi'erarchy,  n.  ecclesiastical  govern-  I  Hieroglyph  ic,  n.  a  sacred  character 
ment.  I      or  symbol. 

Hip^poSf  (iTTTroc) — a  Horse. 
Hippopot'amus,  n.  the  river  horse.      |  Hip'podrome,  n.  a  circus. 

Hollos,  (6Aof ,) — the  Whole  ;  All. 

Cath'olic,  a.  relating  to  the  whole.    I  Cathol'icism,   n.   adherence  to  the 

I      Catholic  church. 

HomfoSf  (ofioc) — United  ;  Like. 

Homogb'neous,  a.  of  the  same  kind.   I  Homol'ogous,  a.  proportional  to  each 

I      other. 

Ho^ra,  (uga,) — an  Hour. 


Ho'ral,  a.  relating  to  an  hour. 
Hor'ologue,  7).  an  instrument  that 
marks  the  hour. 


Horol'oqy,  n.   the   art  of   making 

time-pieces. 
Hor'oscope,  n.  aspect  of  the  plants 

at  the  hour  of  birth. 


HorVzOf  {bpii^cd)— to  Bound  ;  to  Fix  a  Limit. 

Horizon'tal,  a.  parallel  to  the  hori 

zon. 
Aph'orist,  n.  a  writer  of  aphorisms. 


Hori'zon,  n.  the  line  bounding  the 

view. 
Aph'orism,  n.  a  maxim ;  a  precept. 


Hy'dra,  n.  a  water  snake. 
Hy'drant,  n.  a.  pipe  for  discharging 

water. 
Hydrau'lics,  71.  the  science  of  the 

motion  and  force  of  fluids. 
Hydroceph'alus,  71.  water    in    the 

head. 


Hy'dor,  (iidwp,)— Water. 

Hy'drogen,  n.  a  gas  which  combined 
with  oxygen  produces  water. 

Hydrophobia,  n.  a  dread  of  water. 

Hydrostat'ics,  n.  the  science  of  the 
weight  and  equilibrium  of  fluids. 

Drop'sy,  n.  a  disease. 

Clepsy'dra,  71.  a  water  clock. 


Ide'a,  71.  an  image  of  the  mind. 
Ide'al,  a.  pertaining  to  an  image  of 
the  mind;  imaginary. 


Ide^a,  (Idea,) — a  Mental  Image. 

*  *    "  Ide'alize,  «.  to  form  ideas. 

Idol'atry,  71.  the  worship  of  images. 
I'dolize,  v.  to  love  to  excess. 


314  smith's  hand-book  of  etymologv. 

Id^ios,  (Miof,) — Peivate;  Peculiar. 

Id'iom,  n.  a  peculiarity  of  speech.        I  Id'iot,  n.  a  fool. 
Id'iocy,  n.  want  of  understanding.      |  Idiomat'ical,  a.  containing  an  idiom. 
Idiosyn'crasy,  n.  peculiar  temperament. 

Iro^nia,  (eipuveia,) — Irony. 

Crony,  n.  a  mode  of  speech  in  which  I  Iron'ical,  a.  derisive ;  mocking, 
the  meaning  is  contrary  to  the  words.  |  Iron'ic,  a.  derisive. 


Lay'man,  n.  one  who  is  not  a  cierg^^ 
man. 


La^os,  Q^aoQ,) — the  People, 

La'ity,  n.  the  people  as  distinguished 

from  the  clergy. 
Lay,  a.  not  clerical. 

Lep^ra,  (lenpa,) — Leprosy. 

Lep'er,  n.  one  who  has  the  leprosy.    |  Lep'rous,  a.  full  of  leprosy. 
Leprosy,  n.  a  disease  of  the  skin. 

Le^the,  QlvOtj,) — Forgetftjlness  ;  Oblivton. 

Lbthe'an,  a.  inducing  forgetfulness,   |  Leth'argy,  n.  morbid  sleepinest^. 
Lethar'gic,  a.  sleepy  by  disease 

LVthos,  (Tiidoc) — a  Stone. 

A'erolite,  n.  a  meteoric  stone.  I  Lithog'raphy,  n.  drawing  on  and 

Lith'arge,  n.  the  scum  of  lead.  |      printing  from  stone. 

Chrys'olite,  n.  a  precious  stone. 


Lo^gos,  (Tioyoc) — a  Speech,  Account,  or  Description. 

Doxol'ogy,  71.  words  of  glory  to  God. 
Eulo'gium,  n.  praise. 
Eu'logize,  v.  to  commend. 
Ep'ilogue,  n.  the  speech  at  the  end 

of  a  play. 
Log'ic,  n.  the  art  of  reasoning. 
Pro'logue,  n.  a  preface  to  a  play. 
Syl'logism,  n.  a  form  of  reasoning. 


Anal'ogy,  n.  agreement  throughout. 
Apol'ogy,  n.  a  warding  off  by  words. 
Cat'alogue,  n.  a  list. 
Chronol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  dates. 
Conchol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  shells. 
Di'alogue,  n.  a  conversation. 
Pec'alogue,  n.  the  ten  command- 
ments. 


Pal'sy,  n.  a  privation  of  motion. 

Paral'ysis,  j2.  palsy. 

Paralyt'ic,  n  one  affected  with  palsy. 


Note. — The  termination  or  suflix  log7j,  which  is  found  in  many  words,  is  from  2,6yog^ 
and  denotes  art^  science,  description,  etc. 

Ly'siSf  (Ivmc) — a  Loosing  or  Dissolving. 

Anal'ysis,  n.  an  entire  separation  of 

a  body  into  its  elemental  parts. 
An'alyze,  «.  to  make  an  analysis. 

Par'alyze,  v.  to  affect  as  with  palsy 

Ma'niaf  (jxavia,) — Madness  ;  Insanity. 
Ma'niac,  n.  an  insane  person.  |  Ma'nia,  n.  madness. 

Mar'tyr,  {jiapTvp,)—&  Witness  ;  a  Martyr. 

Mar'tyr,  n.  one  put  to  death  for  ad-  I  Mar'tyrdom,  n  the  death  of  a  mar 
herence  to  a  cause.  j      tyr. 


GREEK   ROOTS   AND   DERIVATIVES.  315 

Mathe'ma,  {jiadnfia^ — Learning  ;  Science. 

JUathemat'ics,  71.  the  science  of  quan-  I  Mathematical,  a.  relating  to  math- 
tity.  I      ematics. 

Mechan^aOf  (jxT/xavau,) — to  Contrive  ;  to  Invent. 

Machine',  n.  a  contrivance.  j  Mech'anism,  a  the  construction  of  a 

Machina'tion,  n.  a  contriving.  machine. 

lVlECHAN'ic8,?i.the  science  of  machines.  I 

Mel,  tneVlis,  (fie?u,) — Honey. 

Mellif'i:rods,  a.  yielding  honey.        I  Ox'ymel,  n.   a   mixture  of  vinegar 
Mellip'luent*  a.  sweetly  flowing       |      and  honey. 

MeVoSf  (ji£?iog,) — a  Song  or  Poem. 

Melo'dious,  a.  agreeable  to  the  ear.    I  Mel'odrame,  n.  a  drama  containing 
Mel'ody,  n.  sweetness  of  sound.  |      songs. 

MetaVlum,  (jneraV.ov,) — a  Metal. 


Met'al,  n.  a  hard  fossil  substance. 
Met'alloid,  n.   a  substance  resem- 
bling metal. 


Metalliferous,  «.  producing  metals. 
Met'allurgy,  n.  the  art  of  working 
metals. 


Meteo'rrif  (jiereupa,) — Flytng  Luminous  Bodies  in  the  Air. 

Me'teor,  n.  a  shooting  star.  I  Meteorol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  me- 

Meteor'ic,  a.  bright  and  transient.     |      teors. 

Metier,  (jit/tvp^)  me^tros — a  Mother. 

Metrop'olis,  11,  the  largest  or  chief  I  Metropol'itan,  a.  of,  or  pertaining 
city  of  any  country.  |      to,  a  metropolis. 


Met' rum,  {fierpov,) — a  Measure 

Me'ter,  n.  a  measurer. 

Me'ter,  71.  measure  as  applied  to 
verse. 

Barom'eter,  n.  an  instrument  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 


Met'rical,  a.  pertaining  to  meter. 
Chronom'eter,  n.  a  time  measurer. 
Diam'eter,  71.  measure  through. 
Gasom'eter,  71.  a  gas  measurer. 
Thermom'eter,  n.  a  heat  measurer. 
Sym'metry,«.  due  proportion  of  parts. 


Mic^ros,  {fiiKpog,) — Little;  Small. 

Mi'crocosm,  Wc  the  little  world.  |  Mi'croscope,  n.   an   instrument   for 

viewing  the  smallest  objects. 


Mon'ad,  n.  an  atom.  • 
Mon'arch,  n.  a  sole  ruler. 
MoN 'aster Y,  7i.  a  convent. 
Monas'tic,  a.  pertaining  to  monks 


Mon^oSf  {fcovoc) — One;  Alone. 

Monk,  n.  one  living  in  a  monastery 
Monopolize,  v.  to  engross  the  whole 
Monotony,  n.  sameness  of  sound. 
Monot'onous,  a.  wanting  variety. 


B16  SMITH'S    HAND-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 

MVsos,  (jxi(7oc,)—I1at-rkt);  Enmity. 
Misan'thropy,  n.  hatred  of  mankind.  [  Mis'anthrope,  n.  a  hater  of  mankind. 

Mor'phe,  (juop<prj,)—FonM ;  Shape. 
Amor'phous,  a.  without  form.  I  Metamor'phose,   «.   to    change  the 

I      form  of. 

Mu'sa,  (jiovaa,) — a  Song  or  Poem. 
Amuse',  v.  to  divert.  I  Mu'sic,  n.  harmony ;  melody. 

Muse,  v.  to  meditate  deeply.  |  Muse'um,  n.  a  collection  of  curiosities. 

Mys^teSf  (uvaTric) — Hidden;  Secret. 

Mys'tery,  n.  something  secret.  j  Mys'tic,  a.  obscure ;  secret. 

Myste'rious,  a.  full  of  mystery. 

My'thos,  (jivdoc,)—a  Word  ;  a  Fable. 

Myth,  n.  a  work  of  fiction.  I  Mythol'ogy,  n.  a  system  of  fables, 

Myth'ic,  a.  fabulous.  |      respecting  heathen  deities. 

Nar'ce,  {yapKTj) — Numbness;  Stupor, 

Narcis'sus,  n.  the  daffodil.  j  Narco'sis,  n.  stupefaction. 

Narcot'ic,  a.  soporific ;  causing  sleep. 

Ned" tar,  (veKrap,) — the  Drink  of  the  Gods  ;  Honey. 

Kec'tar,  n,  the  feigned  drink  of  the  i  Nec'tary,  n.   the  place  where  the 
gods.  I      honey  is  secreted  in  a  flower. 

Ne^os,  (veof,)— New. 

Neol'ogy,  n.  new  science  or  philoso-  I  Neophyte,  n.  a  new  convert;  a  nov- 
phy.  I      ice. 

Neutron,  (vevpov,) — a  Nerve  ;  a  Sinew. 

Nerve,  n.  an  organ  of  sensation.         I  Neural  gia,  n.  a  diseased  state  of 
En'ervate,  v.  to  weaken.  1      the  nerves. 

No'inoSf  (voiuog,)—a  Law  ;  a  Regulation. 

Anom  aly,  n.  deviation  from  rule.        I  Econom'ical,  a.  using  economy. 
Econ'omy,  n.  good  management.  {  Econ'omize,  'V.  to  practise  economy. 


(yde,  (oj6T],)—an  Ode  ;  a  Hymn. 

Ode,  n.  a  short  poem  or  song. 
Mel'ody,  n.  sweerness  of  sound. 
Com'edy,  n.  an  amusing  drama. 
Pal'inode,  n.  a  recantation. 
Parody,  n.  a  humorous  imitation. 
Pros'ody,  n.  the  laws  of  versification. 


Rhapsody,  n.  a  rambling  composi 
tion. 

Rhap'sodist,  n.  one  who  writes  rhap- 
sodies. 

Psalm'ody,  n.  the  singing  of  sacreo 
gongs. 


GREEK   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES  317 

O^doSf  {66og^  —a  Road  or  Way. 

Ex'oDUS,  n.  a  departure.  I  Ep'isode,  n.  an  incidental  narrative. 

Meth'od,  n.  a  manner ;  a  way.  !  Pe'riod,  n.  a  circuit. 

Syn'od,  n.  a  church  assembly. 

Note. — Exodus,  {e^odoc,  a  going  out,)  particularly,  the  departure  of  the  Israelites 
from  Egypt. 

Synod,  from  aw, together, and  6db^,away;  and  signifies  a  journeying  or  coming  to  meet 
one  another. 

On^oma,  (6vojua,)—a  Name. 


Anon'ymous,  a.  without  name. 
Meton'omy,  n.  a  change  of  names. 
Patronym'ic,  n.  a  name  derived  from 
a  father. 


Syn'onym,  n.   a   word   of  the  same 

meaning  with  another. 
Synonymous,  a.  conveying  the  same 

idea. 


Op 'tics,  n.  the  science  of  seeing. 
Op'tical,  a.  pertaining  to  sight. 
Opti'cian,  71.  one  skilled  in  optics 
Au'topsy,  n.  ocular  evidence. 


Op^tOf  (onTcj,) — to  See  ;  to  Look. 

Synop'sis,  n.  a  viewing  together. 
Synop'tical,  a.  affording  a  general 

view. 
Thanatop'sis,  n.  a  view  of  death. 


Ora'tna,  {opafia,) — a  Sight  ;  a  Spectacle. 
Dioba'ma,  n.  an  optical  machine.         |  Panora'ma,  n.  a  complete  view. 

Os^teon,  (ooTeov,)— Si  Bone. 

Osteol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  the  I  Perios'teum,  n.  a  fibrous  substance 
bones.  I      which  invests  the  bones. 


Oxal'ic,  a.  pertaining  to  sorrel. 
Ox'ygen,  n.  the  gas  which  generates 

acids. 
Ox'ydize,  v.  to  combine  with  oxygen. 


Ox'ys,  (o|yf,) — Sharp;  Sour;  Acid. 

Ox 'IDE,    n.    a    substance    combined 

with  oxygen. 
Paroxysm,  n.  temporary  violence  of 

a  disease. 


Pa'pas,  (TraTTOf,)— a  Father. 

Pa'pacy,  n.  the  office  of  the  pope.       |  Pope,   n.   the  head  of   the  Roman 
Pa'pal,  a.  pertaining  to  the  pope.       |      Catholic  Church. 
Pope'dom,  n.  papal  jurisdiction. 

Pas,  (TTflf ,)  or,  P(ui — All  ;  the  Whole. 


Panace'a,  n.  a  universal  medicine. 
Panegyr'ic,  n.  a  eulogy. 
Pan'oply,  n.  complete  armor. 
Pan'theism^  n.  the  doctrine  that  the 
universe  is  God. 


Pan'theon,  n.  a  temple  dedicated  to 
all  the  gods. 

Pan'tomime,  n.  an  imitation  of  all 
kinds  of  action,  etc.,  without  speak- 
ing. 


Pen^te,  (Treure,) — FrvE. 

Pen'tagow,  n.  a  figure  having  five  I  PenVateuch,  n.  the  five  books  of 
angles.  j      Moses. 


318 


smith's  hand-book  of  etymology. 


Pa'^ter,  {ttuttjp,) — a  Father. 


Compa'triot,  n.  a  fellow  countryman. 
Expa'triate,  v.  to  banish  from  one's 

country. 
Par'ricide,  n.  the  murder  of  a  parent. 
Pater'jstal,  a.  fatherly.' 
Patri'cian,  n.  a  nobleman. 


Pa'triarch,  n.  the  father  and  ruler 

of  a  family. 
Pat'rimony,  n.  an  inherited  estate. 
Pa'triot,  n.  a  lover  of  his  country. 
Pa'tron,  n.  a  supporter. 
Pat'ronize,  v.  to  support. 


Pa'thos,  (Tra^of,)— Feeling  ;  Affection  ;  Disease. 


Antip'atht,  n.  aversion. 
Ap'athy,  n.  want  of  feeling. 
Apathet'ic,  a.  without  feeling 


Pa'thos,  n.  passion ;  warmth. 
Pathet'ic,  a.  exciting  emotion. 
Pathol'ogt,  n.  the  science  of  diseases. 


Sym'pathy,  n.  fellow  feeling. 

Pep^tOf  (TTeTrro),)— to  BoiL  ;   to  CoNCOCT. 

Dyspep'sy,  n.  bad  digestion.  I  Eufjp'sy,  n.  good  digestion. 

Dyspep'tic,  a.  having  bad  digestion.  |  Eupep'tic,  a.  having  good  digestion. 

Pet^alorif  (nsTaTiov,) — a  Flower  Leaf. 

Pet'al,  n.  a  flower  leaf.  |  Pet'aled,  a.  having  petals. 

Apet'alous,  a.  without  petals. 

Pe^tra,  (neTpa,) — a  Rock  ;  a  Stone. 

Pe'ter,  n.  a  man's  name.  1  Petrifac'tion,/!.  the  process  of  turn 

Petres'cent,  a.  turning  to  stone.        j      ing  to  stone. 

Pet'rify,  v.  to  convert  into  stone.        I  Saltpe'ter,  n.  a  mineral  salt. 


JPha^nOf  {(jyaivo),  a  ^aco,) — to  ENLIGHTEN ;  to  Say  or  Tell. 

Blas'phemy,  n.  impious  language. 
Em'phasis,  n.  stress  laid  upon  a  word. 
Emphat'ic,  a.  forcible. 
Epiph'any,  n.  the  manifestation. 
Phan'tom,  n.  an  apparition. 

Syc'ophant,  n.  a  low  flatterer. 

Note.— Epii^h'any,  the  manifestation  of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles 


Phan'tasm,  n.  a  fancied  appearance. 
Phase,  n.  an  appearance. 
Phenom'enon,  n.  an  appearance. 
Proph'ecy,  n.  a  foretelling. 
Proph'et,  n.  a  foreteller. 


JPhar^macon,  ((papjuaKov,) — a  Medicine  or  Drug. 

Phar'macy,  n.  the  art  of  preparing  I  Pharmaceo'tic,  n.  relating  to  pbor- 
medicines.  I      macy. 

JPhe^ro,  ((p€pu,) — to  Carry  ;  to  Bring. 


Met'aphor,  n.  a  short  similitude. 
Metaphor'ical,  a.  figurative. 
Periph'ery,  n.  circumference. 


Phos'phorus,   n.    a    luminous    sub- 
stance. 
Phosphores'cent,  a.  shining. 


JPho^nCf  {(puvfj,) — a  Sound. 

Eu'PHONY,  n.  agreeable  sound.  |  Euphon'ic,  a.  agreeable  in  sound. 

Sym 'phony,  n.  harmony  of  sounds. 


GEEEK   ROOTS    AND    DERIVATIVES.  3l9 


PhVloSf  ((pi^-og,) — a  Friend  or  Lover. 

Philol'ogist,  n.  a  student  of  lan- 
guage. 

Philos'ophy,  n,  the  study  of  general 
laws. 

Note. — Philos'ophy,  literally,  the  love  of  wisdom. 


Philadel'phia,  n.  brotherly  love. 
Philan'thropist,  n.   one  who  loves 
mankind 


Phra^siSf  ((ppaaig,) — a  Saying  ;  a  Speech. 

Phrase,  n.  a  short  sentence. 
Per'iphrase,  n.  a  speaking  round. 
Par'aphrase,  n.  a  more  clear  and  am- 
ple explanation. 


Phraseology,    n.     expression     in 

words. 
Periphras'tic,  a.  expressing  by  inore 

words  than  are  necessary. 


Phren,  {(t>pvv,) — the  Mind. 

Phrenol'oqy,  n.  the  science  of  the  I  Fren'zy,  n.  madness ;  delirium, 
mind  as  connected  with  the  brain.   |  Fran 'tic,  a.  violently  delirious. 

Phys^ls,  (<pvaig,)—ai  Bringing  Forth;  Nature. 


Phys'ics,  n.  the  science  of  nature. 
Physiol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  ani- 
mals and  plants. 


Phys'ical,  a.  natural ;  bodily. 
Metaphys'ics,  71.  the  science  of  the 
mind. 


Physi'cian,  n.  a  doctor. 

JPla^ne,  {irlavi]^ — a  Wandering  About. 

Plan'et,  n.  a  wandering  star.  I  Plan'etary,   a.   pertaining    to    the 

I      planets. 

JPlas^so,  {TrTiaaao),) — to  MouLD  or  Shape  ;  to  Smear. 

Plas'tic,  a.  capable  of  being  mould-  I  Cat'aplasm,  n.  a  poultice, 
ed ;  soft.  1  Plas'ter,  n.  lime  to  cover  walls. 


Pneu'nia,  (nvevfia,) — a  Breath  ;  a  Blast. 

Pneumat'ics,  n.  the  science  which 

treats  of  the  air. 
Pneumat'ic,  a.  pertaining  to  air. 


Pneumo'nia,  n.  inflammation  of  the 

lungs. 
Pneumon'ic,  a.  relating  to  the  lungs. 


JPo^leOf  (TTwAew,) — to  Sell. 
MoNOp'oLY,  n.  exclusive  sale.  |  Monop'olize,  v.  to  engross  the  whole. 


Pol'yglot,  n.  having  many  lan- 
guages. 

Pol'ygon,  n.  a  figure  having  many 
angles. 


Po^ly,  (7roAi;,)~MANY. 

Polyne'sia,  n.  a  division  of  the  earth 
consisting  of  many  islands. 

Pol'ypus,  n.  an  insect  having  many 
feet. 


Po''ros^(iropog,) — a  Passage  or  Way. 

Pore,  n.  a  small  passage  in  the  skin.  ]  Porous,  a.  having  poreg. 
Poros'ity,  n.  porousness. 


320 


SMITHES    HAKD-BOOK   OF   ETYMOLOGY. 


ro'lis,  (TToAtf ,)— a  City  ;  a  Town. 


Metrop'olis,  n.  the  chief  city. 
Police',  n.  the  governmeut  of  a  city. 
Pol'ity,  n.  the  form  of  government. 
Pol'itic,  a.  prudent ;  wise. 
Pol'itics,  n.  the  science  of  govern- 
ment. 


Polit'ical,  a.  relating  to  politics. 
Pol'icy,  n.  management  of  public  af- 
fairs. 
Pol'ish,  v.  to  smooth ;  to  brighten. 
Polite',  a.  refined ;  genteel. 
Impolite',  a.  rude ;  uncivil. 


POUS,  poUlUSf  (rcovg,) — a  FoOT. 

Aktip'odes,  n.  those  who  stand  feet  |  Tri'pod,  n.  a  seat  with  three  feet. 
to  feet. 


Prac^tos,  (TvpaKToc) — Done.    JPrag'nia,  {npaym^ — a  Deed. 

Imprac'ticable,  a.  that  cannot  be 

done. 
Prax'is,  n.  a  form  to  teach  practice. 


Prac'tice,  n.  habit ;  use. 

Pr  AC 'tic  ABLE,  a.  that  may  be  done 

Pragiviat'ical,  a.  meddling. 


Pro'tos,  (TtpcjTog,) — First. 
Pro'tocol,  n.  a  record  or  registry.      |  Pro'totype,  n.  a  model. 


Prothon'otary,  n.  a  register. 


Protox'yd,  n.  the  first  oxyd. 


Psaltn^df  {ipalfxa,) — a  Sacred  Song. 

Psalm,  n.  a  sacred  song.  I  Psal'tery,  n.  a  harp. 

Psal'ter,  n.  the  book  of  psalms.        |  Psalm'ist,  n.  a  writer  of  psalms. 
Psalm'ody,  n.  a  singing  of  psalms. 


Psi/^che,  {ipvKT],) — the  Breath  ;  the  Soul. 

Metempsycho'sis,  n.  the  transmigra-  I  Psychol'ogy,  7i.  the  science  of  the 
tion  of  souls.  nature  of  the  soul. 


PyVf  (nvp,)  Py^ros — Fire. 

Empyr'eal,  a.  formed  of  pure  fire.      I  Pyrotech'nics,  n.  the  art  of  making 
Pyre,  n.  a  funeral  fire.  |      fireworks. 

Pyrolig'neous,  a.  produced  from  smoke. 


Catarrh',  n.  a  discharge  of  mucus 

from  the  nose. 
Diarrhe'a,  n.  a  flux ;  a  purging. 


Rhe^o,  {^EG),) — to  Flow  ;  to  Speak. 

Hem'orrhage,  n.  a  flow  of  blood. 
Rheum,  n.  a  thin,  watery  humor. 
Rheu'matism,  n.  a  painful  disease. 


Sarx,  ipap^,  aapKog,) — Flesh. 
Sar'casm,  n.  a  keen  reproach.  |  Sarcas'tic,  a.  keen ;  severe. 

Note. — Sak'casm,  literally,  a  cutting  or  tearing  of  the  flesh. 


Scep^toniai,  {aKeTrrofiai,) — to  Look  About  ;  to  Doubt. 

Skep'tio,  n.  one  who  doubts.  |  Skep'tical,  a.  doubting. 

Skep'ticism,  n.  a  state  of  doubting. 


GKEEK  ROOTS  AKB  DERIVATIVES.  821 

Sce'naf  (aKjfvjf,)— the  Stage  ;  a  Representation. 
Scene, n.  an  appearance.  |  Scenery,  n.  a  collection  of  scenes. 

Schis'tnaf  (axiajua,) — a  Splitting  ;  a  Division  in  the  Church. 
Schism,  n.  a  division  in  the  cliurcli.     |  Schismat'ic,  a.  promoting  schism. 

Scho'la^  {axo^y) — Leisure  ;  a  School. 

School,  n.  a  place  of  instruction.         I  Scholas'tic,    a.    pertaining    to    the 
Scho'lar,  n.  a  man  of  learning.  |      schools. 

Scho'liast,  71.  a  commentator. 


Sco'peo,  (oKOTreo),)—to  Watch  ;  to  Observe  Narrowly. 

Tel'escope,  n.  a  glass  for  viewing 
distant  objects. 


Epis'copal,  a.  governed  by  bishops 
Epis'copate,  n.  a  bishopric. 
Scope,  n.  view  ;  design  ;  space. 


Si'toSf  (cr/roc,)— Wheat  ;  Food. 

Par'asite,  n.  one  who  earns  his  wel-  I  Parasit'ical,  a.  fawning  for  bread 
come  by  flattery.  |      or  favors. 


So'phia,  (ffo^m,)— Wisdom. 

Philosophy,  n.  the  love  of  wisdom. 
Soph'ism,  n.  a  fallacious  argument. 
Soph'istry,  n.  fallacious  reasoning. 


Unsophis'ticated,  a.  not  acquainted 
with  evil ;  pure. 


Hpas'tKia^  {airaaua,) — a  CONVULSION. 
Spasm,  n.  a  violent  contraction.  |  Spasmod'ic,  a.  convulsive. 


Sta'sis,  (araaig,) — a  Standing  ;  a  Weighing. 

Hydrostat'ics,  n.  the  science  of  the 
weight,  motion,  and  equilibrium 
of  fluids. 

Sys'tem,  n.  regular  method. 


Apos'tasy,  n.  a  departure  from  one's 

religion. 
Ecstasy,  n.  excessive  joy. 
Ecstat'ic,  a.  rapturous. 


SteVlo,  (areA/w,) — to  Send. 
.^pos'tle,  n.  a  messenger.  |  Epis'tle,  n.  a  letter  sent, 

Sten'os,  (arevog,) — SnORT. 

Stbnog'raphy,  n.  the  art  of  writing  I  Stenog'rapher,  n.  a  shorthand  wri- 
in  shorthand.  |      ter. 

Stichos,  (anxog,) — a  Line  ;  a  Row. 
Acros'tic,  a  kind  of  poem.  ^  |  Dis'tich,  n.  a  couplet. 

Stig'tna,  (aTiyjua,)—si  Mark  of  Infamy. 
Stig'ma,  n.  a  blot^  a  reproach.  |  Stig'matize.^.  to  disgrace;  to  censure. 


SMITH'S   HANthBOOK  OF   ErTMOLOGY. 

Stro^pJie,  {aTpo<p7],) — a  Turning  Round, 

Ajos'tbophe,  n.  a  figure  of  speech.    I  Catas'trophe,  n.  aii  unfortunate  ac 

I      cident ;  a  final  event. 

Ta&tos,  (raKToc,) — Put  in  Order. 

Syn'tax,  n.  the  construction  of  sen  I  Tac'tics,  n.  the  art  of  directing  move- 
tences.  I      ments. 

Tii^phos,  (racpoc) — a  Tomb. 

Cbn'Otaph,  n.  a  monument  for  one  I  Ep'itaph,  n.  an  inscription  upon  % 
buried  elsewhere.  tomb. 


Tech'ne,  {rexvr}) — Art  ;  Srrr^L. 

Tech'nical,  a.  belonging  to  an  art. 
Technol'ogy,  n.  a  discourse  upon 
the  arts. 


Polytech'nic,  a.   embracing    many 

arts. 
Pyr'otechny,  n.  the  art  of  making 

fireworks. 


Te&ton,  {reKTuv,) — an  Artist  ;  a  Builder 

Ar'chitecturb,  n,  the   science  of  I  Ar'chitect,  n.  a  builder.  ! 

building.  | 

TheTos,  (0eof,)— God. 

A'theist,  n.  one  who  denies  the  ex-  I  Theoc'racy,  n.  government  directed 
istence  of  a  God.  I      by  God. 

Theol'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  God  and  divine  things. 

The^sis,  {6eaic,)^a.  Placing  or  Putting. 


Anath'ema,  n.  an  ecclesiastical  curse. 
Antith'esis,  n.  opposition  of  words. 
Ep'ithet,  n.  a  descriptive  word. 
Hypoth'esis,  n.  a  supposition. 


Syn'thesis,  n.  a  putting  together. 
Synthet'ical,  a.  relating  to  synthesis. 
Theme,  n.  a  subject. 
The'sis,  71.  a  position  : 


KoTE. — ^Ep'ithet,  something  placed  upon.    Hypoth'esis,  a  placing  under, 

To^tnos,  (rofioc,) — a  Cutting. 

Anat'omy,  n.  the  art  of  dissecting.     I  Epit'ome,  n.  an  abridgement. 
At'om,  n.  an  indivisible  particle.  |  Tome,  n.  a  volume. 

Note.— Anat'omt,  literally,  a  cutting  up.    Tomb,  a  section  or  part  cut  off. 


Aston'ish,  v.  to  surpnse. 
Astound',  'd.  to  strike  dumb. 
Attune',  v.  to  put  in  tune. 
Dbt'onate,  v.  to  explode. 


To^nos,  (twoc,) — a  Stretching  ;  a  Sound. 

Intona'tion,  n.  manner  of  sounding 
Tone,  n.  vigor ;  sound. 
Ton'ic,  a.  giving  tone. 
Tune,  n.  sound ;  harmony. 


Top'^oSf  (roTTOf ,)— a  Place  ;  a  Tract  of  Country. 

Top'ic,  n.  a  subject  of  discourse.         I  Topog'raphy,  n.  a  descriptkm  oi  3 
Top'iCAL,  a.  local.  I     place. 


GEEEK  ROOTS   AND  DERIVATIVES. 


323 


Tbope,  n.  a  figure  of  speech. 
Tro'phy,  n.  a  monument  of  victory. 


Trop^os,  (Tponoc,)—ai  Turning* 

Trop'ic,  n.  the  point  at  which  the  sun 
appears  to  turn  again  towards  the 
equator. 


Type,  n.  an  emblem;  the  model  or 

form  of  a  letter. 
Typ'ical,  a.  symbolical. 


Tj/pus,  (rvTrof,)— a  Type;  a  Mark. 


Typ'ify,  v.  to  represent  by  figure. 
Typog'raphy,  n.  the  art  of  printing 
Ste'reotype,  n.  solid  type. 


Zo'on,  (Cwov,) 

Zool'ogy,  n.  the  science  of  animals. 
Zo'diac,   n.   a  broad  circle    in   the 
heavens. 


—an  Animal. 

Zo'opHYTE,  n.  a  body  which  partakes 
of  the  nature  of  both  an  animal 
and  a  vegetable. 


TBB   EMD. 


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select  the  leading  and  salient  facts  of  history,  to  classify  his 
knowledge,  to  investigate  for  himself,  and  to  carry  his  inves- 
tigations up  to  recognized  authorities  and  even  to  original 
sources.  It  also  furnishes  opportunity  and  material  for  the 
best  exercises  and  training  in  English  Composition. 

The  book  is  conveniently  arranged  for  either  class  or 
individual  instruction  and  may  be  used  in  connection  with 
any  text-book  on  United  States  History. 


Copies  of  White's  Pupils'  Outline  Studies  will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any 
address^  on  receipt  of  the  price ^  by  the  Publishers: 

American   Book  Company 

New  York  t  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(28) 


An  Advanced   English  Grammar 

FOR  THE  USE  OF 

HIGH    SCHOOL,    ACADEMY    AND    COLLEGE    CLASSES 


BY 

W.  M.  BASKERVILL 

Professor  of  tht  English  Language  and  Literature  in  Vanderhilt  Universityy 
Nashville^   Tenn, 


J.  W.    SEWELL 

Of  the  Fogg  High  School,  Nashville^  Tenn,  ,_ . 

Cloth,  12mo,  349  pages  ....  90  cents 


This  new  Grammar  is  designed  for  advanced  students  who  desire 
to  extend  their  studies  in  English  beyond  the  course  ordinarily  pursued 
in  Common  or  Grammar  Schools.  In  this  work,  grammar  is  treated  as 
a  science  based  on  facts  and  principles  derived  from  the  actual  use  of 
the  language  and  not  from  technical  rules  and  traditions. 

Its  aim  is  to  lead  the  pupil  to  deduce  for  himself  grammatical  rules 
from  the  best  examples  of  construction  and  style  to  be  found  in  English 
literature  and  to  acquire  skill  in  their  use.  For  this  purpose  abundant 
and  apposite  quotations  from  standard  authors  are  given  to  illustrate 
each  grammatical  relation  and  construction  and  to  show  the  student  that 
he  is  dealing  with  the  facts  of  the  language  and  not  with  the  theories  of 
the  grammarians. 

While  the  book  represents  original  and  advanced  methods  it  is  at 
the  same  time  conservative  in  treatment,  and  aims  to  preserve  what  is 
good  in  the  older  methods. 


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to  any  address^  on  receipt  of  the  price ^  by  the  Publishers: 

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New  York  ♦,  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(39) 


Halleck's  Psychology  and 
Psychic    Culture 

By  REUBEN    POST    HALLECK,  M.A.  (Yale) 
Cloth,  12mo,  368  pages.     Illustrated      .        .         .        .      Price,  $1.25 


This  new  text-book  in  Psychology  and  Psychic  Culture 
is  suitable  for  use  in  High  School,  Academy  and  College 
classes,  being  simple  and  elementary  enough  for  beginners 
and  at  the  same  time  complete  and  comprehensive  enough 
for  advanced  classes  in  the  study.  It  is  also  well  suited 
for  private  students  and  general  readers,  the  subjects  being 
treated  in  such  an  attractive  manner  and  relieved  by  so 
many  apt  illustrations  and  examples  as  to  fix  the  attention 
and  deeply  impress  the  mind. 

The  work  includes  a  full  statement  and  clear  exposition 
of  the  coordinate  branches  of  the  study — physiological  and 
introspective  psychology.  The  physical  basis  of  Psychol- 
ogy is  fully  recognized.  Special  attention  is  given  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  mental  faculties,  making  the  work 
practically  useful  for  self-improvement.  The  treatment 
throughout  is  singularly  clear  and  plain  and  in  harmony 
with  its  aims  and  purpose. 

*'  Halleck's  Psychology  pleases  me  very  much.  It  is  short,  clear, 
interesting,  and  full  of  common  sense  and  originality  of  illustration, 
I  can  sincerely  recommend  it." 

WILLIAM  JAMES, 
Professor  of  Psychology,  Harvard  University. 


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receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers : 

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New  York  ♦  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(42) 


Fisher's  Brief  History  of  the  Nations 

AND   OF   THEIR    PROGRESS    IN    CIVILIZATION 

By  GEORGE  PARK  FISHER,  LL.D. 

Professor  in  Yale  University 

Cloth,  12mo,  613  pages,  with  numerous  Illustrations,  Maps,  Tables,  and 
Reproductions  of  Bas-reliefs,  Portraits,  and  Paintings.    Price,  $1 .50 


This  is  an  entirely  new  work  written  expressly  to  meet 
the  demand  for  a  compact  and  acceptable  text-book  on 
General  History  for  high  schools,  academies,  and  private 
schools.  Some  of  the  distinctive  qualities  which  will  com- 
mend this  book  to  teachers  and  students  are  as  follows: 

It  narrates  in  fresh,  vigorous,  and  attractive  style  the 
most  important  facts  of  history  in  their  due  order  and 
connection. 

It  explains  the  nature  of  historical  evidence,  and  records 
only  well  established  judgments  respecting  persons  and 
events. 

It  delineates  the  progress  of  peoples  and  nations  in 
civilization  as  well  as  the  rise  and  succession  of  dynasties. 

It  connects,  in  a  single  chain  of  narration,  events  related 
to  each  other  in  the  contemporary  history  of  different 
nations  and  countries. 

It  gives  special  prominence  to  the  history  of  the 
Mediaeval  and  Modern  Periods,  —  the  eras  of  greatest 
import  to  modern  students. 

It  is  written  from  the  standpoint  of  the  present,  and 
incorporates  the  latest  discoveries  of  historical  explorers 
and  writers. 

It  is  illustrated  by  numerous  colored  maps,  genealog- 
ical tables,  and  artistic  reproductions  of  architecture, 
sculpture,  painting,  and  portraits  of  celebrated  men, 
representing  every  period  of  the  world's  history. 


Copies  of  Fisher^ s  Brief  History  of  the  Nations  will  be  smt  prepaid  to 
any  address^  on  receipt  of  the  price ^  by  the  PublisJiers  : 

American   Book  Company 

New  York  ♦  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(43)  • 


Handbook  of  Greek  and  Roman  History 

BY 

GEORGES   CASTEGNIER,  B.S.,  B.L. 

Flexible  Cloth,  12mo,  110  pages.       -        .       Price,  50  cents 


The  purpose  of  this  little  handbook  is  to  assist  the 
student  of  Greek  and  Roman  History  in  reviewing  subjects 
already  studied  in  the  regular  text-books  and  in  preparing 
for  examinations.  It  will  also  be  found  useful  for  general 
readers  who  wish  to  refresh  their  minds  in  regard  to  the 
leading  persons  and  salient  facts  of  ancient  history. 

It  is  in  two  parts,  one  devoted  to  Greek,  and  the  other 
to  Roman  history.  The  names  and  titles  have  been 
selected  with  rare  skill,  and  represent  the  whole  range  of 
classical  history.  They  are  arranged  alphabetically,  and 
are  printed  in  full-face  type,  making  them  easy  to  find. 
The  treatment  of  each  is  concise  and  gives  just  the  in- 
formation in  regard  to  the  important  persons,  places,  and 
events  of  classical  history  which  every  scholar  ought  to 
know  and  remember,  or  have  at  ready  command. 

Its  convenient  form  and  systematic  arrangement 
especially  adapt  it  for  use  as  an  accessory  and  reference 
manual  for  students,  or  as  a  brief  classical  cyclopedia  for 
general  readers. 

Copies  of  Castegnier's  Handbook  of  Greek  and  Roman  History  will  be 
sent  prepaid  to  any  address^  on  receipt  of  the  price ^  by  the  Publishers: 

American    Book   Company 

New  York  ♦  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(44) 


Milne's  Elements  of  Algebra 

A  COURSE  FOR  BEGINNERS 
By  William  J.  Milne,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

President  of  New  York  State  Normal  College 


Cloth,  12mo,  199  pages  -  •  Price,  60  cents 


This  book  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  demand  for  a 
text-book  sufficiently  elementary  for  pupils  commencing 
the  study  of  Algebra  in  Intermediate  or  Grammar  Schools, 
as  well  as  in  High  Schools.  It  is  intended  to  thoroughly 
instruct  the  student  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
science  and  to  lay  a  sound  foundation  for  more  advanced 
work  in  the  study. 

Some  of  the  distinctive  qualities  and  features  which 
particularly  adapt  this  book  for  beginners  are: 

The  natural  arrangement  and  simple  treatment  of  the 
elementary  facts  of  the  science. 

The  easy  and  natural  transition  from  arithmetical  to 
algebraic  processes, — the  early  steps  being  exceedingly 
simple,  clear,  and  progressive. 

The  large  number  and  judicious  selection  of  examples 
for  practice,  insuring  a  thorough  understanding  of  each 
principle  as  presented  ;  complex  problems  and  mere  puzzles 
being  carefully  excluded. 

The  early  introduction  and  practical  use  of  the  equa- 
tion,— which  is  made  the  keynote  of  the  book. 

The  use  of  the  same  methods  of  presentation,  exem- 
plified in  the  other  books  of  Milne's  Mathematical  Series, 
which  have  met  with  such  general  approval  by  the  teachers. 


Copies  of  Milne* s  Elements  of  Algebra   will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any 
address,  on  receipt  of  the  price,  by  the  Publishers  : 

American   Book  Company 

New  York  ♦•  Cincinnati  ♦  Chicago 

(46) 


Important  New  School  Books 

READING 

Baldwin's  School  Readings  by  Grades. 

First  Year    .  $0.25  Sixth  Year     ....  $0.50 

Second  Year  .     .35  Seventh  Year 50 

Third  Year  .     .45  Eighth  Year  50 

Fourth  Year  .     .45  Combined  Fourth  and  Fifth  Years    .     .70 

Fifth  Year  .  .     .45  Combined  Sixth  and  Seventh  Years     .80 

SPELLING 

Patterson's  American  Word  Book         .        .        .        .        .         .25 

ARITHMETIC 

Baird's  Graded  Work  in  Arithmetic    Four  Books. 

Milne's  Mental  Arithmetic 35 

GEOGRAPHY 

Natural  Elementary  Geography     .         .         ,        ,         ,         ,         .60 
Natural  Advanced  Geography 

ENGLISH 

Metcalf  and  Bright's  Language  Lessons.    Part  I.        .        .         .35 

The  Same.     Part  II 55 

Metcalf s  Elementary  English 40 

Metcalf  s  English  Grammar  for  Common  Schools        .        ,        .€0 

HISTORY 

McMaster's  School  History  of  the  United  States  .        .       LOO 

PENMANSHIP 

Spencerian  Penmanship,  Vertical  Edition. 

Shorter  Course,  Nos.  i  to  7  .         .         .         .        Perdoz.,  .72 

Common  School  Course,  Nos.  i  to  6     .         .              "  .96 

Curtiss's  Vertical  Copy  Books,  6  numbers     .         .              "  .96 
Ward's  Graded  Lessons  in  Penmanship  and  Spelling. 

Small  Numbers,  I  to  6           ....       P«rdoz.,  .72 

Large  Numbers,  i  to  6          ....              '*  .96 
MUSIC 

Natural  Advanced  Music  Reader 1-00 

Betz's  Gems  of  School  Songs 70 

Copies  of  any  of  the  above  books  will  be  sent,  prepaid,  to  any  address  on 
receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers  : 

American  Book  Company 

NEW  YORK  ♦  CINCINNATI  ♦  CHICAGO 

(49) 


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